HEAT LOAD
CALCULATION 2
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TOPICS COVERED
LOAD CALCULATIONS
– FORMS
– FORMULAS
– TABLES
– FACTORS
– AIR SIDE
– PSYCHROMETRY
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HEAT LOAD FORM
SEE TRANSPARENCY
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HEAT LOAD ESTIMATE
PROBLEM
General office
Ceiling 10’
Wall 4 ½” brick, plastered both side
Window- ordinary ¼” single glass internal
shade
Door- plywood sandwich air space
Occupants - 35 person
Lighting - Fluorescent
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DESIGN CONDITIONS
Outdoor design conditions
– 92°F db / 80°F wb or 95db/83wb
– Overestimating effect
– Night time temp. & rh different
– 76°F db/ 75°F wb / 95% rh
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DESIGN CONDITIONS
Indoor design conditions
– Base on requirement and standards
– 75°F db / 55% rh
– 72°F db / 55% rh
– 71°F db / 50% rh
Peak time at
– 4.00 pm
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CURRENT AIR-CONDITIONING DESIGN DATA
COMPARISON
JKR ASHRAE 95 CIBSE
INDOOR
24 23-26 22+/-2
TEMP.(o C)
LIGHTING LOAD
4-6 (2) 1.85-4.65 1.4
(w/ft2)
OFFICE EQUIP.
- 0.8-2 1.4
(w/ft2)
OUTLET
VELOCITY 25-50* 40-150 -
(ft/min.)
FRESH AIR
20 20 20
(cfm/person)
*-Carrier Handbook
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QUESTION
Fill in the table other information
for the following conditions
– Outdoor air 92db/80wb
– Indoor 75db/55%rh
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SOLAR GAIN THROUGH
GLASS
Cooling Load = Window Area x
Peak solar heat gain (Table 4) x
Storage Factor (Table 5) x Shade
Factor (Table 6)
Refer to Table 4, Table 5 and
Table 6
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SOLAR AND TRANSMISSION
GAIN
Heat Gain Through Walls &
Roofs = Area x Equivalent
Temp. Difference (Table 7 for wall &
Table 8 for roof) x Transmission
Coefficient (U) (Table 9)
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TRANSMISSION GAIN (EXCEPT
WALLS AND ROOFS)
Heat gain through all glass = Area x
Temp. Difference (OA - RA) x
Transmission coefficient (U) (Table 9)
Heat gain through shade wall, partition
= Area x Temp. Difference (OA - RA -
5°F) x Transmission coefficient (U)
(Table 9)
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TRANSMISSION GAIN (EXCEPT
WALLS AND ROOFS) (2)
Heat gain through wall, partition
(adjacent to Kitchen,Boiler Room) =
Area x Temp. Difference (OA - RA +
15°F to 25°F) x Transmission
coefficient (U) (Table 9)
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INFILTRATION
When ventilation exceeds
infiltration (+ve pressure), then
infiltration = 0
When rooms are design at -ve
pressure, have to consider
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INTERNAL LOADS
People
– No. of people from no. of chairs or
base on per floor area
– Table 10 - Heat gain from people
No. of people x Table 10
Activity, Sensible & Latent
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INTERNAL LOADS
Power
– Table 53 - Heat gain from electric
motors
– Electric motors contribute only
sensible heat to space
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INTERNAL LOADS
Lights - Estimate (w/ft2)
Lights - Type
– Incandescent
rated lamp watt x 3.413
– Fluorescent lamp
rated lamp watt x 1.25 x 3.413
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INTERNAL LOADS
Appliances
– most appliances contributes both
sensible and latent heat load.
– They contribute latent heat by virtue of
their function ex. drying, cooking
– Hood to remove this is most effective
– Table 50 & 51- Heat Gain from
Restaurant
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SAFETY FACTOR
Safety factor added for possible
error in the survey
Over estimating safety factor will
cause oversized air conditioning
equipment - difficult to maintain
space conditions
< 5%
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ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (RSH)
Now all the load components
contributing to sensible load can be
added
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SUPPLY AIR DUCT LOSSES
In transferring air from system
cooling coil to space, four losses
must be considered;
– Supply duct heat gain
– supply duct leakage loss
– fan heat
– bypassed outdoor air
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SUPPLY DUCT HEAT GAIN
Supply air in the duct at 50°F to
60°F passes through surrounding
environment above 90°F - potential
heat gain to supply air
Insulation reduces this gain
Typical figure < 2% of RSH
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SUPPLY DUCT LEAKGE LOSS
Lost capacity in the supply air duct
depends on duct shape, duct
pressure and workmanship.
Low pressure (0 - 2”s.p) : <5%
Medium pressure (2” - 6”s.p) : 2% -
3%
High pressure (6” & above) : <1%
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FAN HEAT
Draw through (draw through the
cooling coil) fan add heat to air
supply. Electrical losses for motor
which lies in the air stream also add
heat
< 5%
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BYPASS OUTDOOR AIR
Some of the air passing through the
coil remain untreated.
Load equivalent to infiltration load
Depends on bypass factors use
Load = cfm x (toa-trm) x bf x 1.09
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EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE
HEAT (ERSH)
This load determine the cfm
required across the cooling coil
ERSH = RSH + (SUPPLY DUCT
GAIN + SUPPLY DUCT LEAK
LOSS + FAN) + BYPASS
OUTDOOR AIR
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LATENT LOAD
The latent counterpart of infiltration,
internal loads, and supply duct load
are also calculated to determine the
Room Latent Heat and Effective
Room Latent Heat
Vapor Transmission - only for low
or high dew point application.
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ROOM LATENT HEAT (RLH)
SUM OF ALL ROOM LATENT LOAD
– INFILTRATION
– PEOPLE
– STEAM
– APPLIANCES
– ADDITIONAL HEAT GAINS
– VAPOUR TRANSMISSION
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EFFECTIVE ROOM LATENT
LOAD (ERLH)
ROOM LATENT HEAT (RLH) +
SUPPLY DUCT LEAKAGE LOSS +
BYPASS OUTDOOR AIR
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OUTDOOR AIR / VENTILATION
RATES
Outdoor air/ventilation rates from Table
11-Ventilation Std.
Outdoor air quantity can be determined
either by cfm/person or cfm/ft2 or
airchange rate (ach)
Air change is defined as the quantity of
changed air every hour
cfm = vol x ach
60
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OUTDOOR AIR HEAT
Outdoor air heat comprised of both
sensible and latent load
Except for bypassed air, the load
appears on the upstream of the coil
Requirements of outdoor/fresh air
base on air change rate or cfm/sq.ft
or per person
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QUESTION
Calculate the outdoor/fresh air
requirement of the office space, if
the recommended fresh air change
is 2 ach.
Answer : (ach/60) x Vol.
= (2/60) x 32000
= 1067 cfm
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RETURN DUCT LOSSES
Return duct are normally shorter
than supply duct
Temperature of air at about 75°F -
80°F
Return duct slightly negative
1% for Return duct heat gain &
1% for return duct leakage loss
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RETURN AIR or BLOW THRU’
FAN
Fan and motor heat appear on the
upstream side of the coil.
…..hp x 2545
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GRAND TOTAL HEAT
Total heat load the coil must
remove from the air passing over it.
Also known as dehumidifier load
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REFRIGERATION LOAD
Introducing two additional loads not
experience by the coil
– Piping sensible heat gain
– Pumping heat gain
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APPARATUS DEW POINT
(ADP)
Effective Room Sensible Heat (ERSH)
Effective Room Total Heat (ERTH)
ADP obtained from plot ESHF line
or Table 65
Indicated ADP & Selected ADP
ADP must be > 48°F
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QUESTION
ERSH = 115 000
ERLH = 15 000
Calculate the ESHF
Find ADP if room is 75°F/55%rh
from table
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DEHUMIDIFIED AIR QUANTITY
Dehumidified rise = (trm-tadp)x(1-BF)
Cfmda = ERSH
1.09 x (trm-tadp)x(1-BF)
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SUPPLY AIR QUANTITY (cfmsa)
Outlet temp. diff = RSH =Fdes.dif
(trm - tgrille) 1.09 x cfmda
Supply cfm = RSH = cfmsa
1.09 x Fdes. dif
Bypass cfm = cfmsa - cfmda
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RESULTING ENTERING AND
LEAVING CONDITIONS AT
APPARATUS
t = trm + cfm x (t - t )
edb oa oa rm
cfmsa
tldb = tadp + bf x (tedb - tadp)
tewb & tlwb read from psych. chart
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SOME EX. OF COMPUTERISED
HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS
See Lotus files
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GO TO PSYCHRO 2
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