Discovering Our Past: A History of the World

Worksheet Answer Key

The Scientific Revolution and the

Enlightenment

Table of Contents
CHAPTER-LEVEL ACTIVITIES:
What Do You Know? Cloze Activity ........................................ 2
Vocabulary Builder Activity................................................... 2
Hands-On Chapter Project: The Scientific Revolution and the
Enlightmenment ........................................................... 3

LESSON-LEVEL ACTIVITIES:
Guided Reading: Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution ................. 3
Guided Reading: Lesson 2 The Enlightenment ........................ 4
21st Century Skills Activity: Lesson 1
Communication: Write a Résumé .................................... 5
Primary Source Activity: Lesson 2
The Ideas of Hobbes and Locke ...................................... 6

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Page 1
Discovering Our Past: A History of the World

Worksheet Answer Key

The Scientific Revolution and the

Enlightenment

CHAPTER WORKSHEETS
What Do You Know? Cloze Activity
1. reason
2. Europe
3. Scientific Revolution
4. human behavior
5. improve
6. government
7. France

Vocabulary Builder Activity

A. Content Vocabulary
1. a. ellipses
b. heliocentric
c. absolutism
d. rationalism
e. geocentric
2. a. Age of Enlightenment
b. Scientific Revolution
c. elements

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies

d. constitutional monarchy
e. Glorious Revolution
3. a. absolutism
b. social contract
c. gravity
d. scientific method

B. Academic Vocabulary
1. C
2. A
3. E
4. B
5. F
6. D

C. Combined Vocabulary Reinforcement

1. theory, geocentric
2. heliocentric, error
3. elements
4. constitutional monarchy, guaranteed
5. Age of Enlightenment

Page 2
Discovering Our Past: A History of the World

Worksheet Answer Key

The Scientific Revolution and the

Enlightenment
6. social contract
7. military

Hands-On Chapter Project

The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

Worksheet 1: Project Plan

Task List: Students’ task lists will vary but should be based on how the group de-
cides to divide up the work.
Due Date: The due date will be assigned by the instructor.

Worksheet 2: Creating a Bibliography

Students’ sources should reflect their project and be formatted correctly.

Worksheet 3: Assessment Rubric

Students’ self-assessment will be based on their opinions about their performance
during the project.

LESSON WORKSHEETS

Guided Reading: Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Early Science
1. The ancient Greeks used reason, observation, and common sense to develop
theories. However, they did not use experiments.
2. Aristotle gathered facts about plants and animals.
3. Ptolemy developed a geocentric view of the universe.
4. Thomas Aquinas showed that Christianity and reason could work together.
5. False - During the Middle Ages, ideas about science were based mostly on an-
cient Greek writing.
6. False - During the Middle Ages, the Islamic world had a significant influence on
Europeans.
7. True

New Ideas About the Universe

1. He proposed that the Earth and other planets revolved around the sun. In doing
this, he replaced the commonly held geocentric view of the universe with the he-
liocentric view.
2. He used mathematics to support the heliocentric view of the universe. Also, he
corrected an error in Copernicus’s theory when he showed that planets move in
ellipses. In addition, Kepler discovered that planets do not always travel at the
same speed.

Page 3
Discovering Our Past: A History of the World

Worksheet Answer Key

The Scientific Revolution and the

Enlightenment
3. He proved that objects fall at the same speed no matter what they weigh. He im-
proved the telescope and used it to support the heliocentric view of the universe.
Galileo also developed the law of the swinging pendulum and invented the water
thermometer.

New Scientific Advances

1. Robert Boyle
2. Andreas Vesalius
3. Antoine Lavoisier
4. Isaac Newton
5. Robert Hooke
6. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

The Triumph of Reason

1. Descartes claimed that mathematics is the source of scientific truth. In mathe-
matics, he said, the answers are always true. The reason for this is that mathe-
matics begins with simple principles. It then uses logic or reason to move to
more complex truths.
2. Pascal believed that the best way to use science was to solve practical prob-
lems.
3. Pascal believed that the best way to use Christianity was to find spiritual truth.
4. (c) observe facts; (d) find explanation of facts; (a) experiment to test explanation;
(b) repeat experiments to prove the explanation true or false

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Guided Reading: Lesson 2 The Enlightenment
Reason and Politics
1. During the Enlightenment, European thinkers were impressed by the way scien-
tists used reason to make advances. These thinkers believed that reason could
also discover the laws that shaped human behavior. Once these laws were un-
derstood, people could use them to improve society.
2. Hobbes: People are naturally selfish. People cannot rule themselves. People
need a government ruled by an absolute monarch.
Locke: Natural law gives all people certain rights. Government should protect
peoples' rights. Government is based on a social contract
Both: Government is based on natural law
3. Locke thought that natural law gave people certain natural rights from birth. Eng-
land’s constitutional monarchy set up a Bill of Rights, which guaranteed all Eng-
lish people basic rights.
4. Montesquieu thought that the best government had a separation of powers. The
constitutional monarchy of England had a separation of powers. It was divided
into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The Philosophes of France

1. Philosophes: Philosophes wanted to use reason to improve society. They at-
Page 4
Discovering Our Past: A History of the World

Worksheet Answer Key

The Scientific Revolution and the

Enlightenment
tacked superstition, or unreasoned beliefs, and disagreed with religious leaders
who opposed new scientific discoveries. Philosophes believed in freedom of
speech and claimed that each person had the right to liberty.
Rousseau: Rousseau believed that people should not rely entirely on reason. He
thought human beings were naturally good but that civilization made them worse.
He thought that government was based on a social contract in which everyone
agreed to be governed by what society as a whole wanted, which he called the
general will.
2. Voltaire supported freedom of religion and criticized the Catholic Church for
keeping knowledge from people. He believed in deism, the idea that God created
the universe and left it alone to run according to natural law.
3. Wollstonecraft claimed that all humans have reason. Because women have rea-
son, they should have the same rights as men.

Absolute Monarchs
1. Frederick the Great supported the arts and learning and permitted some freedom
of speech and religion.
2. Maria Theresa set up schools, tried to improve the living conditions of the serfs,
and helped to make government work better.
3. Joseph II freed the serfs and made land taxes equal for nobles and farmers;
however, he was forced to back down on tax reform.
4. Peter the Great made the government run more smoothly and improved the mili-
tary.

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies

5. Catherine the Great supported the ideas of the Enlightenment at first, but later
backed down on some of these views.

21st Century Skills Activity: Lesson 1

Communication: Write a Résumé

Practicing the Skill

1. Copernicus wrote a book called On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, and
he developed a heliocentric view of the universe.
2. Copernicus worked as a lecturer of astronomy in Rome and worked as a per-
sonal physician to an elderly man.
3. Copernicus attended the University of Kraków and a school in Padua, Italy.

Applying the Skill

1. Isaac Newton, Cambridge, England
2. Answers may vary. Possible summary: Isaac Newton has worked as a mathema-
tician and as a physicist. He has made breakthroughs in the fields of calculus,
the study of color and light, and in the study of planetary motion. He has also de-
veloped a law of gravitation.
3. Answers may vary. Wrote a book called Principia, which deals with gravitation;
Page 5
Discovering Our Past: A History of the World

Worksheet Answer Key

The Scientific Revolution and the

Enlightenment
Invented the reflecting telescope; Developed theories of optics and color.
4. Cambridge University, Professor of Mathematics, 1669 to Present; Gave lectures;
Developed theories about optics and color; Proposed three laws of motion; Cre-
ated infinitesimal calculus; Discovered the law of universal gravitation
5. Trinity College, Cambridge University, B.A., 1665; Grantham Grammar School,
graduated, 1661

Primary Source Activity: Lesson 2

The Ideas of Hobbes and Locke
1. According to Hobbes, the natural law of man is to be in a state of quarreling and
fighting. He divides the reasons for fighting into three categories: competition, dif-
fidence, and glory.
2 According to Locke, the natural law of man is liberty and to be free from any su-
perior power on earth.
3. No, making good decisions about governing involves doing what is best for the
people as a whole, not just what is best for an individual. Hobbes, though, thinks
people are basically selfish beings who always want to fight for their own gain.
4. No, Locke thinks that people should have liberty except for being under the laws
issued by a legislature that has been established by the consent of the common-
wealth.
5. For Hobbes, government should have a common power that keeps the people in

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies

awe. A ruler with awe-inspiring power is the only way to prevent people from be-
ing in a constant state of war. For Locke, government should be established by
the people for the common good. Having people under the rule of one person
makes them a victim of this person’s inconstant and arbitrary will.

Page 6