PROJECT BASED-LEARNING AND THE IMPLEMENTATION IN SPEAKING SKILL

Hasiyanti
hasiyanti17@gmail.com
English Education Postgraduate Program of Education
Faculty of University of Bengkulu in Bengkulu, Indonesia

This paper introduces conceptual of project-based learning and how to implement it

into speaking for Junior High School grade IX. This paper consider why, emergence,
characteristic, how, advantages and disadvantages use this technique in teaching and
learning process. The author argues that project based-learning is able to improve
student speaking skill especially in speaking because some previous study are said
that PBL is an effective way to improve speaking skill. Moreover, the author believe
PBL is effective and will successfully help students in speaking skill because PBL
not only focus on what they need in class but also outside even the students feature.
WHY PROJECT BASED LEARNING AND SPEAKING SKILL?

Currently, global language used for international communication is English. The reasons
why English as a global language are; in many countries English becomes official language and
in order to foreign language countries, English as priority to be learned from all aspects
community (Crystal, 2003). In fact, education, job, information, advertisement, entertainment,
books, paper, technology and many more aspects in this life used English language. As far as the
facts mentioned above, in order to communicate with many people in the world it is a must for
learner to learn English. Learning English to communicate around the world, the most important
language skill is speaking skill. According to (Nazara, 2011) fluency to communicate verbally
with other people is arguing often consider as the most important rather than ability to read or
write. Brunkart (1998) stated that achievement of English can be measure through ability to
speak English.

Indonesia has low proficiency level the rank of 34th out of 44 countries in 2016, then in
2012 from 44 countries Indonesia increased to 27th rank but still in category as the low
proficiency level. In this case, there are some reasons influenced students’ lack in terms of
speaking efficiency level and they are: lack of vocabulary, fall down the grammar, imperfectly
learned pronunciation, lack of opportunity speaking in the classroom, in the curriculum is lack on
language improvement, and lack of situation surface. In other words, project based-learning can
be one way to solve speaking problem faces by learners inside or outside class. Project method
is a teaching method
adept through professional teacher particularly in the scientific area. Therefore, real experience
gain in project-based approach in development of learning and teaching to pupils being a branch
in terms of factual study. In addition, students get meaningful experience especially in speaking
skill by implemented project based-learning.

THE EMERGENCE OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING AS AN APPROACH

It was introduced by Bransford & Stein (1993), Blummenfeld (1991) and Buck IFE
(1998). Basically, constructivism theory especially social constructivism are established project
based learning (PBL) which collaborate pupils and study inside the center (Kosowski, 2009).
Related to information raised, project method established project based-learning. It is adapted to
experienced- based approach in linked to social constructivism theory. Student-centered studying
way, investigation design, participation, profit-rational and demanding archive formation are the
meaning of project-based learning. In general, PBL emphasize productive skill in teaching and
learning process such as active learning, systematic teaching and so on. Through PBL, creativity,
thinking skills, communication skill improvement and lifelong learning skill can be implement in
this approach (Condliffe, 2017).

Project-based learning develop huge estimate approaches analytical for accomplish their
task by driving pupils to do meaningful review, made up of work collaborative to investigation
and design a project which can reverse their ability (Geier at al. 2008). PBL is the basis of the
curriculum not ancillary exercise to support literature. The goals from PBL are great insight
about the problem, extra training, greater reading level, and can increase students’ motivation in
learning. They will give a real problem then they designing their own implementation and it will
establish active base for the next level. In addition, according to Hakkinen et al. (2017) PBL is an
approach that effective to develop 21th century capability trough critical thinking as well as
problem solving, leadership and teamwork, innovation and creativity.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING

There are some characteristics of project-based learning. Mentioned by Trianto (2014)

explains that project based learning has characteristics show in the table below:
 1. Students as decision producers
2. Create framework
3. There are cases were the solution is not influenced before
4. Pupils are guilty for commanding and administering learning still
5. Carry out assessments constantly
6. Pupils commonly check what have been done
7. The result is in the form of a product and its quality is evaluated
8. The class has an atmosphere that tolerates mistakes and changes

Another opinion about characteristics of project-based learning comes from Katz (2000).
He stated ten characteristics of project-based learning approach which can be seen in table

1. The personal relevant questions that children ask about the world around them
established project inquiry
2. The process is more important in project-based learning. It means students requires
to learn how rather than to simply impart information
3. Teacher as a guide but the students is the center
4. usually required to promote depth, meaningful understanding and reflection
through large blocks of time and extended study of topics
5. guiding, promoting growth and development are the teacher’s role
6. encouraged to increase motivation and personal relevance by authentic experiences
7. learner-centered, intrinsically motivating
8. collaborative
9. challenging
10. a variety of techniques are promoted by learning demonstration
below:

THE IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT-BASED LEARNING TO IMPROVE SPEAKING

SKILL
Several types of the curriculum, farmland of learning and inside of each class position
can be implemented PBL technique. Three appearances stand as center elements in PBL, they
are: firstly, learner-centered situation. Toward boost pupil compromise and leadership all
over the
subject of the task’ problem whereas the teacher should designed this component. Secondly,
collaboration. Combining ability like managerial group, interrelationship, integrate of associate
and instructor evaluation, plan careful evaluation to breeds, and engaged to another as students
are more emphasize in this collaboration components. Third, curriculum content. Standardize,
have clear objective, support and establish learning content both in transform and result are
require as a factor of successful integration.

On the point of suitable approach to aid the pupils to develop speaking skill, PBL was
chosen in order to improve students’ speaking skill. According to quoted in IAE-Pedia, project
based learning (PBL) can be apply for personal or association activities which pass a cycle
duration. The result of project based learning (PBL) can be included as product, presentation, or
performance. Based on the writer’s experience since Junior High School until I finished my
degree, there are some problems are facing by students in speaking skill such as; the students
don’t have abundance time to use speaking because the instructor only focus on organization
word and reading skills. Properly, speaking skill only demonstrate casually or does not teaches at
all. Then, pupils have lack of vocabulary. As a productive skill, speaking require students have
fairly large vocabulary. Next, teacher uses uninteresting way in teaching speaking skill. Mostly,
they only focus on the board marker and whiteboard without applying creative media which is
more interesting for students. Finally, the problem was about unrelated language that teaches in
the class or outside. They are not able to describe what they learn in the real situation.

Some types of approaches, strategy and method could be employed in teaching speaking
to overcome the problems stated above. Project based learning was chosen as an different way
for teaching speaking because some previous research findings said that PBL technique is an
adequate for teaching speaking. In this case, the writer focused on the implementation of PBL in
order to improve students speaking skill through “Mini Encylopedia and Digital Encylopedia”.
Students compose oral and written informational report texts related to science subjects in
class IX (recovered plants and animals). Here are the PBL steps in order to improving students
speaking skill for Junior High School. There are several aspects that should consider by teacher
when they want to apply PBL in the classroom; such as: 1)start with the essential question,2)
design a plan for the project, 3)create a schedule, 4) monitor the students and the progress of the
project, 5) assess the outcome, and 6) evaluate the experience.
First meeting:

Step one:

1. Determine project topic

2. Determine the type of project to be carried out
3. Define project objectives
4. Determine the shape of the final outcome of the project

Step two:

5. Determine the information needed (type of text and its components) to complete the
project
6. Determine how to obtain information (search and read the targeted text, watch videos and
images related to the targeted text)
7. Determine how to compile and process information

Step three:

8. Determine the division of tasks for each student in the group

9. Determine the project implementation schedule
10. Demonstrate confident and responsible behavior
11. Demonstrate creativity and collaboration skills

Second Meeting:

1. Determine the social function of the text correctly

2. Detailing the structure of the text correctly
3. Demonstrate confident and responsible behavior
4. Demonstrate critical thinking, collaboration and literacy skills

After finishing the project in group, students will be able to write the project report and
presenting the project result in the classroom. Then, after finishing their presentation students are
able to evaluate the project process and being confidents to speak English in front of the class.

The implementations of PBL in Speaking for students have some effect to the pupils’
accomplishment. The result by implemented project-based learning in the class is pupils improve
better their speaking skill because the subject delivered through project based-learning. Involving
pupils in activities in the class can motivate and engage students. Students being quite delighted
about the subject. Students complete well in project and conduct well perform in discussion
session. It was proven by students score.

Based on explanation above, one solutions that can offer for teaching speaking is by
offering encouragement. Encouragement allow energy enter the pupils to work their task, and to
support them study hard, and appreciate their exercise. To achieve language learning, motivation
being one of the strongest way. Students’ encouragement useful for teaching and learning
because extremely clear and quite agreeable, along with more advantageous. So, teachers need to
be appreciative about choosing the speaking problem, because interesting or worst problem can
control pupils’ enthusiasm as long as combining activities in the classroom. A great topic would
create pupils linked to their intelligence with experience and knowledge. Last but not least, about
the appropriated term, the study was found that term of time should be managed together, to
overcome waste useless time in class so, it can create more beneficial outcome in the teaching
and learning action.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING

The advantages of project-based learning

1. It can increases students’ learning motivation

In PBL students quite easy to get motivation because in this technique students learn
from interesting project that related to their work in the future
2. It can help student to achieve an academic
Students gain knowledge, namely insight, metacognition, skills, and attitudes. PBL
administer a beneficial environment for the improvement of meta-cognition.
3. It can increase collaboration ability
All students have the chance to interact one and another by dividing students into an
individual or group task.
4. It creases the ability to communicate
In PBL pupils study how to practice their speaking skill in positive way or through project.
In this case, students will have open minded about other students’ opinion.
5. It creates fun learning
 In PBL learning process create through fun way, so pupils and teachers like the learning
process. The teaching environment is interesting and it affect students’ motivation and
concentration.
6. It increases students’ attitudes toward learning
One of the most important benefit in this technique is the teacher can increase students;
attitudes toward learning. As the result, not only gain knowledge but also students’
attitude
7. It increases students’ creativity
PBL establishes manner of forever learner. PBL tourney the learners demands along
contrasting height skills and learning behavior.
8. It lowers students’ anxiety level in the learning process
In PBL students are able to lower their anxiety because their involved in the subject, so
the level anxiety can be decrease.
9. PBL increases problem solving ability
PBL boost the skill to overcome some issues, let the students more active by joining in
problem solving
10. PBL increases resource management skills
PBL allow pupils learning encounter and proceeding in modification exercise and design
the time allocation and other resources such as material for assembling exercise,
determined by learning experience.

The Disadvantages of project-based learning

1. PBL is responsible as long as much time in order that determined by to deal with
complicated complication.
2. Many parents of pupils who ambience disturbed, because it compute into the amount of
accessing the current organization.
3. Many instructors/teachers ambience appropriate by common classroom, where the
instructor/ teacher as central role in the classroom.
4. Treatment project based learning in the classroom can be terrifying whereas any
competent teachers and desire be even poor since learner
5. The extent of apparatus to be administer, so a certain the appeal for service development.
6. Almost all illustration of fruitful project based learning exploit on the advance of
concerted or combining learning
7. Pupils are not competent with employed in association can have complication in
agreement and adjustment
8. When the affair given to each group is contrasting, it is formidable whose pupils cannot
recognize the topic completely
9. For a self-assessment analysis, the data may have been changed by a meager deviation
10. Inadequacy of leaners concern in subject, counting approach of teaching
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