Gen Ed.

7 Science, Technology, and Society || MODULE 1

Instructions:
1. Read effectively, follow directions, and answer the provided activities.
2. For queries, visit your group chat or send a private message.
3. Do not procrastinate, pass this module on the scheduled date.

Overview:
This lesson will give light to the development of science and scientific
ideas in the heart of the society. It is the goal of this lesson to articulate ways
by which society is transformed by science and technology.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
 Discuss the nature of Science, Technology and Society and its impact
to religion, politics, and economics
 Elaborate how Science and Technology affects the society and the
environment, and vice-versa
 Identify the great inventions and discoveries that changed the world
 Discuss the scientific and technological development and
how it shaped the Philippine Society
 Discuss the paradigm shift through history; explain how the
Intellectual Revolution changed the way how humans see the world
 Describe the technological advancements that took place in the
information era.
 Explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily
living.

Key Words:
1. Science - the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the
systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural
world through observation and experiment.
2. Technology - the sum of the ways in which social groups provide
themselves with the material objects of their civilization.
3. Society - the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered
community.
4. Revolution -  are sudden changes in the structure and nature of society.
These revolutions are usually recognized as having transformed society,
economy, culture, philosophy, and technology along with but more than just
the political systems.
5. Antecedent - preceding in time or order; previous or preexisting.

Table of Contents:
DISCUSSION 1: Intellectual Revolution That Define Society
DISCUSSION 2: Science, Technology, and Nation Building
DISCUSSION 3: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science &
Technology

1|GEN ED 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

Ready to dive in? Read and comprehend the discussions, so
that you can answer the provided questions and activities.

DISCUSSION 1 || Intellectual Revolutions That Define Society

The humanity saw a drastic enlightenment from the traditional beliefs

when the era of thinkers and philosophers began. The height of the
Intellectual Revolution faced a lot of challenges from the opposing troops
because the ideas that emerge during the era was contradictory to the usual
belief of many.

Activity 1: The Purpose of

Intellect

Direction: Having the capacity to use and expand your intellect is a blessing.
In this activity, try to scratch your intellect to answer the question below. Use
the space provided to suffice your idea.

“Why do you think people have their own intellectual capacity? Where does it
came from?

How do people use this for their good?”

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

2|GEN ED 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

SCORING RUBRIC
Criteria Points
Clarity of Idea and Creativity 6
Organization and Cleanliness 2
Timeliness 2
Total 10 pts.

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and
inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to
human needs and wants. Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times
and created things that could make life easier for the people.

There have also been instances when advancements in science and

technology changed people's perceptions and beliefs. Much of these events
happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution. The
developments during the Intellectual Revolution showed how society was
transformed by science and technology. 

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

In the early times, people questioned what created the day and night.
They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and
planets are. The invention of the telescope allowed the people to take a peek
at the outer space but more importantly, it also intrigued them to know what
was actually out there.

Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about planets in an

attempt to explain the movements of heavenly bodies and their effects on the
world as they knew it. Many of these philosophers agreed that planets moved
around circular motion, and that these movements created days and nights,
among others. A famous philosopher and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy
stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular
motion around the Earth. The sun and moon's revolution explained the
existence of days and nights. He believed that the Earth was at the center-a
concept known as geocentrism. Ptolemy's geocentric model was widely
accepted by the people and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time.

In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician, and

astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept
known as heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the Solar System
was not the Earth but actually the sun. This idea was rejected at first by the
public. It appalled many since their religious belief had taught them that the
Earth was created first before all other things. Copernicus was even

3|GEN ED 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

persecuted as a heretic because his teachings were against what was widely
accepted by religion. After some time, astronomers realized that the
Copernican model simplified the orbits for planets. It also answered issues
that could not be explained using the geocentric model. Other works that
supported this model started to emerge as well. It was eventually accepted by
the people in a period which was called the birth of modern astronomy. This
era began what was known as the scientific revolution which resulted in the
transformation of society's thoughts and beliefs.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

The Darwinian revolution was considered to be one of the most

controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an
English naturalist, biologist, and geologist, published his book, On the Origin
of Species. In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which
posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which
only the fittest would survive. He stated that organisms have the ability to
adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that
would be more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution.
However, this theory became very controversial as people perceived it to be
contradictory to the church's teachings that the source of life is a powerful
creator. The theory emerged at a time when most of the population believed
and accepted the biblical version of the Earth's creation. Because of this
conflict, the people were divided- some believed that the theory explained the
origin of life, but the religious and the faithful strongly refuted it. It even
sparked a massive debate between science and religion. It was only after
some time that people came to understand that Darwin's theory of evolution
was not in fact against teachings of the church and both can coexist.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under

philosophy. Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science.
In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people's
perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior. In his

theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious
factors that can influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that
personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego.
Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science
since its concepts were more philosophical and supernatural. Many believed
that Freud's theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental
data could support it.

Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory

and in fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in
treating some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand

4|GEN ED 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying
psychology as a science.

These three revolutionizing theories are just some of the many scientific
ideas that transformed and molded societies and beliefs. The changes they
brought to the perspectives and perceptions of the scientific community and
the public are evidence of science and technology's link to humanity. Through
scientific research and experimentations, people will continue to deepen their
understanding of the world and the universe.

The revolutionizing theories that molded the society and the world as a
whole are still being studied and debated up to date. It is undeniable that
these beliefs had left great impact on how we perceive the world and our
environment today.

Activity 2: My Reflection

Direction: Reflect on the question below. Try to elaborate your ideas and
insights on the space provided.

Q: “Why did people accepts new discoveries and theories despite being
contradictory to what is widely accepted?”

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

5|GEN ED 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
SCORING RUBRIC
Criteria Points
Clarity of Idea and Creativity 6
Organization and Cleanliness 2
Timeliness 2
Total 10 pts.
DISCUSSION 2 || Science, Technology and Nation-
Building
Nation- building couldn’t be possible without the aid that comes from
the field of science and technology. Indeed, S&T and nation-building are
always intertwined: one could not exist without the other. The Philippines as
a country that has gone through several periods had a long story to tell about
nation- building and science.

Activity 1: PHL: A Major

Contributor

Direction: List down all possible major contributions of the Philippines in the
world and in science and technology at present. Write at least fifteen.

1.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

6|GEN ED 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

3.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

4.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

5.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

6.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

7.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

8.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

9.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

10._________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

11._________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

12._________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

13._________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

11._________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

12._________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

14._________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
15._________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Science and technology in the Philippines has come a long way. Each
Phil. Leader have their own technological priorities that should be fulfilled
during their administration. These priorities had undoubtedly made the
country better that it can already compete even to the outside world.

Activity 2: Science through the

lens of Philippine Presidents

7|GEN ED 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

Direction: Research 5 scientific and technological advancements that
Philippine Presidents had achieved during their administrations and trace
how they helped shape the Philippines as a nation. Present your finding
below.

(Note: You are free to search, browse, and scan books. No reason to copy or
share your output).

Phil. President’s How?

Scientific Advancement

8|GEN ED 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

 SCORING RUBRIC
Criteria Points
Clarity of Idea and Creativity 6
Organization and Cleanliness 2
Timeliness 2
Total 10 x 5 = 50

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING ||

The development of science and technology in the Philippines has

already come a long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have
been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. This lesson tackles how the
development of science and technology affect the development of the
Philippines as a nation.

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the

pre-colonial period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands,
early Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as
medicines. Systems of farming and animal-raising were also implemented.
Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed different modes of
transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.

A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the

Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the
people were able to cultivate crops on the mountain sides in cold
temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from
the forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. The
rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still functional, show the innovative
and ingenious way of the natives to survive in an otherwise unfriendly
environment.

COLONIAL PERIOD

Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern

means of construction. Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures
were built using some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the
Spaniards. In addition, the Spanish government developed health and
education systems that were enjoyed by the principalia class.

The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the

Philippines. They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science,

9|GEN ED 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

for the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of science and
technology.

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines,

under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science
and technology. Each leadership had its own science and technology agenda.
However, it is important to note that some Philippine presidents posted more
developments in the field than others.

One of the presidents who ushered in advancement of science and

technology was former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his
term, many agencies in and technology were established and strengthened,
including the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather Bureau; the
National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST); and the reconstituted
National Science and Technology Authority (originally established in 1958 as
the National Science and Development Board and now the Department of
Science and Technology), among others. Marcos saw that the key to nation-
building is the continued development of science and technology. The
progress in science and technology continued even after his dictatorial rule
and the presidents after him left their own legacies in the field.

Scientific evidence has clearly demonstrated how a society and a nation

was shaped in the passing of time. Technological advancements in the
Philippines has undergone a huge changes from the pre-colonial period up to
the present.

Activity 3: Enhancing S&T for

Nation Building

Direction: React on the posted question inside the box. Use the space
provided below to suffice your idea.

“What specific government policy you like the most in

contributing to the development of science and technology in the
Philippines?”

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

10 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

SCORING RUBRIC
Criteria Points
Clarity of Idea and Creativity 6
Organization and Cleanliness 2
Timeliness 2
Total 10 pts.

The assurance of government’s policy towards the advancement of

science and technology could possibly boost the future of the Philippines. It
has been proven that science and technology had helped shaped the society
and build nations towards progress and sustainability.

Activity 4: Know my Era

Direction: Listed below are some of the products of science and technology in
the Philippines from different era and period. Identify which era do they
belong in the history of science and technology in the Philippines (pre-
colonial, colonial and post-colonial era).

Sci. & Tech. Products Era

1. Construction of the famous

Rice- Terraces

11 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
 2. The use of herbs for
medication

3. Construction of the Jardin

Botanico in Manila

4. DIWATA I

5. Establishment of the Bureau

of Science

6. Construction of the Bataan

Nuclear Power Plant

7. Shipbuilding for sailboats

known as “Balanghays”

8. Filippinovation

9. The use of Biofuels

10Biotechnology

DISCUSSION 3 || Historical Antecedents in the Course of

Science & Technology
Science and technology is undeniably playing a very important role in
every people’s lives. It is changing the world we live in. As you go through the
discussion in this lesson, you will be able realize how science and technology
had shaped you and your society.

Activity 1: My Environment,
Science & Tech.

12 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
Direction: Look around you. Identify 10 products that can be found within
your surrounding that are genius product of science and technology. Write
down items below and identify their respective uses. Use the table below.
The Products of Science & Technology
ITEMS USES

Understanding the history and origin of Science & Technology can be

attributed to the first inhabitants of the world. Even before the time of our
ancient ancestors, science and technology is already flourishing. That reason
had left us with some of the most advance discoveries ancient time has.

Activity 2: My Comfort Zone:

Home of S&T Miracles

Direction: Look around your house. Try to identify the oldest thing your
family has into possession and try to search for the origin and background of
that item. After that, take a picture of that item and post it in the box below.
Share the origin of the item based from your research on the space provided
below.

[Place the Picture Here]

13 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
SCORING RUBRIC
Criteria Points
Clarity of Idea and Creativity 9
Organization and Cleanliness 3
Timeliness 3
Total 15 pts.

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT OF SCI & TECH. ||

Science and technology indeed play a major role in the everyday life.
They make difficult and complicated tasks easier and allow people to do more
with so little effort and time. The developments in this field are not just
products of people's imagination or a one-time thought process, they are also
brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works from different time
periods. The driving force behind this continuous progress is the desire to
raise the quality of life of the people.

Ancient Times

14 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
 In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and
navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security
and protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture.

Transportation

Transportation was significant during that time because people were

trying to go to places and discover new horizons. They travelled to search for
food and find better locations for their settlement. They also travelled to trade
their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked. Navigation
assisted them in their journey to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. It
allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed
an important trade with another group of people.

Communication

Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and

occupy new places. They needed a way to communicate with the natives of
the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
Record- keeping was also important since they needed to remember the place
they had been to and document the trades they made with each other. It was
also vital to keep records of their history culture so they could establish their
identities as they relate with other cultures and civilizations.

The increase in size and number of nations connoted increased demand

for food and other basic necessities. In condition also implied that people
must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources were
getting Scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities. The
people thus needed a form of technology that would enable them to increase
food supplies and other survival needs without them travelling more or
working harder.
Weapons
Weapons and armors were important a discovery of new places or the
establishment of with other tribes. At that time, there was always a risk of
conflict when people met others with different orientations. Conflicts were
common especially if groups struggled to control vital resources. Strong
tended to invade weaker ones so they could ta needed resources. As such, the
development of weapons and armors for security and protection was
considered achievement.
A primary challenge they faced was the conservation of life. The early
people might have been successful in harnessing the rich resources that the
world could provide, but their survival posed a great problem. Different
illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made, hampered the full
potential of a human being. Given this predicament, science and technology
played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the prevention of,
illnesses.
Moreover, in order to integrate their needs—for better transportation,
establishment of structures for protection from human attacks and natural
disasters, and construction of bigger and stronger infrastructures-people
ventured into what is now known as the field of engineering. The development
in this field allowed humans to build structures that would address their
specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient
times still exist today and continually awe people.

15 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
 The people were not contented on beautifying only their infrastructures
and surroundings. Being able to prolong life with the mass production of food
and advancement of medical technology, as well as raise the quality of life by
making complicated and difficult tasks easier, humans later on developed the
technology to improve how they look. They discovered that people looked
more visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and
decorations in their body.
With all these in mind, one can conclude that the developments in
science and technology, aside from affecting the lives of the people, were the
results of many prior antecedents. Out of necessity, people in ancient times
were able to discover and invent things that would impact the lives of the
modern people.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia.
Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another
and their desire for great things. They are not contented with the basic things
that life can offer. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected
with science and technology.
Cuneiform
One of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the development of
the first writing system known as cuneiform. It is a system that utilizes word
pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge
instruments and then left to dry. Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep
records of things with great historical value or their everyday life.
Uruk City
Another important contribution of the Sumerians is the City of Uruk. It
is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in
the world but also for the way it was erected. There were no building stones
in the location of this city and lumber was limited, making the construction a
big challenge. The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or
clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked
bricks-a true engineering feat. They used the bricks to make houses that
protected them from the harsh weather and to build a wall around the city
that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians is the
Great Ziggurat of Ur. The ziggurat, also called the mountain of god, was built
in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk. Without much
building materials, the structure was constructed using sunbaked bricks.
The ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their
priests were allowed to enter. The temple showcases not only the elaborate
and intricate Sumerian architecture but also the remarkable technology used
to build it. As such, even until today, people still enjoy and marvel at the
preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur.

Irrigation and Dikes

As population increased, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians
were challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the
environment seemed uncooperative. It was difficult to get water from the
rivers, thus they cannot maintain farmlands. Some groups had scarce water
supply while others had problems with flooding caused by the river.  As a

16 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
solution to this dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals
to bring water to farm lands and at the same time control the flooding of the
rivers. This method was considered as one of the world's most beneficial
engineering works. Through the dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to
enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which increased their food
production.

Sailboats
Another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation. At that time,
the wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was through
waterways such as rivers and seas. Boats were used to carry large quantities
of products and were able to cover large distances. However, they wanted to
discover faraway lands to settle since the population was getting larger, and
boats were not enough to accommodate more people and products. They
needed a mode of transportation that did not require much human resource.
Some sources attribute to the Sumerians the invention of sailboats to
address their increasing demands. Sailboats were essential in transportation
and trading as well as in fostering culture, information, and technology.
Wheel
In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were able to invent the
wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it were already available.
The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food
processes. With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made
easier. Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.
The Plow
Another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians is the plow.
Humans evolved from being food gatherers to farm cultivators. However,
farmers needed a technology which would enable them to dig the ground
where seeds would be planted. The plow was invented to dig the earth in a
faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the
seeds and farm work would already be done. With this tool, farmers could
cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce food
without taking so much effort and time.
Roads
In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed
the first roads. With this work, the flow of traffic became faster and more
organized. They made the roads the same technology they used in making the
sun-baked brick that they laid down on the ground. They later poured
bitumen a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads.
The invention of roads was very useful especially during the rainy season
when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates - Rivers.
The Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects. One of their
major contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven
wonders of the ancient world.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous Hanging
Gardens of Babylon from stories of historians and paintings that portray the
place. It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens

17 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines. According to
legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for
his wife, Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence has been found to
prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Its exact location is
also unknown. Since time immemorial, people have been debating about the
existence of the said mythical place. Many said it was just a product of the
creative imagination of the great King because it lacked documentation or
archaeological evidence. On the other hand, if it really existed, it must have
been destroyed by war, erosion, or an earthquake. True or not, hearing the
stories and description of the place would be enough to inspire awe to
anyone. One can imagine the thick greenery decorated by beautiful flowers
coming from different places in the garden and complicated design of the
infrastructure. If the stories were true, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may
be considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that is almost impossible to replicate.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian
civilization located in North Africa. Many stories tell about the engineering
feats of the Egyptian especially regarding the infrastructures established by
the pharaohs. Aside from engineering technology, the Egyptians have other
practical things that the world now considers as essential. It is thus safe to
say that the pyramids are contribution of the Egyptian civilization to the
modern world.
Paper or Papyrus
One of the earlier contributions of Egyptian civilization was the paper
or papyrus. Although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing,
they were able to make writing easier for the world. Before the Egyptian
innovation, clay tablets were used. However, safe-keeping and transporting
them were a major problem. Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy, and delicate
to handle. So, bringing them to places was a major challenge. Hence, the
Egyptian invention of the paper or papyrus was a welcome development.
Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. They
were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one
could write down things. Since papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay
tablets, it was easy to carry and store. The sheets were also less breakable as
compared to clay tablets. This invention was a major accomplishment in
Egyptian record-keeping and communications. People then were able to send
letters or correspondences anywhere in the world since the pieces of paper
were very light that they could be carried and delivered by birds. Moreover,
record-keeping was no longer a problem since documents would not take
huge storage spaces. Therefore, it was easier to keep them away from raiders
who often destroyed records of the nations they invaded.
Ink
When the Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper, engraving
ceased to be used in writing. As a result, the Egyptians invented ink by
combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors.
The ink must withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record
history, culture, and codified laws. It must also be tamper-proof so that
people could not simply tinker with those written down by authorities.
Hieroglyphics
Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a system of writing
using symbols, known as hieroglyphics. Although some say that hieroglyphics
was adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a

18 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
result of trade between civilizations, the Egyptians believed that this writing
system was provided to them by their gods. This form of writing can still be
seen today and remains to be as famous as the pyramids.
Cosmetics

The Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics. Although cosmetics

in the modern times are used to improve and highlight the facial features of a
person, their function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic
reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye
diseases. Kohl was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena.
Egyptians also believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from
evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness. At present, the cosmetic industry
is a booming multibillion industry.

Wig

Another cosmetic invention of ancient Egyptians is the wig. At present,

wigs are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or those
who want to try new hair trends. Meanwhile, during the ancient Egyptian
times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic
purposes. The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy
Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun. Wearing a wig is better than
putting on a scarf or any other head covers since a wig allowed heat to
escape. Moreover, it was considered cleaner than natural hair because it
prevented the accumulation of head lice.

Water Clock/Clepsydra

Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is the water clock.

This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the
other. The amount of water (or its height, depending on the method used)
remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is
full. In the process, time is measured. The water clock was widely used as a
timekeeping device during the ancient times.

GREEK CIVILIZATION

Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as

the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the
Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. More than
coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much to
the world especially in the fields of science and technology.

Alarm clock

One of the most utilized gadget today that was invented by the ancient
Greeks is the alarm dock.  Although the alarm clock during that time did not
resemble the present day alarm clock, the purpose was just the same- to tell
an individual when to stop or when to start. The ancient Greek's alarm clocks
used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of
water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which
sounded the alarm. Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to
signal the start of his lecture. His version used four water vessels lined up
vertically. The upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel
below it, which was set to be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was

19 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which would cause the
expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel
would empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse.

Water Mill

Watermills were also considered as one of the most important

contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used
in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of
food processing during that time. Because milling was made possible by the
use of watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the like
became common. Watermills were considered better than mills powered by
farm animals because they required less effort and time to operate.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and

social entity in the west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance during that period. Because the Roman Empire was so large,
other civilization looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and
codified laws. Aside from their contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries
and inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the Roman Empire.

Newspaper

One of the major contributions of the Romans is the newspaper. The

first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people. Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were
engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed. When paper
was invented, it became easier for the Romans to publish matters that needed
the attention of the Roman citizens. In fact, with the advent of paper, minutes
of the proceedings of the Roman senate were done in shorthand. These
documents were edited and published on the same day that they were
recorded. This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to government
information the same way we benefit from present-day newspapers.

Bound Books or Codex

With the invention of paper, it became easier for civilizations to write

down everything that happened in their time. Record-keeping was much
easier since paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy
much space. As a result, civilizations became fond of record-keeping,
especially documenting historical events and newly legislated laws. Aside
from Romans writing down information about history and politics, literature
also changed form from clay tablets to parchments of paper. According to
sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form
pages of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the
papyrus. The earlier covers were made of wax but were later on replaced by
animal skin which proved to be stronger and longer lasting. With the papyrus
pages together and covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire was
able to produce the first books or codex.

Roman Architecture

Roman architecture is one of the most visual contributions of the

ancient Roman Empire to the world. Roman architecture was considered a

20 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
continuation of Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance. However, Roman
architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the Romans were able to
adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs
established in the past. In this manner, they were able to preserve great and
elaborate architectural designs because they could produce sturdier and
stronger infrastructures. The Romans were also able to creatively redesign old
architectural patterns to adapt to the new trends at that time. This
development in the field of engineering and architecture was fully supported
and funded by the Roman government so they were able to implement major
projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts,
coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential houses. The quality of these
majestic Roman structures can be seen by the way they withstood time and
the harsh elements of the environment. Today, people of the world still enjoy
these marvels. These structures are proofs of ancient Roman technology.

Roman Numerals

Although other number systems had already been established before

the Roman numeral, these old systems could not keep up with high
calculation requirements due to the increasing rate of communication and
trade among nations. Since the Roman Empire was expanding, it had to deal
with many nations to maintain its power. For this reason, the Romans
devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a
standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication
and trade concerns. Although the Roman numeral is no longer widely used
today due to its inherent limitations, quite a number of enthusiasm would
still use it over other more popular number system, like the Hindu-Arabic
system, due to its aesthetic and historic value.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION

The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in

Asia, if not the world. Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located on
the far east of Asia. It was famous among other ancient civilizations because
of its silk trade. Not a great amount was written about ancient China partly
due to its distance from the other civilizations. Despite its less popular status
among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the significant
contributions of Chinese civilization to the world.

Silk

One of the things that connected Far East China to the world is silk.
Although silk is naturally produced by silkworms, the Chinese were the ones
who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce
paper and clothing. Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for
trade. The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making way for
cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges. It bridged the gap between the
western world and the middle kingdom.

Tea Production

Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over

crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It was believed that the first tea was
drunk by a Chinese emperor. Tea production was developed when an
unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea
leaves into strips. This machine was done using a wheel-based mechanism

21 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
with sharp edges attached to a wooden or ceramic pot. Because of this
invention, the Chinese were able to increase their production of tea and trade
with other nations. China thus became known for its tea exports aside from
its silk products. Tea production developed by the ancient Chinese may have
resulted in making tea as one of the most popular beverages in the world
today.

Great Wall of China

Once considered the only man-made structure seen from outer space,
the Great Wall of China is said to be the largest and most extensive
infrastructure that a nation built.  It was constructed to keep out foreign
invaders and control the borders of China. Made with stone, brick, wood,
earth and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese engineering
technology at that time. The structure was so massive and strong that it was
said to have literally divided China from the rest of the world. The wall's
construction put the nation among the powerful civilizations during the
ancient times. It was the pride of their land and their crowning glory. Today,
with some sections already in ruins, the Great Wall still continues to be a
world attraction due to its historical significance and architectural grandeur.

Gunpowder

The gunpowder is one of the most interesting inventions in China.

Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead
of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that
could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to propel
bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless deaths. In fact,
gunpowder-propelled weapons are preferred by raiders who plan to attack at
a distance. The same weapons are also used to dissipate any attempts of
invasion. On the other hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks during
important celebrations in China.

MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES

The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and
migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology
was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm
production, and health. The wars have resulted in population decline, but
during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise in population.
Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater
demands for transportation technology. Some of the most innovative minds
came from this period.

PRINTING PRESS

After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg

was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a
cast type. He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits,
attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the
cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on
paper.

22 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
 This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press
which was eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented
to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to
many people at a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write (Streisuguth, 1991),

MICROSCOPE

Another invention in the Middle Ages is the microscope. Growing

populations caused massive migration and urbanization during the period.
More and more people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas
which resulted in more people getting sick and needing medical attention. To
develop the proper medicines for illnesses, experts must understand the
sickness through an investigation. Thus, they needed a device that could
magnify things invisible to the eye. Guided by the principles used for the
invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to
develop the first compound microscope. With this device people were able to
observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye. The
microscope was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing
various illnesses (Davidson, 2015).

TELESCOPE

Since the Middle Ages was also known as the Age of Exploration, the
need for nautical inventions was high. Considering the vast and empty
oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for
them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea. The invention of the telescope, an
optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a
great help for navigators during this time. Together with the telescope, the
invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling easier and
safer (Helden, 1989)

WAR WEAPONS

Since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great development
in the weaponry technology also occurred. All sides must develop weaponries
not only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments. For open-area
battles, people developed cross bows and long bows so that they could attack
the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of
walls and fortresses. Additionally, in close range hand-to-hand combat,
soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by
the creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were heavy and
limited their movements. The problem was eventually solved by the invention
of the chainmail.

MODERN TIMES

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards

demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed
efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger
distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded.
Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed
to establish connections between and among nations. All these needs
resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive
industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems.

23 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since
health was of great concern.

PASTEURIZATION

As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the

needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue.
The challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for
dairy products, especially milk, since they usually spoiled faster. These goods
needed to be consumed almost immediately after production or they would
cause illness like diphtheria, food poisoning, and typhoid fever. Since
transporting these products would also take time, it would be impossible to
trade them.

Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist chemist, found a way

to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy
products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through
this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also
prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010).
Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, and medicine included
his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination.

PETROLEUM REFINERY

The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and

transportation. At first, people used animal oils for generating light to
illuminate their homes. However, the production of animal oils could not keep
up with the demand. Faced with this concern, Samuel M. Kier was able to
invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as
the “illuminating oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes.
After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The development of
kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At
present petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories: and
power plants, among others.

TELEPHONE

The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they
needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with
each other in real time. Governments likewise needed some kind of
communication system which would allow them to administer their states
well. Important day-to-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the
fastest time possible. Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander
Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time.

CALCULATOR

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been

developed, circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to
compute more complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy
to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of
modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic
calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex
processing machines like the computer.

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

24 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
 Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also
contributes to the global advancement of science and technology. It is quite
remarkable to note the ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in
resources. The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable
countries in terms of natural disasters. Many of the discoveries and
inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous
materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment.

SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE

It has become ordinary for Filipinos to convert transport vehicles into

something more useful. An example is the conversion of American military
jeeps used in World II into jeepneys. Another Filipino innovation is the
addition of a sidecar to a motorcycle, transforming it into a tricycle to
accommodate more passengers.

During the rainy season, flooding is a common occurrence in many

areas in the country. Tricycles find it very difficult to traverse the streets. To
remedy the issue, H20 Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and
Lamberto Armada, together with Chief Designer Victor “Atoy” Llave, was able
to invent the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only
flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. It may also be utilized to travel from
island to island. Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the Salamander is a
useful invention that has a lot of potential.

SALt lamp

One of the major needs in the Philippines, as a developing nation, is

electrification. Electricity powers various types of machines, including light
sources. In many rural areas in the country, activities would cease when it
gets dark. It also becomes more dangerous to travel. Filipinos have resorted
to using candles and kerosene lamps but they carry certain risks as they are
fire hazards. Solar power is also a welcome development but like rechargeable
batteries, solar panels are too expensive for ordinary Filipinos. Fortunately, a
young Filipina inventor named Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lighting
system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines, saltwater. She
invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an environment-
friendly light source that runs on saltwater. The SALt lamp is safer as it poses
no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases. Aside from people who live in coastal
areas, it may also benefit those from far-flung barrios because they can make
their own saltwater by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap
water.

MEDICAL INCUBATOR

A common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality rate of

newborn babies. One reason for this problem in the 20th century was the
lack of available incubators especially in far-flung rural areas due to lack of
resources and electricity. De Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the
first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical
incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on
electricity. Dr. del Mundo's incubator was made by placing a native laundry
basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles were inserted between the
baskets to provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation.
Its main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually
a pre-term baby. Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine attributed to

25 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
Dr. del Mundo include her works on the immunization and treatment of
jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea.

MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM

Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness, is endemic in tropical and

subtropical areas, including the Philippines. This virus is usually transmitted
by Aedes aegypti mosquito, rampant during the rainy season. Insecticides
were previously used to kill the species. However, recent studies shows that
insecticide resistance has evolved in some mosquito population. Likewise,
using insecticides is harmful not only to human but also to the environment.
In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology-Industrial Technology
Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito
Ovicidal- Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap. This system is
made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans
and the environment.

EJEEPNEY

A major innovation that changed the transportation industry in the

Philippines was the development of the jeepney.  This iconic public utility
vehicle was built using the military jeeps left by the Americans after World
War II. The chassis and the body of the military jeeps were extended to
accommodate more load and passengers. Because of its usefulness, the
jeepney dominated Philippine streets and is considered as the primary mode
of transportation of most Filipinos. 

Centuries after centuries, the world is becoming more and more

advance, thanks to the people who kept on discovering new innovations that
could help to world to become better. As we live in this planet, it is therefore
our duty to help our experts find ways how to make our lives and our
societies more advance.

Activity 3: Can you guess who

made me?
Direction: Below are some of the greatest inventions and discoveries that had
flourished from the ancient to the present times. After carefully analyzing the
topics above, name the proponent of the following discoveries and innovations
listed below and identify the uses of them. Write your answer on the spaces
provided in each cell.

GREATEST DISCOVERIES FROM PAST TO PRESENT

INVENTION INVENTOR/S USE

1. Wheel

2. Papyrus

3. Printing Press

26 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y
 4. Incubator

5. Salamander A-
Tric.

27 | G E N E D 7 S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O G Y , A N D S O C I E T Y