EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR

NETWORKS
 0G(MTS)

• Used in mid 20th century by military and police.

• Also called Mobile Telephone Service (MTS)
• Push to talk
• Half duplex
• Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS)
IMTS(IMPROVED MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICE)

• Full duplex mode of MTS

• They used two channels to send and receive signals simultaneously.
 1G

• Analog mobile phone systems (AMPS) in

America
• Total access communication system (TACS) and
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in parts of
Europe
• Japanese Total access communication system (J-
TACS) in Japan an Hong kong.
• Spectrum: 150 MHz to 800MHz
1G

• Analog telecommunications standards.

• Voice signal only
• Simpler network elements
• Data rate : 2 kbps
1G

• They divided geographical area into cells.

• All the cells are connected to a switching office
DISADVANTAGES OF 1G

• no roaming
• Not secure
• Large size
• Limited Capacity (because analog)
• Background interference
2G

• Second generation of mobile communication systems.

• Launched in early 90s
• Popular systems
GSM(Global System For Mobile Communication) by ATIS of america
CdmaOne (1S-95) by europe
• Spectrum 900MHz
2G

• Digital Fidelity
• Increased security
• Encrypting was possible
• Roaming was enabled
• Voice and data signal(SMS)
• 9.6-14.4 kbps
ADVANTAGES OF 2G

• significantly more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum enabling more users per frequency
band.
• Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages
• phone conversations were digitally encrypted.
DISADVANTAGES OF 2G

• Low network range

• Slow data rates
2.5G AND 2.75G

• To provide higher data rates using existing 2G systems

• General packet radio service(GPRS)
• Maximum theoretical data rate 171 kbps
• Enhanced Data GSM Environment(EDGE)
• 8psk modulation to GPRS
• Uses same infrastructure of GPRS
• Maximum theoretical speed 473.6kbps
• CDMA2000(1xRTT)
• By Universal Mobile Telecommunication system(ETSI) in europe
• Maximum theoretical data rate 384 kbps
 3G

• upgrade for 2G and 2.5G GPRS networks, for faster data transfer speed.
• Deployed in mid 2000s
• Voice, data
• MMS
• 3.1 Mbps
HISTORY OF 3G

• All the regional standard like ATIS of America, ETSI of Europe, CCSA of China, TTC of Japan, TTA of Korea
collaborated to form ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
• This manages the international radio-frequency spectrum
• It allocates the spectrum to each country
• It ensures the effective use of the spectrum
EVOLUTION OF 3G

• UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) or W-CDMA(2,2 Mbps)

• HSDPA(High Speed Downlink Packet Access)(14,2 mbps) (by reducing delays)
• HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)(reduction in uploading delays to 5.7 mbps)
• HSPA(high speed packet access)(MIMO and higher order modulation) (28 mbps for downloading and 11
mbps for uploading)
• LTE(4G) (by system architecture evolution)
ADVANTAGES OF 3G

• Speed
• High security
• Video conferencing,3D gaming ,mobile TV
• International roaming
• Broadband
DISADVANTAGES

• Requirement of high frequency bandwidth

• Expensive licenses
• High power consumption
• Low network coverage
• Expensive to build infrastructure
 4G

• Late 2000s(2004-2011)
Advantages
• LTE
• High Speed
• WiMAX
• MIMO technology
• 100 mbps
Disadvantages
• LTE A can reach 1Gbps
• Hard to implement
• All services including voice was carried in IP
• complicated hardware
packets(Volte)
 5G

• there are various standards beyond 4G that are in progress by various standard bodies but 5G is not yet
officially in use.
• Technologies that might involve:
all flat IP platform
cloud computing
nanotechnology
IOT
EXPECTATIONS

• Better coverage area

• Low battery consumption
• Availability of multiple data transfer path
• High security
• Spectral efficiency
• Pervasive networks
• Smart antenna
PERVASIVE NETWORKS
SMART ANTENNAS
 COMPARISON
Parameters 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Location of first USA Finland Japan South Korea Not yet
commercialization 1970-80 1990-2000 2004-05 (Now) (Soon)
Definition Analog Digital narrow Digital, Digital, broad Not yet
band,circular broadband, packet band,packet ip
speed 14.4kbps 9.6/14.4 kbps 3.1mbps 100-300mbps -
Technology AMPS, TDMA,CDMA CDMA,EDGE WIMAX, LTE, -
NMT,TACS Wi-Fi
Multiple data technique FDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA -
specialities First Digital version Digital broadband, Very high speed -
wireless of IG speed increment ,all IP
commm. technology
Features Voice only Multiple users Multimedia,videoc High speed, real -
on single alls time streaming
channel
Band Nointernet Narrow band Broadband Ultrabroadband -
parameters 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Operating 800MHz GSM:900MHz- 2100 MHZ 850MHz- -
Frequency 1800MHz 1800MHz
CDMA:800MHz
Carrier Freq 30kHz 200kHz 50MHz 15MHz -