LABORATORY REPORT:

15/06 16/06

Objectives:

1. Identify the group I cations (Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+)

2. Recognize the methods of separation of different elements of cation

group 1

3. Learning analytically in a solution to recognize all the

Ions of Group I.

For each reaction a small amount of drops of each cation must be used and
in the same proportion as the rest of reagents, taking into account that the
reaction can be sensitive from the first drop; for which the aggregate
must be drop by drop.

Reactions are made for each cation analyzed and using different Reagents.

How to identify lead chloride in precipitates (whites) of group 1 of cations?

The group 1 cations would be Lead, Silver and Mercury: Their name comes
from the fact that they are the most reactive elements with chlorine and
form a precipitate.

a) AgCl(s) + heat → AgCl (ac)

To separate the lead chloride we must heat it with hot water so that it
dissolves, this would not affect the precipitate and it would remain normal.

We divide this liquid into 2:

If there is lead, we add drops of potassium chromate in this case and a

precipitate is formed with a yellow solution if there is lead, but if we do not
manage to form a precipitate and it only changes its color it would not have
lead.

Then our precipitate is washed and later we have to separate the silver
chloride and here it has to be complexed with ammonium hydroxide since if
we use ammonia it has its natural state of gas and is toxic.
This causes the silver to dissolve and then remove the excess liquid.

We start with lead chloride because it dissolves in hot water by shaking

and trying to dissolve everything.

It is also necessary to know what the precipitate is because some

precipitates when you pour water on them begin to peptize and a part of
the precipitate is lost becoming much smaller losing the amount and this in
the laboratory is something that must be avoided to make our calculations.

To avoid this you must use drops of the reagent that was used to form the
precipitate this would make the colloidal particles rejoin the precipitate
and form solids, this is known as the common ion effect.

Peptisation:

When we have a precipitate and proceed to put it in wash water this will
produce part of the precipitate in a colloidal solution, this can be avoided
by adding an electrolyte or catalyst.

Digestion:

This serves to eliminate the colloidal particles that have to be heated so

that the colloidal substance is dissolved. This causes them to melt and
consequently they dissolve, leaving ions that by forces of attraction join
the precipitate and take it to its normal size. Basically, digestion would be
to boil the precipitate with the mother liquor

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