CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

1. The Scientific Revolution

a. The scientific structure

Science has made tremendous progress, we seem to understand the

world more favorably now than we did a few years before. Things as they are, we
have an unprecedented capacity to control and control nature, and because of
that, we can make improvements to human existence. Some time ago, the term
logical transformation was well known. "logical transformation design" in 1962,
conceived by a man brought into the world in Cincinnati, Ohaio. He is Thomas
Kuhn. From Kuhns' insight, the better individual got what was called science at
the time. If certain people say that development is a direct collective science, this
is not the situation with Khun's vision. According to Khun, science goes through
stages that will encourage ordinary situation or other worldviews.

According to Khun, scientific revolution is a new theories based on

observation. It means that before become a theory, it is already treat by
observation first by some experts who has strong source. Thus the theory is valid
and reliable. In line with khun, he proposed the scientific of revolution below:
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Adopted from Khun

 Based on the structure above, here are some definition for each parts:

1. Normal science
Normal science is puzzle solving stage scientists share paradigm such as;
make measurements, articulate theory, and make predictions.
2. Anomaly
Anomaly is blame apparatus set aside problem and modify paradigm
3. Crisis
Crisis is anomaly too problematic and faith in paradigm shaken
4. Change in world view
Change in world view are a Gestalt shift, problem seem from difference
perspective, and new paradigm explored
5. Pre-paradigm phase
“Pre-paradigm phase are alternative concepts compete, anarchic period, and
fact gathering appears unguided”
6. New paradigm
New paradigm is the last part in Khun’ scientific revolution structure. It means
that scientific return to routine and revolution become visible.

Changes in logic in the chaos of logical ideas that occurred in the 16-17
centuries. The new perspective on logical transformation replaced the Greek view that
flooded science for nearly 2000 years. Science turned into a very large discipline,
especially from theory and innovation, and then into the idea of having a utilitarian
reason. As Incubate points out, logical unrest refers to the record of changes in ideas
and beliefs, developments in friendly and institutional relations that took place in
Europe.

b. Major scientific discoveries

The scientific revolution applied an accurate method to prove the theory, the
resulted of scientific revolution are in developments in mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology and chemistry. Furthermore, there was a three major scientific
discoveries in scientific revolution;

1. Jassen
Who invented the microscope
2. Torricelli
 Who developed the mercury barometer
3. Fahrenheit
Who developed the mercury thermometer
4. Jenner
Who discover vaccine for small pox

c. Scientific method proposed by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes

observation

Francis bacon is not a scientist but he is a politician who supported the

scientific method which he delivered would improve people’s lives. Rene
Descartes is developed analytical geometry which linked algebra and geometry.
He stated everything should be questioned and proven. He as famous quote
“think therefore I am”. He requires reader being forever learner and try to create
an innovation in every single part of life. A logical procedure for gathering and
testing ideas, this method was supported by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes.

1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Analyze and interpret
4. Conclusion

In order to develop new theory basd on observation, here are who participated in
scientific revolution phase.

5. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

The contributions of copernicus was the field of astronomy
6. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Known as father of science and contributed in Italian mathematician and
astronomy
7. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
He is Jerman astronomer and mathematician as well.

During the scientific revolution, changing perceptions about religion,

philosophy, economics, and education. the term known as Enlightenment. There
are several ideas of the Enlightenment; a) the scientific revolution convinced
people in the power of reason which help lead to. 2) the Enlightenment was a
philosophical movement that promoted the power of human reason to make
change. 3) the last is Paris was the center, salons were upper class social
gatherings that promoted Enlightenment philosophers, artist, and writer.

The difference between scientific revolution movers and the enlightenment

thinkers are:

 The scientists used their intellectual powers to find out the natural laws
that governed the operation of the physical universe.
 The latter look for through reasoning to discover the natural laws that
governed the affairs of human beings and human society. In other words,
society could be improved if only rationality was applied to government
and society itself.

Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley, and David Hume were concern on

some components outside of empiricism known as the basis of human
knowledge. The approve founder of the approach was John Locke, who
suggested in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) that the only
true knowledge accessible to the human mind is based on experience. Many new
ideas contributed to the called the scientific revolution. Some of them are
revolutions in their respective grazing.

The heliocentric’ model involves the source transference of the earth into
orbit around the sun (as opposed to the view as the core of the universe).
Copernicus' 1543 work on the Heliocentrics’ model of the solar system tried to
show that the sun was the core of the universe. The exploration of Johannes
Kepler and Galileo gave the theory credibility and his work culminated in Isaac
Newton's Principia, which formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation
that mostly scientists' consider of the physical universe for the next three
centuries.

1. Studying human anatomy based on the analysis of human bones, not a

dissection of animals, as has been done for centuries.
2. Discover and study magnetic and electric, so the electrical affection of
several materials.
 3. Modernization of study (cause them more like they are today), including
dentistry, physiology, chemistry, or optics.
4. Discovery is a deepen knowledge, including mechanical calculators,

Steam digesters (predecessors to the steam’s engine), refracting and

observing telescopes, vacuum pumps, and mercury barometers. The scientific
revolution deposed the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment, as the core on
reason as the central source of authority and legitimacy, and pinpointed the
huffish of the scientific method. In the 18th century, as the Enlightenment
development, scientific control began to replace religious authority, and
disciplines up to now seen as legitimate scientific lost scientific credibility.

Science came over to engage in some activity a major role in

Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers
had scientific backgrounds and attributed scientific progress to the overthrow of
religion and traditional authorities for the development of freedom of speech and
thought. Amply speaking, the science of the Enlightenment extremely respected
empiricism and rational thought and was stuck in the Enlightenment's ideals of
progress and progress. At that time, science was hold by scientific societies and
academies, which had mainly replaced universities as centers of scientific
research and development. Society and academies are also the backbone of the
maturation of the scientific profession. Another necessary development was the
popularization of science among an progressively literate population.

This century saw expressive advances in the rehearsal of medicine,

mathematic, physic, and outgrowth of biological taxonomy. The new
compassionate are magnetic and electricity; also the maturation of chemistry as
science discipline, which formed the establishment of modern chemistry. In this
era, intellectual history is usually called the scientific of revolution and fence in
Copernican revolution. In this period various theories also appeared known as
solar system and wider cosmos.

According to description above, the writer has mentioned the scientific of

revolution that arose as a result of anomalies in scientific research which were
felt to be getting worse, and the crisis could not be resolved with the referred
research paradigm. A science of revolution does not run smoothly without
obstacles, but there are often pros and cons and community frictions affected to
it. An example the disagreement between supporters’ Aristotle and Galileo in
seeing a swinging object. Throughout the revolution, scientists see something
new and different things when they use instrument which is very common to see
places they have seen.

It was as assumption the professional community had unexpected

movement to different area where previously well-known aim were seen in a
another light and also blended in with unfamiliar objects. Therefore, the way a
scientist views the world discover what kind of the world. So, knowledge is not
only about copy the reality, but it’s about the entire reality of human construction.