Fundamentals of

5G Mobile Networks and Eco System

Course : State of Computing in 5G Network and IoT Analytics.

October 7-11, 2019.
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Topic: Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks and Eco System

Session Description
• History of cellular mobile evolution
• IMT standard for 3G/4G/5G.
• IMT-2020 5G standard
• 5G mobile network concepts such as Massive MIMO, C-RAN, 5G-NR,
SDN/NFV and Cloud/Edge computing, etc.
• The 5G business cases.

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 What is Wireless Communications?

• Wireless communications is a type of communications that are performed and

delivered wirelessly, using radio wave.
• This definition incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through
wireless communication technologies and devices.

3 types of connections:
1. Fixed wireless: WiMAX
2. Pedestrian wireless: Wifi
3. Mobile wireless: 3G/4G/5G
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At the Beginning of Wireless Technology Development
In 1894, Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless
telegraph system using radio waves, but it seemed to be a
short range phenomenon at the time.
In 1901, eventually, he was succeeded in experiment to
establish the wireless communications across the Atlantic.
Later, wireless technology was used with military radio
communications equipments.
- WW I (1914-1918)
- WW II (1939-1945)
After WW II, wireless technology has been implemented for
the public services.
In 1924, the first mobile telephone system was built and
used for the public in USA and then continually developed
to nowadays wireless system. 4
 Long Development of Wireless Technology
The number of cellular
mobile phones exceeded
the number of landline or
fixed telephone services.

By looking into the future, mobile communications will continue to develop, reaching segments
of industries, such as automotive, manufacturing, logistics, energy, health care and etc.
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 The Importance of Wireless communications in Today’s World
• Enable the connection of billions of people to the Internet so that they can reap the benefits
of today’s digital economy.
• Allow people to use their devices everywhere in the world.
• Nearly every sector of the economy now relies upon wireless technologies in fundamental
ways – from banking and agriculture to transportation and healthcare.
• Hold great promise to improve lives at an unprecedented pace and scale. Indeed, they
have potential to accelerate progress towards achieving each of the 17 United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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 Comparison between Wired and Wireless Technologies.
Items for comparison Wired network Wireless network
Cabling Copper and optical fiber cable Radio wave
Installation Difficult to moderate Easy
Connectivity is possible only to or Connectivity is possible beyond the bounds
User connectivity from those physical locations. of physical network cabling.
Unreliable, signal can be blocked,
Signal reception Reliable due to dedicated link
fluctuated
Signal interference Very little Significant because all share the same “air”
Speed and Depending on the media used, can
Narrow in general, regulated by FCC
bandwidth be large
Poor (due to higher jitter, Delays and longer
Quality of services Better connection set up times)
Everyone within the range can intercept the
Security High, difficult to tap in
message
Mobility fixed movable
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 Paradigm Shifts in Telecommunications

1. Supplier driven industry Consumer driven industry

Circuit Packet switching:

switching all IP network, software-based Network

2. Telephone exchange Data networks:

network xDSL network, FTTx network
Wireless network:
Wired-line network 4G/5G mobile network, WiFi network

Telephone Multimedia services

3. High speed data services
services
Machine-to-machine communications
Internet of Thing
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 Basic Principals of the Cellular Mobile Network

1. Divide the service area into pieces

of small areas, called “cell”
Cellular Network

2. Reuse the same set of radio

frequencies in different cells that are
far away from each other so that they
won’t interfere each other.

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 Network Evolution of Mobile Networks
1G 2G 3G 4G
year 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
IMT-Advance
IMT2000
AMPS, NMT, PCS GSM, IS-95, PDC LTE
standard (Country Standard) (Regional standards)
WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA
Global
Try to be Global standards
standard
Digital telephony, VoLTE
Services on Analogue Better quality of services, Multimedia service High-speed
network telephony Having Network security, Internet connection Internet
Low-speed data network HD Video
All-IP
Network Circuit-switched Circuit-switched
Circuit-switched Network
technology and Packet-switched and Packet-switched
Infrastructure
Low spectral Low speed of data Data speed is not pace up with
Weakness led efficiency, difficult to implement the need.
to make low quality of with various services on WAP protocol is not working -
improvement services, network such as internet well with the internet connect
Security problem connect. well. 10
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 IMT-2000 Standard
• International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000 (IMT-2000) is a worldwide set of
requirements for a family of standards for the 3rd generation of mobile communications.
• Originally, it was the intention to have only one truly global standard but that turned out to be
impossible.

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 3G Mobile Network Components
GERAN Circuit-switched Backbone
BTS BSC Voice
MSC GMSC
MS PSTN
UTRAN MGW
MGW
WCDMA RNC
BTS MSC Server
VoIP
UE IP Backbone
Data Internet
SGSN
GGSN
User equipments Access network Core network
VoIP: Voice over IP
UTRAN: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
MGW: Media Gateway
GERAN: GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network 12
 The comparison between UMTS/HSDPA and Mobile WiMAX
IP-based flat network

1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz

Scalable OFDMA (S-OFDMA)

Scaling of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier spacing constant
across different channel bandwidths (typically 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz). Constant carrier spacing
results in a higher spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a cost reduction in narrow channels. 13
3GPP UMTS Evolution Overview
3G 4G
HSPA

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 Why do We Need to Develop LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
To strategically plan for the future development of UMTS so that it could
compete with other technologies, especially WiMAX, in the long run.
• Identify LTE to be the next generation of UMTS after the development of
HSPA and HSPA+
• Target of the network development of LTE:
 Provides Peak data rate of 100 Mb/s (downlink) และ 50 Mb/s (uplink)
 Have capability to select scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz
 Minimize the network latency delay
 Maximize the efficiency of the network cost
 Operate on both FDD and TDD modes.

3GPP standard release 8, 9 provide details of LTE. 15

 Evolution Path of 4G LTE
1. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex)
OFDM technology has been incorporated into LTE
because it enables high data bandwidths to be
transmitted efficiently while still providing a high degree
of resilience to reflections and interference.

2. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

The main problems, having encountered, is that of multiple signals arising from the many
reflections that are encountered in antenna deployments. By using MIMO, these additional
signal paths can be used to advantage and are able to be used to increase the throughput.
3. SAE (System Architecture Evolution)
With the very high data rate and low latency requirements for 3G LTE, the system architecture
must evolve to achieve the performance improvement benchmarks. One change is that a
number of the functions previously handled by the core network have been transferred out to
the periphery. Essentially this provides a much "flatter" form of network architecture. In this way
latency times can be reduced and data can be routed more directly to its destination. 16
Introduction to UMTS LTE: Key parameters

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 System Architecture Evolution (SAE)

System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the core network architecture of LTE standard. SAE is the evolution of
the GPRS Core Network, with some differences, namely 1) simplified architecture, 2) all-IP Network, 3) support for
higher throughput and lower latency radio access networks (RANs), 4) support for, and mobility between, multiple
heterogeneous access networks, including E-UTRA (LTE and LTE Advanced air interface), 3GPP legacy systems (for
example GERAN or UTRAN, air interfaces of GPRS and UMTS respectively), but also non-3GPP systems (for
example WiFi, WiMAX or cdma2000)
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 LTE Architecture

The LTE access network is simply a network of base stations, evolved Node B (eNB), generating
a flat architecture. There is no centralized intelligent controller, and the eNBs are normally inter-
connected via the X2-interface and towards the core network by the S1-interface. The reason for
distributing the intelligence amongst the base-stations in LTE is to speed up the connection set-
up and reduce the time required for a handover. For an end-user the connection set-up time for
a real time data session is in many cases crucial, especially in on-line gaming. The time for a
handover is essential for real-time services where end-users tend to end calls if the handover
takes too long.
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IMT-Advanced
(4G LTE-Standard)

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Comparison of the “Network Latency” Parameter

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 What is 5G technology?

5G technology is the latest technology of mobile network It has

characteristic as followings:
 Has the maximal data speed of 20 Gb/s
 Has the very small latency delay of 1 ms
 Has network characteristics as “Heterogeneous network” include all 2G,
3G, 4G or even WiFi together to serve the customers with reliability..

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 What are the Differentiation of IMT-2020 from IMT-Advanced
1. Further evolution in terms of radio performance,
2. Greatly increased end-to-end (E2E) flexibility.
• The network softwarization approach
+ Software-defined networking (SDN),
+ Network functions virtualization (NFV) and
+ Cloud computing
• Such flexibility will enable a lot of new capabilities in the IMT-2020 network, including
network slicing.
3. Not just increase in bandwidth with respect to legacy IMT networks, but rather about
various fundamental strategic objectives in terms of deployment efficiency and flexibility,
including:
• Minimized dependency on access network technologies; coping with traffic explosion in
urban areas;
• Easy incorporation of future emerging services;
• Provision of a cost-efficient infrastructure;
• expansion of the geographic reach of the network. Source: Rec. ITU-T Y.3101 23
IMT2020 standard for 5G technology

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 5G Definition by Technology Comparison with LTE
Improvement on peak Improvement on data rate to
data rate to 20 Gb/s 100-1000 Mb/s
Improvement on area traffic Improvement on spectrum
capacity to 10 Mb/s/m2 efficiency to 2x/3x/4x

Improvement on network Improvement on mobility

energy efficiency to 100x to 500 km/s

Improvement on connection density to

1,000,000 connections/km square Improvement on latency
delay to 1 ms
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 Gaps between 5G and LTE

Additionally , there are still gaps to develop to the development towards 5G/IMT-2020:
- Business agility (diversity of services and business models)
- Operational sustainability (end-to-end management and deployment, flexibility, scalability, energy efficiency)
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 What are the Main Usage Scenarios of 5G?
(1)

(2) (3)

1. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) deals with hugely increased data rates, high user density and very
high traffic capacity for hotspot scenarios as well as seamless coverage and high mobility scenarios with
still improved used data rates.
2. Massive Machine-type Communications (mMTC) deals with Internet of Thing, or IoT, requiring low power
consumption and low data rates for very large numbers of connected devices.
3. Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) deals with safety-critical and mission critical
applications. 27
 Usage scenarios of IMT for 2020 and beyond

Network islands of Gigabit/s

communications

Low cost
connectivity for
huge number of
devices

Critical & low latency

communications

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 5G Spectral Bandwidth
Low band below 1 GHz Mid-band (1-6 GHz) High band Higher than 24 GHz

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 5G usage model models,
channel bandwidths and subcarrier spacing

The smaller cell size would data transmission with higher speed.

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Driving the 5G Roadmap and Ecosystem Expansion

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5G NR (New Radio)Technology for Rel15

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 Breakthrough Invention for 5G

There are many breakthrough inventions research and development to unlock

5G for the mobile industry and beyond, and transform how the world computes,
connects and communicates.
• Massive MIMO
• C-RAN
• Edge computing
• Softwarization
• etc.

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 Evolving Networks for Higher Traffic
Challenge: How to solve the increasing rate of data
volume to meet the 5G requirement?

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 Conventional solutions

• Price of spectrum license is very high

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How to Achieve Higher Spectral Efficiency?

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Multi-User MIMO

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Massive MIMO is a Solution

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Key Different between Massive MIMO and MIMO

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How to Deploy Massive MIMO?

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How Much can Spectral Efficiency be Improved?

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 Benefits of massive MIMO
• Increased Network Capacity (the total data volume and maximum number of
users that can be served) Massive MIMO contributes to increased capacity
first by enabling 5G NR deployment in the higher frequency range in Sub-6
GHz (e.g., 3.5 GHz); and second by employing MU-MIMO where multiple
users are served with the same time and frequency resources.
• Improved Coverage – With massive MIMO, users enjoy a more uniform
experience across the network, even at the cell’s edge – so users can expect
high data rate service almost everywhere. Moreover, 3D beamforming
enables dynamic coverage required for moving users (e.g., users traveling in
cars or connected cars) and adjusts the coverage to suit user location, even
in locations that have relatively weak network coverage.
• User experience – Ultimately, the above two benefits result in a better overall
user experience — users can transfer large data files or download movies, or
use data-hungry apps on the go, wherever life takes them. 42
 Cloud/Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN)
Simplified Overview of a Mobile Network

A radio base station can be functionally separated into:

BBU (baseband unit, sometimes also referred to as a digital unit), which generates and processes a digitized
baseband RF signal
RRH (remote radio head, aka RRU, remote radio unit), which creates the analog transmit RF signal from the
baseband signal and sources it to the antenna respectively, digitizes the RF receive signal 43
 Cloud/Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN)
C-RAN Architecture: Moving BBU from BSs to a Pool with “Fronthaul” Connection

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Cloud/Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN)

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Cloud/Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN)

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• Future networks need to lower cost per bit, and enable new services.
• Revenues and traffic usage decoupled. 47
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(COTS: Commercial off the shelf)

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 Network Slicing Functionality: The Concept
• The 5G network offers different mix of capabilities, ranging from ultra-reliable
services to ultra-high bandwidth.

• Build a set of dedicated networks to fit the specific needs of each business
customers, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach as seen in the current and
previous mobile generations.
Network slicing is the embodiment of the
• A common platform to concept of running multiple logical networks
efficiently operate as virtually independent business operations
multiple dedicated on a common physical infrastructure in an
networks. efficient and economical way.
This is a radical change of paradigm compared to
current implementations. 50
Technologies such as network functions virtualization (NFV), management and orchestration,
and software-defined networking (SDN) greatly enhance network slicing through their ability to
employ virtualized domains (clouds), facilitate network-wide orchestration, and enable required
agility through programmability and automation. 51
 5G Network Slicing Concept
5G networks need to serve customers with very different needs

5G networks subdivided into virtual networks each optimized for one business case 52
Edge Computing next to the Users

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A distributed Functional Architecture

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 Fixed Mobile Convergence
In the context of IMT-2020, the capabilities that provide services and applications to end users
regardless of the fixed or mobile access technologies being used and independently of the
users' location.

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 5G as the Key Driver for Industrial and Societal Changes

• Optimization and/or expansion of existing applications (extended coverage, enhanced features)

• New applications (verticals and advanced applications enabled by technology integration)
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The 5G business cases

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THANK YOU
for your attentions.

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