1.5.

Process Description
Drinking water treatment is consist of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration,
ion exchange, absorption, and disinfection

1.5.1. Coagulation
At this stage, water from the initial reservoir is processed by adding alum
chemicals or similar substances such as iron salt or by using a Rapid Mixing. Dirty or
turbid water is generally contains various colloidal particles which are not affected by
gravity so that it cannot settle by itself. The purpose of this stage is to destroy the
colloidal particles (which cause turbid water) earlier so that small particles are formed but
still difficult to settle by itself
1.5.2. Flocculation
The Flocculation Process is the process of removing turbidity from water by
clumping particles into larger particles (Floc particles). At this stage, the small particles
contained in water are coagulated into larger particles (FLOCK) so they can settle by
themselves (due to gravity) in the next process. In the process of flocculation is done by
Slow Mixing
 1.5.3. Sedimentation
At this stage the floc particles form naturally settle at the bottom of the reservoir
because their density is greater than the water element. Then the water is flowed into the
filtration stage in the Filtration Unit.
1.5.4. Filtration
At this stage the water is filtered through a medium composed of special materials
consisting of sand and silica.
1.5.5. Ion Exchange
The ion exchange process aims to remove inorganic pollutants that cannot be
removed by filtration or sedimentation processes. The ion exchange process is also used
to remove arsenic, chromium, excess fluoride, nitrates, radium and uranium.
1.5.6. Absorption
This process aims to absorb / eliminate organic pollutants, compounds that cause
taste, stink and colour. Usually by applying powdered activated carbon into the water
1.5.7. Disinfection
Before entering the Final Shelter unit, the water goes through a Disinfection
Process. The process of affixing chemicals Chlorine which is intended to kill bacteria or
harmful microorganisms contained in the water.
1.6. Unit Operation
1.6.1. Intake
This unit functions as a reservoir for water from its water source. In addition this
unit is equipped with Bar Screen which serves as an initial filter of objects that are
submerged in water such as trash, wood and other objects
1.6.2. Rapid mixer
the purpose of rapid mixing in the water treatment process is to create water
turbulence so that it can disperse chemicals that will be put into the water. Rapid mixer is
unit operations in the coagulation process. There are three types of rapid mixer:
Mechanical mixer, hydraulic mixer, and pneumatic mixer
1.6.2.1 Mechanical rapid mixer
a mixer in the form of an impeller which is driven by an electric motor.
generally consists of a shaft, motor, impeller
 1.6.2.2. Hidraulic rapid mixer
a hydraulic mixer utilizes water motions such as friction energy and
potential energy for the mixing process

1.6.2.3. Pneumatic rapid mixer

the mixer uses bubbles (gas) which are inserted into the water, causing
stirring movements in the water

1.6.3. Slow mixer

The purpose of slow mixing is to produce a slow movement of water, so that
contact occurs between particles, to form larger particles combined. Slow mixer is unit
operations in the flocculation and sedimentation procces. .There are two types of slow
mixer: Mechanical mixer and hydraulic mixer.
1.6.4. Filters
There are two types of filter : Gravity filters and pressure filters
1.6.4.1 Gravity filters
gravity is a system of flowing water from a source to a reservoir by
utilizing the gravitational potential energy that is owned by the water due to
differences in the height of the source location with the reservoir location. This
filter is composed of tanks with a hollow bottom and is filled with porous sand
where the water flows laminate.

1.6.4.2. Pressure filters

A filtered press machine contains a set of plates designed to provide a
series of compartments in which solids are collected. The plates are covered with
filter media such as canvas. Sludge can reach each compartment with a certain
pressure; liquid passes through the canvas and goes out into the drain pipe,
leaving a wet cake solid behind.