Unit 3: Intellectual Revolution
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1. Age of European historical period from the 15th
Exploration century to the 18th century, marking the
time in which extensive overseas
exploration emerged as a powerful factor
in European culture.
2. Enlightenment The period known as the Age of Reason in
the 18th century of Europe. The thinkers of
this period believed that one could use
reason to understand the universe, they
rejected traditional ideas based on
authority.
3. Entrepreneurs A person who creates, owns, and operates
businesses.
4. Factories A building or group of buildings where
goods are manufactured or assembled
chiefly by machine. They are often loud
and large.
5. Francis Bacon Laid important rules for experimental
science, including the Scientific Method. 1
of 2 men considered the "forefathers" of the
Scientific Method.
6. Galileo Galilei Used a telescope to confirm Copernicus's
theory. He discovered the law of falling
bodies, improved on the telescope, and
was charged with heresy. Remainder of life
was spent under house arrest.
7. Geocentric The theory that the Earth is the center of
Theory the universe. (the church's theory)
8. Heliocentric The theory that the Sun is the center of the
Theory universe. (Copernicus' theory)
9. Humanism Intellectual and cultural movement of the
Renaissance stressing the significance of
each individual; the focus was on classical
works of Greece and Rome.
10. Industrialization The development of commercial
enterprise. Occurs when industry is
introduced on a large scale to a region or
country.
11. Industrial Provided the citizens of democracies with
Revolution many given rights. Was an increase in
production brought about by the use of
machines and characterized by the use of
new energy. Began in Britain in the 1750's.
12. Isaac Newton He made the important discovery of the
Scientific Revolution. He discovered the
Force of Gravity which helps us with
planets.
13. Johannes Laws of Planetary
Kepler Motion/Elliptical/Oval/Movement of the
Planets.
14. John Locke Believed that people had the rights to life,
liberty, and property. People should enter a
social contract with a government doesn't
live up to those purposes, the people have
the right to revolt.
15. Mary She was an influential female thinker during
Wollstonecraft the Enlightenment; she advocated the idea
that women should receive the same
education as men in order to be productive
members of society.
16. Montesquieu He identified three kinds of governments:
republics, monarchies, and despotisms. He
also wrote that the way to create a strong,
uncorrupt government was for it to include
three branches: executive, legislative, and
judicial. Each branch would have separate
responsibilities.He believed that this
separation of powers would keep any one
person or group from gaining too much
power and would protect people's liberty.
17. Natural Rights This is the idea that people are born
deserving certain freedoms because they
are people; these are often described so as
to include "life, liberty, and property."
18. Nicolaus Advanced the Heliocentric theory that earth
Copernicus and other planets revolve around the sun.
Convicted of heresy by the Catholic
Church.
19. Philosophy The study of the fundamental nature of
knowledge, reality, and existence, especially
when considered as an academic discipline.
The nature,causes, and principles of the
reality of science.
20. Reason This idea, advocated by Enlightenment
philosophers, was that through the use of
logical thinking and problem-solving, one
can find solutions to problems and/or
questions.
21. Rene Reason and math. His famous quote: "I
Decartes think, therefore I am."
22. Rousseau This French Enlightenment thinker was
obsessed with the idea that men are born
free; he considered slavery to be one of the
worst crimes imaginable BECAUSE it took
away the freedom of others. "Man is born
free, and everywhere he is in chains."
23. Scientific A method of procedure that has
Method characterized natural science since the 17th
century. There are 6 main steps.
24. Scientific Period in science during the 16th and 17th centuries (1600's-1700's) in which scientists challenged traditional authority
Revolution and used observations and reason to reach conclusions; advances in medicine and mathematics.
25. Separation This idea refers to when a government is separated into different parts—such as a legislative, judicial, and executive
of Powers branch—in order to prevent one part of the government from becoming too powerful.
26. Social An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.
Contract
27. Thomas Published Leviathan, he discussed the need for what he called a social contract. Under this contract, people would
Hobbes give up their naturaed by a strong monarch.
28. Voltaire French philosopher of the Enlightenment; supported control of enlightened absolute rulers. " I disapprove of what you
say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."