MODULE 1

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL

ANTECEDENTS IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD: ANCIENT,
MIDDLE AND MODERN AGES

LESSON I
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

 Identify the significant works of Copernicus, Darwin and Freud

 Name the application of Science.
 Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like
in Latin America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa
 Create a timeline of the different scientific contributions of each
regions of the world.

INTRODUCTION

It is said that one must know how to live in the present and prepare for
the future by learning from the past. In this lesson, we will be discussing how
science began , its history and applications in the early society. It is believed
that Scientific Revolution is a period of enlightenment when the developments
of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the
views of society about nature (Serafica, 2018).It had begun in the early 16th
century up to the 18th century in Europe. From the birth of human race science
has existed and it has played an important role in the society.
 ACTIVITY-TRUEOR FALSE
Direction: Determine whether the following statements are
TRUE or FALSE. Write your answer on the space before the
number.

_1. Humans are eager to learn new things.

_2. Theories and laws are products of constant observation and
research.
_3. Scientists want to discover and invent new things for their own
advantage.
_4.Jerome is conducting an experiment; therefore he is using his
intellectual skills.
_5. Theories and laws are used as basis to explain things.

ANALYSIS
Direction: Answer the following questions.

1. Why are humans eager to learn new things?

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2. When can you consider someone as a scientist?
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3. Why do you think laws and theories are applied as means of

understanding things that are happening ?
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 ABSTRACTION

Science has different operative definitions. They are the following:

A. Definitions of Science

1. Science as an Idea. Includes ideas, theories, systematic explanations and

observations about the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It involves a systematic and practical study
of the natural and physical world.
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject, a discipline, field of study, body
of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and
physical world.
4. Science as a personal and social activity. It is both knowledge and human
activities that develop better understanding of the natural and physical world.

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Identify what definitions of Science is used in the
following conditions. Use the following legends for your answers.

1- Science as an Idea 3- Science as a body of knowledge

2- Science as an intellectual activity 4- Science as a personal and social
activity
_1. The Theory of Evolution.

_2. Problem Solving using the Scientific Method.

_3. GE 117-STS course in the New General Education Curriculum.

_4.Experts around the world working to find cure for the COVID-19
pandemic.

_5. Chemistry
 B. Scientific Intellectuals

In the world of Science there are many individuals that had contributed great
things which impacted and shaped society.

ACTIVITY-Table Completion

Direction: Give the contributions of the following persons that

you can think of
Complete the table below by following the given example

Name of Scientist Image Contributions

Alexander Flemming Penicillin

Antoni Van
Leeuwenhoek

Alexander Graham
Bell
 ANALYSIS

Direction: Answer the following questions.

1. When can you consider a person as a scientist?

__
2. What traits does a scientist have?

ABSTRACTION

Scientists are ordinary people with extraordinary abilities. There are numerous
scientists who had contributed in the different fields that had greatly impacted
society. The following are the three notable scientists among the many:

Name: Nicolaus Copernicus

Date of Birth: February 19, 1473
Place of Birth: Torun, Poland
He was a mathematician and astronomer who
proposed that the sun was stationary in the center
of the universe and the earth revolved around
it(Heliocentric Model). He created a concept of a
universe in which the distances of the planets from
the sun is directly related to the size of their orbits.
Hiss heliocentric idea was very controversial; but, it
was the start of a change in the way the world was
viewed, and Copernicus came to be known as the
initiator of the Scientific Revolution. He is
considered as the Father of Thought Experiment.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus
 Name: Charles Robert Darwin
Date of Birth: February 12, 1809,
Place of Birth: Shrewsbury, Shropshire,
England.
An English naturalist whose scientific theory of
evolution by natural selection became the
foundation of modern evolutionary studies. He
joined his professor in a five-year voyage via
HMS Beagle on the Galapagos Island. His
nonreligious biology appealed to the rising class
of professional scientists, and by the time of his
death evolutionary imagery had spread through
all of science, literature, and politics. His
renowned books are The Origin of Species in
1589 and The Descent of Man both became
controversial because it challenged religious and
unscientific ideas. But it also works brought
https://www.biography.com/scientist/char about by observation and experiments.
1

Name: Sigmund Freud

Date of Birth:May 6, 1856
Place of Birth: Austrian town of Freiberg, now
known as the Czech Republic
Known as the father of psychoanalysis, was a
physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and
influential thinker of the early twentieth century.
He focused and refined the concepts of the
unconscious, infantile sexuality and repression,
and he proposed a tripartite account of the
mind’s structure—all as part of a completely new
conceptual and therapeutic frame of reference
for the understanding of human psychological
development and the treatment of abnormal
mental conditions. The multiple manifestations
of psychoanalysis as it exists today, it can in
almost all fundamental respects be traced
directly back to Freud’s original work.
https://www.biography.com/scholar/sigmund-freud
 ASSESSMENT
Directtion: Complete the table below by following the given
example.

Name of Scientist Contributions

Isaac Newton The Law of Gravity
Three Laws of Motion
Theories of Light
Proncipia (book)
Opticks (book)
President of the Royal Society of London

II.Essay
Contributions of Intellectual Revolutions
(See RUBRICS FOR ESSAY at the last page of this module)
What are the significance of the contributions of Copernicus, Darwin and
Freud to modern science?

_
 C. Cradles of Early Science

Everything has originated from somewhere. All things are created for a
purpose. This topic will discuss on the different contributions of the early
civilizations around the world. How are things done and how they were used?
Let us travel around the world and learn.

ACTIVITY-Tell Me Where?

Direction: Identify the place of origin of the following contributions

by using the following legends:
MA-Mesoamerica AS-Asia ME-Middle East AF-Africa

1. Gun Powder 6. Lebombo Bone

2. Chocolates 7. Pyramids
3. Chinampa 8. Metallurgy
4. Embalming 9. Accupuncture
5. Susruta Samhita 10. Inca Textiles

ANALYSIS

Direction:Based on the activity answer the following

questions.

1. What were the uses of these early invention/contributions?

2. What motivated the ancient generation to come up with such

contributions?

__

ABSTRACTION
It is vital to know the earliest inventions around the world and how
it contributed to the lives of the past generations in order to
appreciate its value and acknowledge the idea that Science is applied in all of
those outputs . Let us discuss the Development of Science across the globe.
Development in Mesoamerica
Apocalypto,Kings of the Sun and the Road to El Dorado have one thing in
common, They were all filmed in Mesoamerica. The entirety of central America
form Southern Mexico up to the border of South America comprises
Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica has numerous scientific contributions
coming from the three civilizations namely:
1. Maya Civilization
Is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2000
years. Mayan people are known for their works in astronomy. Their temples and
other religious structures were designed based on their astronomical
knowledge such as the pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico is strategically
constructed at the location of the Sun during spring and fall equinoxes.They we
able to predict eclipses and have used astrological cycles in planting and
harvesting. They have used two complex calendar system to plan their activities
and in observing rituals and cultural festivities. They have grown different crops
and put up elaborate cities using ordinary machineries. They were the first to
have produced rubber products .They have built hydraulics system with refined
waterways to supply water to different communities. For Arts, they have built
looms for weaving cloth and created a rainbow of glittery paints made from the
mineral Mica. The Mayan hieroglyphics is one of the first advanced writing
system.

http://mayansandtikal.com/mayan-civilisation/mayan-technology/
Chichen Itza in Mexico Mayan Calendar

2. Inca Civilization

The Inca Civilizations has several contributions like scientific ideas and tools
that have helped them in their daily lives. They paved the road with stones for easier
access. Built stone building which can withstand earthquakes and other calamities.
The have created an irrigation system for storing water for their crops to grow in all
soil types. They planned their agricultural, religious and cultural activities using the
12-month calendar. They were the first to build a suspension bridge that made their
travelling easier and efficient. The have used quipu to keep records that only experts
can understand. They also have their Inca textiles used for clothing, arts and social
status.
 https://www.ancient.eu/article/791/inca-textiles/
Quipu Inca textile

3. Aztec Civilization

The Aztec civilization has substantial contributions to science and

technology and to the society. They have mandatory education regardless of
age, sex and social status. They have used chocolates as a currency and as
a tribute to their gods. During surgery, they have used antispasmodic
medication that could prevent muscle spasm. In agriculture, they have
developed the Chinampa to increase their food production and improve crop
quality. Same as with the two previous civilizations, they too have used
calendar to plan their activities, rituals and planting seasons. They have built
canoe for traveling in water systems and for fishing.

http://mexicounexplained.com/chinampas-floating-gardens-of-ancient-mexico/
Chinampa Canoe

Development of Science in Asia

1. India
India are known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works. They
are famous in the field of medicine. They used the Ayurveda system as a form
of an alternative medicine. The Susruta samhita describes different surgical
and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India. They developed
theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self- supporting
Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
They have designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro ruler. Aryabhata, in his
Aryabhatiya, presented a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and
techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.Brahmagupta, also proposed that
gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both
a placeholder and a decimal digit. Madhava of Sangamagrama is also
considered as the founder of mathematical analysis (Joseph, 1991).
 https://www.exoticindiaart.com/
Susruta Samhita texts

https://www.burn-heart.com/
Mohenjodaro Ruler

2. China
China is known for its traditional medicines, a product of centuries of
experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. The Chinese have
discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals
to cure human illness; an example is the practice of acupuncture. Other famous
discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass,
papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools, iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
propeller. They developed different models of bridges (Zhongguo ke xue yuan,
1983), invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock
facility (Needham et al., 1971).They made significant records on supernovas,
lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully documented and
preserved to better understand the heavenly bodies and their effects to our
world (Mayall, 1939) such as weather changes and seasons that may affect
their daily activities. They used lunar calendars in their planting, cultural and
religious activities.

https://www.dkfindout.com/us/history/ https://study.com/academ/
Chinese Paper Making Wheelbarrow
The Middle East Countries

With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim
scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th
century. Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments rather
than plain-thought experiments. Ibn al-Haytham is viewed as the Father of
Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of
light.Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the
algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr.Some intellectuals
considered Jābir ibn Hayyān to be the “Father of Chemistry” (Derewenda, 2007;
Warren, 2005).Ibn Sina led the science of experimental medicine and was the
first physician to conduct clinical trials (Jacquart, 2008).The Book of Healing
and The Canon of Medicine, were two famous works of Ibn Sina and was used
as standard medicinal scripts in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the
17th century.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
The Canon of Medicine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Ibn Sina(Avicenne) author of The Canon of Medicine
Development of Science in Africa

Documents show that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar,

solar, and stellar, or a combination of the three. North Africa and the Nile Valley
imported iron technology from the Near East region that allowed them to benefit
from the developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age. The Lebombo
Bone, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple
mathematical calculation or a six month lunar calendar, is considered to be the
oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 BCE. They have also
used Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry .

https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology
Lebombo Bone

Ancient Egyptian civilization

Ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed vastly and made major

advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. They are
good in the four fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical
skills. They have knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and geometry.The
rules of geometry were established and used to construct rectilinear structures,
the post of lintel architecture of Egypt.The great structures of the Egyptian
pyramids and the early dams built to divert water from the Nile River are some
proofs of their advanced civilization. They tried to study human anatomy and
pharmacology, and applied key components such as examination, diagnosis,
treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases.

https://www.insider.com/egypt
Post of lintel architecture Pyramids of Egypt

https://www.ancientpages.com

Egyptian Embalming
 ASSESSMENT
Direction: Review the history of science and create a timeline
highlighting the following major discoveries and developments
in science.You will be rated using the rubrics below:
EMBALMING /CHICHEN ITZA / MICA
PAPER MAKING / PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT/
FATHER OF CHEMISTRY / QUIPU /CHINAMPA
/ LEBOMBO BONE / ACUPUNTURE// SUSRUTA SAMHITA TEXTS

TIMELINE RUBRICS
CRITERIA POINTS TEACHER’S
COMMENTS
-Each contributions is /12
labelled in year
-Contributions are labelled /12
based on the year it was
discovered/created
-Neatness /6
TOTAL /30
 II. Identification
Name the civilization/ country which contributed the following scientific
outputs.
1.Susruta Samhita
2.Embalming
3.Chocolates
4.Father of Optics
5.Irrigation
6.The Book of Canon
7.Le Bombo Bone
8.Inclusive Education

III. Essay. Answer the question briefly .(See Rubrics for Essay at the last page of
this module)
How did society shape science and how did science shape society?(5 points)

__

KEY TERMS

Scientific revolution is a golden age in the history of science. It was the birth of
science as a discipline and as a field of inquiry and gave birth to the
development of the scientific method.