Information and Communication Technology in Green Logistics: Status Quo and Research Gaps

Manag Rev Q (2017) 67:65–96
DOI 10.1007/s11301-017-0124-4
STATE-OF-THE-ART
Information and communication technology in green

logistics: status quo and research gaps
Volker Frehe1 · Frank Teuteberg1
Received: 26 November 2015 / Accepted: 9 March 2017 / Published online: 22 March 2017
© Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Austria 2017
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to determine the status quo of research on
applications of information and communication technology (ICT) in green logistics
(GL) and offer recommendations for future research. We determine that research about
political interaction is needed to design new standards and regulations for GL. We also
recommend that this work be extended by behavioural research to both identify factors
that influence society’s sustainable behaviour and determine whether the current digi-
tisation of society leads to more sustainable transport. In addition, this paper provides
an overview of types of software applications that may be beneficial to GL. These
benefits usually relate to the strategic management of freight transport and supply
chains and the provision of software for executing or monitoring passenger trans-
port. As such, further research on sustainability measures is also needed to identify
important sustainable indicators in transport. Existing reviews mostly concentrate on
either a specific logistics area or supply chain management; as far as we are aware, no
studies focus on the use of ICT in GL at a superordinate level. This paper’s holistic
evaluation of the state of research in this underexplored area and its propositions for
future research help to fill this gap in the literature.
Keywords Green logistics · Sustainable SCM · Information and communication

technology · Information systems · Sustainability · Literature review
JEL Classification Q010 · Q560 · O180 · R410
B Volker Frehe
volker.frehe@uni-osnabrueck.de
Frank Teuteberg
frank.teuteberg@uni-osnabrueck.de
1 Accounting and Information Systems, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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66 V. Frehe
1 Introduction and motivation
Sustainability, which is defined as ‘the development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (World
Commission on Environment and Development 1987), is today of interest in different
disciplines. This includes the transport sector, which is accountable for 35% of total
energy consumption in the European Union (European Environment Agency 2013).
Sustainability does not only encompass an ecological point of view; the social and
economic dimensions of the triple bottom line (Elkington 1998) are also seen as
competitive factors in commerce and logistics. Green logistics (GL) and green supply
chain management (GSCM) are considered important global challenges (Rao and Holt
2005; Vachon and Klassen 2006). As green products are increasingly being requested
by customers, it is important that companies have sustainable logistics processes that
enable them to offer such products (Wu and Dunn 1995). Informed by the mass media,
consumers demand more ecological and ethical transparency and have a growing
sense of environmental responsibility (Dangelico and Pujari 2010; White et al. 2012).
Only a product whose entire supply chain is sustainable is considered to be green.
Furthermore, environmental legislation (e.g., ISO 2012 and the Kyoto Protocol 2012)
and public reputation lead to green thinking, which is discussed mainly in science,
practice and the mass media. Sustainability is thus highly relevant in the logistics
industry and worthy of further investigation.
The literature provides several analogies between logistics and supply chain man-
agement (SCM), which leads to debate over how these terms differ. In this paper, we
concentrate on both logistics (including passenger and freight transport) and SCM. We
have also elected to use ‘green logistics’ as a generic term, regardless of which topic
(logistics or SCM) is being discussed. The term ‘green’ stands for sustainable action
that is based on the triple bottom line. As only a product whose entire supply chain is
sustainable is considered green, we use the logistics areas (Wu and Dunn 1995) and
GreenSCOR (2012) models to define SCM strategy, purchase logistics, warehousing,
production logistics, packaging, freight and passenger transport, distribution logistics
and reverse logistics (RL) as our field of investigation.
As our paper concerns the use of information and communication technology (ICT)
in GL, we look at all relevant ICT issues—including hard- and software-supported
systems, information systems (IS), and theories and concepts from the IS research
community. We undertake a systematic literature review (Webster and Watson 2002;
vom Brocke et al. 2009), which is a helpful and essential method in science, on the
use of ICT in GL. This review enables us to ascertain the status quo and identify both
research gaps and open issues.
The research questions addressed in our work are as follows: What is the status quo
of the role of ICT in GL in the current research, and how can we fill identified research
gaps? To answer these questions, our review follows a five-phase plan developed by
Fettke (2006) and the five steps of Denyer and Tranfield (2009). The scope of the
review, the research questions, and the definition of the research topic have already
been defined in this section. In Sect. 2, the literature search and process used to locate
and select studies are explained in detail. The literature analysis and synthesis are
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Information and communication technology in green logistics... 67
then presented in Sect. 3. The results are discussed and summarised in the form of
directions for future research in Sect. 4, which is followed by conclusions in Sect. 5.
2 Research method and framework of analysis
2.1 Systematic literature review
This section describes the characteristics of our research and the literature review
process we undertook.
As a systematic literature review has become a key instrument for efficiently
analysing a large number of sources (Fettke 2006), we use this method to establish the
status quo of the role of ICT in GL. The structure of this paper (especially Sect. 3) is
the result of a framework proposed by Dibbern et al. (2004), which helps to structure
the analysis in predefined work areas. According to vom Brocke et al. (2009), we
use an argumentative-deductive research approach; moreover, we focus on research
outcomes, research methods and used applications—but not on theories. The goal of
our research is explicitly formulated (cf. Sect. 1) and we highlight central issues in
the literature using sources that are chosen based on defined criteria; the literature
selection process is explained in detail later in this section. Our paper is structured in
a methodical and thematic way and addresses specialised and general scholars alike.
Table 1 summarises the classification used in our review.
To locate and select studies, we first used a keyword search. To access top journals in
the IS, operations research and logistics fields, we synthesised five rankings: the VHB
Logistics Ranking,1 the VHB operations research ranking,2 the Wirtschaftsinformatik
(WKWI) ranking,3 the management information systems (MIS) Journal Ranking of
the Association for Information Systems (AIS)4 and the Journal Rankings for Trans-
port, Logistics and SCM (University of Sydney).5 In our literature search, we included
every A-ranked journal from the rankings and ensured that we used at least the top 20
journals of each ranking. We also included papers from the European Conference on
Information Systems (ECIS), the International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik
(WI) and the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), as conferences
are a common vehicle for publication in the IS community and—based on WKWI
rankings—of a high qualitative standard.6 We only considered peer-reviewed publica-
tions; grey literature (e.g., white papers, working papers and government documents)
was not included as we wanted to analyse relevant and excellent science, and not being
1 http://vhbonline.org/vhb4you/jourqual/vhb-jourqual-3/teilrating-log/.
2 http://vhbonline.org/vhb4you/jourqual/vhb-jourqual-3/teilrating-or/.
3 http://gcc.upb.de/K-Pool/WKWI-Ranking.
4 http://ais.affiniscape.com/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=432.
5 http://sydney.edu.au/business/itls/research/journal_rankings.
6 Conferences listed in this ranking, are subject to certain requirements. They must take place regularly
(minimum every 2 years), must have already taken place at least three times, must have a very high IS
relevance, must implement at least one single blind assessment procedure, should have an international
orientation (e.g., international program committee, conference language English) etc.
Cf. http://gcc.upb.de/K-Pool/WKWI-Ranking.
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Table 1 Classification of the literature review (based on vom Brocke et al. 2009)
Characteristic Categories
Type Argumentative-deductive Mathematical-statistical

Focus Research outcomes Research methods Theories Applications
Goal
Formulation Not explicit Explicit
Content Integration Criticism Central issues
Perspective Neutral representation Espousal of position
Literature
Selection Not explicit Explicit
Coverage Key literature Representative Selective Complete
Structure Historical Thematic Methodical
Audience Specialised scholars General scholars Practitioners General public
Future research Not explicit Explicit
V. Frehe
Fig. 1 Literature review process (cf. vom Brocke et al. (2009))
reviewed may result in these contributions being of poor quality (Buhl et al. 2010).
As not all of the relevant literature is published in high-ranked publications, we also
performed a forward and backward search. The rationale for this enhanced search
is that relevant literature has been previously identified and referenced by papers in
high-ranked journals, and though these relevant but not high-ranked papers (i.e. not
necessarily A-ranked journal papers) are also included in our research.
We used several keyword combinations for the search, such as ‘green logistic*’,
‘green transport’ and ‘green scm’; we also replaced ‘green’ with ‘sustainable’ in
all search phrases. Furthermore, we combined these phrases with several other ICT-
relevant keywords, such as ‘ICT’ and ‘Information System*’ (cf. Appendix). We only
considered papers published as of 2000, as earlier publications are neither numerous
nor relevant. We excluded papers in which ICT is only used as a tool (e.g., SPSS is used
for statistical analysis) but we did include those in which the use of ICT itself is the area
of research. The results from the keyword search were then used for the forward and
backward search to identify additional relevant literature. Most operations research
papers concern topics such as multivariate optimisation, mathematical programming
and algorithms. As they focus on calculations and do not (or only marginally) consider
IS support, they are out of the scope of our research. Our forward and backward
keyword search resulted in 173 articles, which we checked for relevance by reading
their abstracts. When no relevance could be identified, the article was cross-read. If this
cross-reading did not reveal any relation to the topic, the article was disregarded; if it
did, the article was marked for further analysis—which resulted in a list of 94 relevant
papers (cf. References). The detailed process employed for the literature search is
displayed in Fig. 1.
However, this research method has some limitations. We cannot exclude that our
search missed important publications because their title or abstract lacked the applied
keywords or they were not cited in any of the identified papers. Furthermore, we
cannot be sure that the list of keywords was complete, as many synonyms are used
in the fields of GL and GSCM. Finally, we cannot completely omit the possibility
of inaccurate categorisation. To address this issue, each article was analysed by two
scientists who discussed and clarified their categorisations to reach an agreement
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70 V. Frehe
whenever a discrepancy arose. The (first round) inter-rater reliability of over 95%
that we achieved indicates that incorrect categorisation should not constitute a major
problem in this study.
Several contributions in the literature discuss rebound effects, especially in the
fields of ICT and sustainability (Bomhof et al. 2009; Murray 2013). Changes resulting
in more sustainable behaviour at the micro level can have an effect at the macro level
(Brookes and Saunders 2000). While the authors of the current study are aware of this
effect, in this review it is not possible to examine the rebound effects of each described
ICT solution.
2.2 Related Work
In this section we describe prior review articles and identify how our own systematic
literature review is different from them.
Several articles deal with literature reviews in the area of GL. Table 2 provides an
overview of how the 13 relevant papers that were identified by our literature search are
classified. In some cases, the paper does not describe the literature search process used,
which results in missing data in the ‘literature selection’, ‘time frame’ and ‘number
of articles’ columns.
Most of the papers are about SCM. Srivastava (2007) classifies the reviewed papers
into three main categories (importance of green SCM, green design and green opera-
tions) and summarises the information they contain. His review includes a mapping of
the analysed papers to both the three categories and the mathematical technique/tool
that they use. Dey et al. (2011) analyse the current situation (including the role and
importance) of sustainability in logistic operations from a practitioner’s perspective
and offer several recommendations to help companies plan and implement a sustain-
able logistics strategy. Sarkis et al. (2011) review GSCM literature related to nine broad
organisational theories. The authors identify four additional organisational theories
(the diffusion of innovation theory, the path dependency theory, the social embedded-
ness theory and the structuration theory) that they believe are important for explaining
GSCM but need further investigation. Brandenburg et al. (2014) focus on quantitative
models for SCM; their findings reveal that most of them are based on multiple-criteria
decision-making and that the tools most often used are based on an analytical hierar-
chy process and life-cycle analysis. Thöni and Tjoa (2015) analyse the use of IT in
GSCM and compare this IT with the one used in general SCM. They identify three
research categories that are still in their infancy: empirical research to identify how
IT is used across supply chains, quantitative research to improve decision support and
research to understand the social dimension of the triple bottom line. Beske-Janssen
et al. (2015) examine performance measurement in sustainable SCM in the last 20
years; they discover that economic and ecological dimensions have been investigated
ab initio, whereas the analysis of the social dimension is still emerging. Fahimnia et al.
(2015) present a thorough analysis of GSCM and graphically illustrate how publica-
tions have evolved over time. Their work can serve as a roadmap for further research
in this area.
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Table 2 Classification of related work
Paper/origin Literature selection Time frame Number of Outcome Focus Audience Logistics area
articles
Schipper Initiatives, 1995–2001 – Recommendations Policies Government Urban transport

(2002)/USA policies and
programs
Janic Research efforts 1990–2005 – Missing gaps Research outcomes Government Passenger and
(2006)/Netherlands undertaken for freight transport
the European
Union
Srivastava Keyword search, 1990–2007 227 Research issues and Research outcome, Scholars, SCM
(2007)/India backward search opportunities theories practitioners
Thoroe et al. – – – Roadmap for future Research outcomes Scholars, Reverse logistics
(2009)/Germany research practitioners
Dey et al. – – – Future research Research outcomes Practitioners SCM
(2011)/USA agenda,
recommendations
for practitioners
Information and communication technology in green logistics...
Sarkis et al. Peer-reviewed – – Future research Theories Scholars SCM

(2011)/USA archival journal opportunities
publications
Perego et al. Keyword search 1994–2009 44 Directions for future Research outcomes, Scholars Freight transport
(2011)/Italy research research methods
Brandenburg et al. Keyword search, 1994–2012 134 Research gaps, Research outcomes Scholars SCM
(2014)/Germany, backward search directions for future
Denmark, USA research
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71
Table 2 continued
72
Paper/origin Literature selection Time frame Number of Outcome Focus Audience Logistics area
articles
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Thöni and Tjoa Keyword search 1999–2014 55 Directions for future Research outcomes Scholars SCM
(2015)/Austria research
Brauer et al. Keyword search – 35 Directions for future Research outcomes Scholars Smart cities
(2015)/Germany research
Beske-Janssen et al. Keyword search, 1995–2015 149 Directions for future Research outcomes Scholars, SCM
(2015)/Germany backward search research practitioners
Fahimnia et al. Keyword search 1992–2012 884 Roadmap for future Bibliometric, network Scholars SCM
(2015)/Australia, research
USA
Current Keyword search, 2000–2016 94 Directions for future Research outcomes, Scholars
paper/Germany forward and research research methods
backward search
V. Frehe
One paper deals with RL—a single activity of the supply chain: Thoroe et al.
(2009) review radio-frequency identification (RFID) literature in RL and provide a
framework that organises the field into definable layers and interconnections. They
conclude that experiences of using RFID in the management of closed-loop container
systems should be transferred to other areas of RL.
Two of the considered research papers deal with freight transport. Janic (2006)
reviews the research on the sustainability of transport systems in the European Union
(EU) over the last 15 years. He concludes that further research is needed to establish
an innovative indicator-based system for more comprehensive monitoring/assessment
of the sustainability of transport systems. Perego et al. (2011) analyse 44 papers from
peer-reviewed journals and classify them by research methodology and the themes
they address.
Two papers deal with city/urban logistics. Schipper (2002) reviews quantitative
and qualitative trends in urban transport and environment, with a focus on developing
countries and assorted efforts. He asserts that different actions (by cities, national
governments and the private sector) are needed to reverse unsustainable trends in
urban transport, and that these actions must be supported by a degree of political will.
Brauer et al. (2015) focus on smart cities, especially the impact of green IS on them.
They determine that IS is mainly used as a decision-support tool for cities that aim to
reduce emissions or preserve resources.
Several review papers analyse the role of IS in sustainable research without a focus
an logistics; an example is Klör (2016), who explores decision-support systems in
green IS research. These papers are beyond the scope of our analysis. As already
mentioned, most papers from the field of operations research revolve around issues
such as multivariate optimisation, mathematical programming and algorithms; as such,
they are also not in the scope of our research. However, readers who are interested
in these issues are directed to the following often-cited reviews: Dekker et al. (2012),
Brandenburg et al. (2014), Demir et al. (2014), Ehmke et al. (2016), Tu et al. (2016)
and Zhang et al. (2016).
Our systematic literature review differs from the above review articles, as it explic-
itly addresses the role of ICT in GL and offers a unique holistic approach. Many
reviews address ‘public transport’, but only a few marginally address ‘private trans-
port’; in contrast, our paper covers both. Moreover, the reviews that do concentrate on
ICT use focus on a specific topic (mostly SCM). We instead analyse the use of ICT
in a holistic manner and identify research gaps related to all main logistics areas. Our
work is based on a conference presentation (Frehe and Teuteberg 2014); however, the
literature basis has nearly doubled (from 51 to 94 papers) and the analysis has both
changed extensively and become more detailed.
3 Results
3.1 General publication analysis
In this section, we provide descriptive statistics that explain the reviewed papers’
origins and distribution over time. We also perform a qualitative data analysis to
identify their focus.
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14
12
number of publicaons
10
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
year
Fig. 2 Timeline of published papers
Approximately half of the articles (53%) were published in IS- or management-

related journals or conference proceedings; the other half (47%) were published in
logistics-related journals or conference proceedings. It thus appears that the role of
ICT in GL has the same importance in both IS/management and logistics research.
Most papers were published in journals (64%); conferences proceedings came in
second (31%). Despite our use of a forward and backward search to identify other
kinds of publications, we found one report and no books or periodicals. Almost all
of the publications are in English (99%), which is not surprising given that we used
English keywords for the search.
Once we had identified the articles, we analysed the countries of the first authors’
institutions. We found a strong concentration of authors from the USA (nearly one-
third of the papers). Almost all of the other publications were from first authors who
work in an EU country (47%), for example, 15% work in Germany and 12% work
in the UK . Countries such as China (5%), Canada (5%), Singapore (1%) and New
Zealand (1%) are relatively under-represented; however, several other countries—and
even some continents (e.g., Africa and South America)—have no publications at all.
Figure 2 reveals that the number of papers published each year did not change
significantly from 2000 to 2007. From 2007 onwards, the number of publications rose
until it peaked in 2011. Only three relevant papers were published in 2016, but this
number is meaningless as we conducted our literature search at the beginning of the
third quarter of that year.
We conducted our qualitative analysis using the QDA Miner7 data analysis tool and
its text-mining and content-analysis extension, WordStat,8 to identify the main topics.
The papers from our literature review served as the data pool, which was subjected to
data preparation (spell check, deletion of hyphenation, brackets and unneeded informa-
tion, lemmatisation and word stemming, exclusion of stop words) (Provalis Research
2005, 2010). The data were then analysed to determine inter alia word frequency
(occurrence of a single word in a text passage) and co-occurrences (occurrence of a
word pair in a text passage). The results were converted into a dendrogram (Provalis
7 http://provalisresearch.com/products/qualitative-data-analysis-software/.
8 http://provalisresearch.com/products/content-analysis-software/.
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Fig. 3 Dendrogram of the Top-30 mentioned words without single-word clusters
Research 2005, 2010). The data generated from the analysed papers consists of 36,296
paragraphs, which are composed of 627,556 words (284,230 of which were excluded
from the analysis). The results of the top 30 words are visually presented in Fig. 3.
It is noteworthy that three main clusters exist. The first concerns SUPPLY CHAIN
MANAG(ement) and handles the topics ENVIRONMENT (al) P’ERFORM(ance)
MEASUR(ement); the second relates to the Develop(ment) of Inform(ation) System(s)
for Sustain(able) Transport(ation); finally, the third handles Data Process(es). The
papers in the third cluster are mainly about new technologies such as cloud computing
and (big) data mining.
Based on the cluster analysis results, we decided to focus our further analysis on
the following areas: the use of IS (such as decision support systems) in the area of
transport, the use of ICT to measure the sustainable performance and the impact of
upcoming ICTs (e.g., cloud computing and data mining) in GL.
3.2 Categories, focus and potential benefits of ICT applications
This section outlines how we determined which topics are handled in the reviewed
papers. The logistics category is presented first, followed by an analysis of the use of
ICT and IS. The current and potential benefits of using of ICT in GL that are mentioned
in the reviewed papers are subsequently identified.
For the classification, we used the model of logistics areas proposed by Wu and
Dunn (1995)—which we enhanced with the GreenSCOR model (GreenSCOR 2012).
Nine areas were identified:
• SCM strategy
• Purchase/inbound logistics
• Warehousing
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40 38
35
29 28
30
25
20
15 13
11
10 7
5
5 3
0
0
Purchase/Inbound
Transport
RL / Closed-
Packaging
Warehousing
Production
Strategy
Distribution
Passenger
/Outbound
Transport
Loop-SCM
Logistics
Logistics
Freight
SCM
Logistics
Fig. 4 Examined logistics areas
• Production logistics
• Packaging
• Freight transport
• Passenger transport
• Distribution/outbound logistics
• RL/closed-loop SCM
We checked each paper to ascertain whether it covered any of these areas; the results
are illustrated in Fig. 4.
Three main categories appeared most commonly: SCM strategy, freight transport
and passenger transport. Most of the papers on passenger transport deal with policy
issues such as land use and transport (LUT) system planning; the private point of
view plays only a minor role in passenger transport research. Perego et al. (2011) also
identify the same issues for logistics in general.
Whereas SCM and transportation are well-investigated categories, others such as
warehousing, inbound and production logistics are surprisingly under-represented (cf.
Fig. 4).
As mentioned earlier, our focus is on the use of ICT. As such we categorised the
technologies that are mentioned in the papers using open coding (Chenail 2008). The
results are presented in Table 3 in the form of a heat map.
As Table 3 shows, global positioning systems (GPS) appear continually and
are mentioned in nearly a quarter of the papers. It is not unexpected that GPS is
almost exclusively used in the (freight and passenger) transport category. Other fre-
quently mentioned concepts include RFID, mobile devices (such as smartphones and
tablets), sensor modules and the internet. Surprisingly, tracking technologies are under-
represented but mentioned repeatedly over time, starting with the first paper analyses.
While RFID is a well-known concept in the area of logistics, our analysis reveals that
it was first mentioned in only 2005 in the reviewed GL papers; sensor technologies
(such as temperature and humidity) were first discussed the following year. Classic
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Table 3 Amount of papers dealing with specific ICT category (per year)
ICT and IS concepts such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) and e-payment play
a minor role and are only sporadically mentioned in later years studied; It must be
noted that these concepts are often used as some of many data sources and not the
main theme in these papers. The most recently mentioned technology (or concept) is
cloud computing, which first appeared in an article 2014.
Hsu et al. (2015) have developed a cloud-based solution for the private automotive
sector that determines the traffic load via various data sources and then uses this
information to recommend a fast, short and sustainable route to drivers. In addition,
the driver’s driving behaviour is analysed and hints for more environmentally friendly
driving are provided by their cloud-based solution as feedback. Businesses can also
use this cloud solution for in-house analysis; for instance, logistics companies can use
the information for ex post analysis to determine whether their drivers need eco-driving
training. Ferreira et al. (2011) recommend data aggregation through the development
of a multi-model transport-advisor system in which different data sources for public
and private transport are combined. Based on an ontology that was developed for the
transport sector, methods of the semantic web are used to offer a centralised system
that analyses real-time information to offer the best possible route (taking various
transport types such as car, bicycle and public transport into account). In an attempt to
reduce the use of private transport by personal car, the system also provides information
about travel costs. In the area of private transport, Piramuthu and Zhou (2016) have
demonstrated how a network of cyclists can use the internet of things and social media
to reduce its carbon footprint. Cloud computing and the real-time analysis of data from
various sources are emerging topics with much potential for GL, for instance in the
area of route optimisation (Xing and Qian 2014; Hsu et al. 2015; Karlsson et al. 2015).
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78 V. Frehe
Decision Support Systems 17
Demand Management Systems 1
Distribution Systems 2
Environmental Management Systems 11
Geographic Information Systems 13
Internet Based Manafacturing Systems 1
LUT Planning Systems 4
Performance Measurment Systems 5
Transport Information Systems 17
Traveler Information Systems 8
IS / not further specified 5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Fig. 5 Examined categories of information systems
The focus currently seems to be on the private sector, but the commercial/industrial
sector is also beginning to receive attention.
More than half of the reviewed papers examine IS (Table 3). To obtain a deeper
insight into IS, we looked at different systems and classified them using open coding
(Chenail 2008), as illustrated in Fig. 5. When a paper mentioned a new kind of IS,
we included a new category. We subsequently combined the same or similar concepts
under the most frequently mentioned IS, thus forming a superordinate category; for
example, three papers mentioned the concept of ‘personal travel application’, which
we integrated into the “traveller information systems’ category (which was mentioned
by five papers).
Four types of IS are mentioned slightly more frequently than others in the papers:
• Decision support systems (DSS);
• Environmental management systems (EMS);
• Geographical information systems (GIS); and
• Transport information systems (TIS).
The DSS are mostly used in the area of freight transportation to enable transporting
companies to plan more efficient routes. It is not surprising that EMS are mentioned
quite frequently in the papers, as these IS are solely developed for organisations to
manage their sustainability issues and consequently play an important role in managing
logistics companies. In contrast, GIS are a kind of software counterpart to GPS; they
are often used to plan and execute transport (both freight and passenger) and therefore
include data from GPS. The role of TIS is somewhat ambiguous, as researchers often
define TIS as a type of specialised DSS for transport; however, it is not only an IS but
also a management system. The analysed papers reveal that the difference between a
TIS and a transport management system is that the former only manages processes
related to goods and routes (and not issues such as accounting).
The papers contain some interesting hypotheses on IS usage. Kenneth et al. (2012)
hypothesised that green IS would have a direct positive impact on different sustainable
issues in a supply chain. They explain that IS are needed to monitor different processes
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to both guarantee sustainability and enhance trust and engagement among all supply
chain partners. These IS are used for collaboration, information sharing, reporting and
coordination in the supply chain. In some way, IS can thus be seen as a key enabler for
GL. After checking their hypotheses using a survey of 159 manufacturing managers,
Kenneth et al. (2012) prove that a link exists between the ability to share information
using ICT in the supply chain and sustainable supply chain success. One of their
conclusions is that it is important to monitor processes and outcomes with regard to
sustainability issues.
Digitisation can support the process of information sharing. Haraldson (2015) illus-
trates how the sharing of real-time data can be used to effectively integrate the whole
supply chain in sea traffic management. When several companies work together, to
ensure sustainability it is important that they find both the right balance between co-
operation and competition and the optimal level of information sharing (Karlsson et al.
2015). If relevant players (such as logistics service providers and shippers) disclose
information appropriately, real-time data analysis can further be used to optimise city
logistics. However, issues such as the provision of a central point of management still
need to be resolved (Savelsbergh and Van Woensel 2016).
In the private transport sector, the TIS is the dominant theme. Hilpert et al. (2011)
demonstrate how motorists can obtain information about the actual CO2 emissions of
their cars. For the emissions estimations they use the CAN-Bus, the only authorised
interface for on-board diagnostics since 2008; a standard technology, which is already
integrated into all of the latest cars. These analyses are both more and more detailed
than manufacturers’ specifications; for instance, they can determine the ecological
footprints of specific routes. Electric vehicles (EVs) also receive some attention in the
analysed papers, although we excluded the technical aspects of EVs from our analysis.
Wacker et al. (2014) identify four requirements with different motivations for the use
of EVs and explain that IS should address these requirements to increase the driver’s
benefits and thus also increase the distribution of EVs.
Several potential green benefits are identified in different papers. May et al. (2008)
describe DSS for the UK government’s local transport planning, in which numerous
sustainability indicators can be assigned to a proposed project and weighted to indicate
whether it is sustainable. When more than one project is proposed, the system provides
an ordered project list that highlights the most sustainable option. Luo et al. (2016) use
big data analyses to reveal energy consumption and carbon emissions based on GPS
data from taxis. They map gathered information to a GIS and conduct visual analyses
to identify the main problem areas, which inter alia supports policy decision-making.
Debnath et al. (2011) describe how using an intelligent traveller information system
affects passengers’ choice of transport modes and routes in Singapore. They find that
the system results in passengers selecting more sustainable transport modes, improved
travel times and better efficiency of the road network at large. Daugherty et al. (2002)
examine the role of IS in RL by conducting a survey among the CEOs of 81 US
companies. They observe that when the commitment between buyer and supplier
increases (e.g., through the use of IS), the operating, financial and satisfaction-related
performance of the RL chain increases as well. Iannone (2012) uses an existing tool
(namely the interport model) to analyse the flow of loading units in the hinterland
and optimise the routing network. This tool allows the economic, environmental and
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80 V. Frehe
social benefits of different intermodal transport scenarios to be measured The model

was applied to Italy’s Campania region; the empirical results were then compared
with the actual situation in the region in 2007. The tool revealed that other modes of
transport would be more sustainable for Campania and that policies and institutional
arrangements were lacking, which hampers sustainable efficiency. In terms of the
provision, regulation and use of regional infrastructure and services, more holistic
thinking must be promoted. Overall, using the interport model led the investigators to
identify the development of a comprehensive package of public and private policies
to improve sustainability as an unsolved research problem. This model could also be
used for reference scenario creation and decision support.
In Table 4 we summarise the main benefits of ICT usage (excluding those that
focus on political issues) that are mentioned in the reviewed papers. The list also spec-
ifies each benefit’s logistics category, and in accordance with Thöni and Tjoa (2015),
ICT/IS use focus (i.e. strategic management or execution/monitoring). It is noteworthy
that strategic management benefits are the main focus of SCM and freight transport,
whereas the execution and monitoring of ICT are the most commonly discussed topics
in passenger transport.
3.3 Research methods
This section presents an analysis of the research methods used in the reviewed papers.
As our study concerns the use of ICT in GL, we listed research methods that are
common in IS (Wilde and Hess 2007) and assigned at least one research method to
each reviewed paper. In IS research, it is common to explain the research method
used in detail. We considered any review method that authors explicitly refer to; if no
research method was mentioned, we assigned at least one that seemed appropriate.
The methods we identified are illustrated in Fig. 6.
According to Wilde and Hess (2007), research methods can be classified into
behavioural science research (light green in Fig. 6) and design science research (DSR,
dark green in Fig. 6). Our analysis reveals that DSR is the most used research type and
that within it deductive research is the predominant research method. Design science
research is commonly used in early stages of investigation and to develop artefacts
(e.g., theories) that are later tested through methods from behavioural science research.
As such, it can be assumed that research in the area of ICT usage in GL is still in its
infancy.
3.4 Research gaps
In this section, we aggregate the open research questions mentioned in the reviewed
papers into a list that identifies each item’s focus and main topic. To determine the
focus, we used the political, economic, social and technological (PEST) scheme of
Fahey and Narayanan (1986)—which we adapted by adding an ecological perspec-
tive, given that sustainability and the triple bottom line are the main issues in our
research. Table 5 provides an overview of the research questions that we identified in
the literature.
123
Table 4 Potential green benefits of ICT usage
Logistics category Focus of ICT (Potential) green benefit References

SCM Freight transport Passenger transport Strategic management Execution and
monitoring
Public Private
X X Improvement of the development of a long-term

green supply chain strategy by pointing out the Luo et al. (2001)
trade-offs between logistics costs and carbon and Sheu et al.
footprint reduction; improvement of the (2005)
environmental performance of each supply
chain partner
X X Improvement of the reaction time within the
supplier network through the use of real-time Corbett (2011)
information
X X Improvement of operating, financial and
satisfaction-related performance through Daugherty et al.
relationship commitment (2002)
X X X Reduction of the number of load carriers
Aronsson and
through the centralisation and standardisation

of the IT system Brodin (2006)
X X X Ability to undertake collaborative life cycle
assessment through the use of technological Xing and Qian
applications that are based on the cloud (2014)
manufacturing paradigm
X X X Analysis of a customer’s environmental needs to
enable environmental target costing Frehe (2015)
123
81
Table 4 continued
82

123
monitoring
Public Private
X X X Improvement of environmental auditing through

automatically generated environmental reports Shaft et al. (2001)
that are based on the continuous monitoring of
different environmental factors
X X X Improvement of road system efficiency through
the use of ubiquitous real-time information Debnath et al.
(2011)
X X X Ability to monitor and measure performance to
identify corrections in a transport system Borzacchiello
based on political aims (e.g., environmental et al. (2009)
conservation)
X X X X Improvement of sustainable regional transport
and land-use planning by visualising spatial Cheng et al.
and pollution data (2007) and Luo
et al. (2016)
X X X Implementation of an environmental warning
system by continuously monitoring and using Henning et al.
benchmarking results for reporting. Usage of (2011)
reporting to identify areas of improvement via
key performance indicator analysis
X X Usage of more sustainable public transport by
improving the service for users by tracing, Ferreira et al.
tracking and integrating model information (2011) and Janic
(2001)
V. Frehe
Table 4 continued

monitoring
Public Private
X X Reduction of the administrative costs of car

sharing and the consequent improvement of Hildebrandt et al.
economic and environmental performance (2015)
X X Improvement of driving efficiency due to using
big data techniques and mobile applications to Hsu et al. (2015),
provide sustainable routes, analyse driving Luo et al. (2016)
behaviour and estimate emissions and Wacker
et al. (2014)
X X Reduction of fuel consumption and greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions through traffic news Debnath et al.
broadcasting (2011)
X X X Provision of eco-friendly routes while taking
charging stations (for e-cars) into account Wacker et al.
(2014)
X X Reduction of GHG emissions by promoting

cycling as a transport mode, using optimal Piramuthu and
route selection and CO2 prevention Zhou (2016) and
information, and integrating the internet of Su et al. (2010)
things and social media
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83
84 V. Frehe
Acon Research 1
Deducve Research 49
Prototyping 21
Reference Modeling 14
Simulaon 7
Case Study 23
Cross-Seconal Analysis 9
Experiment 14
Fig. 6 Research methods
The majority of the open research questions are of a technological or economic

nature. Three main topics are featured: user behaviour, the measurement of sustain-
ability and political issues. In the area of user behaviour, two types of questions appear:
whether a change in social behaviour will affect the sustainability of passenger trans-
port and if the availability of sustainable information will affect user behaviour. At a
higher level, the questions in the area of measurement of sustainability can be sum-
marised as follows: What information must be measured, and how can this be done?
Finally, the related high-level question vis-à-vis political issues is as follows: Where
and how should policy-makers intervene to support sustainability in logistics (infras-
tructure)?
4 Discussion and directions for future research
In this section, we explain the meaning of our study’s major findings. We begin by
stating what they are and then suggest how they can be used for further research.
Our structured review reveals the status quo of research on the use of ICT (including
IS) in the context of GL. Overall, it identifies several areas in which research is still in
its infancy or at least has some gaps. In our opinion, the potential of ICT use has not
been exhaustively explored in the context of sustainable logistics in all of the identified
areas. The number of papers published annually on the topic has remained nearly the
same since 2007, which indicates that this issue is still of high relevance in science
(cf. Sect. 3.1). The large increase in papers in 2007 can be explained by prior research,
which reveals that companies that improve their environmental performance will be
more economically successful (Schaltegger and Synnestvedt 2002). In the following
years this connection was also proven to be important in the area of logistics (Rao
and Holt 2005; Vachon and Klassen 2006) and thus resulted in further research. The
qualitative data analysis we conducted (Sect. 3.1) revealed three main topics (IS for
sustainability, data processing and sustainability measurement). Our review indicates
that the area of freight transport (including DSS and TIS) is well investigated; other
categories are completely under-represented (cf. Figs. 4 and 5) but offer great potential
for green innovations (e.g., Frehe and Teuteberg 2014; Luo et al. 2001). Current IS
research covers topics such as big data, social media analysis and cloud computing.
As some papers indicate great potential for innovation in these IS topics vis-à-vis
GL, further research should also incorporate these current topics (Sect. 3.2, especially
Table 3). Overall, ICT offers potential sustainable benefits related to strategic man-
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Table 5 Open research questions
Social Technological Economic Ecological Political Research questions/future research requirements Main topic
X X What role does the driving and shopping behaviour of motorists and User behaviour
non-motorists play in reducing GHG emissions through home-delivery
services? How can this behaviour be analysed? (Siikavirta et al. 2008)
X X X Will society’s mobility mix move towards increased car-sharing usage and User behaviour
thus become more environmentally sustainable if the car-sharing
business model becomes more attractive? (Hildebrandt et al. 2015)
X X X Does the availability of information from a carbon tracker influence the User behaviour
receiver, and will it result in the adjustment of the social, economic or
ecological output? (Hilpert et al. 2013)
X X How can the impact of the use of a personal mobile CO2 calculator on User behaviour, measure
global CO2 emissions be investigated? How is the mobile CO2 calculator
accepted by users? (Rahman et al. 2012)
X X X Will the availability of sustainability measures stimulate individuals to act User behaviour, measure
more sustainably? (Wacker et al. 2014)
X X X X Does ‘virtual’ accessibility (e.g., teleworking, e-Government, e-Health) User behaviour, measure
have an environmental effect (as it has a potential to replace travel)?
(European Commission 2009)

X How can statistics for integrated transport systems be created? Which Measure
information must be measured? Are different statistics necessary for
different stakeholders? (Janic 2001)
X X How can the benefits of RFID in RL be measured? Can existing methods Measure
and models be extended to gain such information? (Thoroe and
Schumann 2008)
X What are the benefits of sharing data with an IS in a supply chain? Who Measure
benefits and how? How can the benefits be measured? (Froehlich et al.
2009)
X X X X What role should performance measurement systems play in GL, and how Measure
can they be developed? Should such systems be different depending on a
type of industry? If so, why and how? (Hassini et al. 2012)
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85
Table 5 continued
86
Social Technological Economic Ecological Political Research questions/future research requirements Main topic
123
X X X How can the impact of ICT on GL be measured? Does the impact differ Measure
among ICT applications, actor types, market segments and so forth?
(Seraphim et al. 2010)
X X How can supply chain success be measured? Does a link exist between Measure
supply chain success and the ability to share information among the
supply chain with IS support? (Kenneth et al. 2012)
X X How can buyers’ ecological interests be reflected in suppliers’ business Measure
offerings? (Björklund et al. 2012)
X X X Are strategic and operational measures in a supply chain at the same level? Measure
If not, how can a measurement system handle these items at different
levels for different companies? (Björklund et al. 2012)
X X How can cloud computing support SMEs to access, assess and manage Measure
environmental impact data of their operations? (Xing and Qian 2014)
X X X How can infrastructure and vehicle standardisation be used by Political issues
policy-makers as an instrument for a sustainable transition to a new and
integrated transport system? (European Commission 2009)
X X How can big data mining be used to analyse travel patterns to support the Political issues
optimal design of urban infrastructure? (Luo et al. 2016)
V. Frehe
agement in the areas of freight transport and SCM; in the area of passenger transport,
the potential benefits concern software for the execution and monitoring of transport
(Table 4). In summary, we see great potential for further research in three domains:
political interaction, the influences of and on the user, and the measurement of stability.
4.1 Political interaction
At the political level, the potential influence of holistic policy regulation should be
investigated (cf. Sects. 3.2 and 3.4). Through data mining, different data sources (e.g.,
various sensors and information systems) can be used to determine regions or logis-
tical processes in which the highest pollution load or social burden is located. This
information can be used to conduct surveys and behavioural analyses (cf. Sect. 3.3)
with the aim of identifying drivers for the current use of different transport modes and
the actions required for achieving a sustainable shift. Simulations can be employed to
test how different policy instruments (e.g., standardisation, new regulations for road
use and area closures) influence stakeholders; for example, sensitivity analyses can be
used to determine the type and extent of influence that might support decision-making.
The sustainable influence of different policy packages might also be analysed.
4.2 Influences of and on the user
Due to increasing urbanisation, changes in the attitudes of city inhabitants and digiti-
sation (Unterberg 2010), society is experiencing an upheaval and new concepts such
as a ‘sharing economy’ are emerging (Cohen and Kietzmann 2014). In a sharing econ-
omy, using products (or services) is predominant to owning them. The behaviour of
all stakeholders in these new contexts must be analysed to gather information and
determine if this behaviour will influence the sustainability of the transport sector (cf.
Sect. 3.4). Prototyping and behavioural science methods such as case studies and field
experiments should be applied for further research in this area. Given that logistics
affect many scientific areas, artefacts (e.g., theories and concepts) from other disci-
plines should also be analysed to explain social behaviour.
Another question is whether recent developments in GL, such as the provision of
sustainability information, have an impact on the actions of stakeholders. This should
be analysed in both the private sector and the (industrial) business area. Initial findings
have already shown that assorted customer groups act differently when sustainability
information is presented to them (Frehe 2015). Based on these findings, indicators
(and values) that have a significant impact on users and how these indicators can both
be obtained and made available to them should be evaluated.
Overall, we noted that the reviewed papers feature more design science research than
behavioural research (cf. Sect. 3.3). To obtain a balanced ratio of research methods,
investigators should apply multi-method approaches. Using a balanced mix of research
methods results in the disadvantages of one research method being outweighed by
the advantages of another. To avoid irrelevant research, stakeholders (including both
practitioners and members of the general public) should be integrated into the research
process as early as possible.
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88 V. Frehe
4.3 Measurement of sustainability
The measurement of sustainability in GL is a major issue in both research and practice.

Key performance indicators (KPIs) and benchmarking and monitoring applications
are often suggested as instruments that may create benefits in GL (cf. Sect. 3.2). This
goes along with the open research questions, many of which relate to performance
measurement or benchmarking and address the impact of ICT or green initiatives on
sustainability (cf. Sect. 3.4). Several open research questions concern how sustain-
ability can be measured and what measures are best suited for doing so. Of course,
measurement costs play an important role in choosing the correct measures, as a bene-
fit can be achieved only if the revenues that result from the sustainability measurement
and information provision exceed the cost of obtaining the necessary data; if they do
not, the economic dimension of sustainability is decreased. Legal regulations are also
relevant (especially in the context of standardisation), as they specify areas in which
calculations based on average values are allowed and those in which concrete values
must be used (cf. the norm DIN EN 16258, which regulates the calculation of energy
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the freight transport sector). In the area
of SCM, analogies to the life-cycle assessment, in which system boundaries and the
calculation of suppliers’ emissions also play a major role, can be seen. In our opinion,
the next research steps must be to evaluate how ICT can be used for efficient measure-
ment in and monitoring of GL and to determine which KPIs should be employed. In
addition, a relationship between the use of ICT in GL and financial success must be
investigated to enable adequate cost-benefit analysis. To this end, field experiments
can be used to gain insights into whether monitoring KPIs will result in benefits for
GL. A set of new methods, guidelines and software applications should be developed
thereafter. These artefacts should be evaluated by simulation or field studies. Due to
the complexity of these issues, a long-term research view should be anticipated. As
industries may have different requirements in the area of logistics, we assume that
focusing on the logistics of a specific industry (e.g., the food industry) may deliver
suitable and consistent results. The sustainability aspect of logistics for food may be
more important than for other products, as various food eco-labels already exist and
consumer demand for “green” food is potentially higher than for other products.
5 Conclusions
This section summarises our study’s objectives and results in the style of a management
summary.
The aim of this paper was to determine the status quo of research on the ICT
usage in GL by conducting a systematic literature review. Our research outcomes
show that the literature on the use of ICT in GL is very diverse, but the focus is on
management and decision support (cf. Sect. 3.2). Current papers concentrate on freight
transportation, and information systems such as DSS and TIS are the predominantly
being used. Nevertheless, several areas offer potential to create sustainable benefits.
These benefits are typically noticeable in the strategic management aspect of freight
123
transport and SCM, whereas they are usually seen in the provision of software for
execution and monitoring vis-à-vis passenger transport.
In Sect. 4, we used open research questions from the literature to identify the
following three main areas in which research on ICT usage in GL could evolve at a
holistic level:
1. Research about political interaction, with the goal of designing new standards and
regulations:
2. Behavioural research to determine:
(a) factors that influence the sustainable behaviour of society, and
(b) whether the current digitisation of society will lead to more sustainable trans-
port; and
3. Research about sustainability measures, with the goal of identifying (as part of a
cost-benefit analysis) important sustainable indicators in transport.
In our opinion, the next steps in research must involve evaluating how ICT can be used
to efficiently measure and monitor GL. Thereafter a set of new methods, guidelines and
software applications should be developed, which will result in a prototype of a multi-
criteria decision support system. These artefacts should be evaluated by simulation or
field studies that integrate different (political) standards and regulations. Due to the
complexity of these issues, a long-term research view should be applied, with the aim
of identifying the factors that influence society’s behaviour.
Overall, the social dimension of sustainability played only a minor or marginal
role in GL in the analysed papers. This fact and the lack of established regulations,
important influencing factors and standardised indicators for sustainability in GL
demonstrate that integration and a holistic understanding are the main challenges
in the area of IS in GL. It is important for further research to integrate the private
sector, government and customers into the research process. The correct ratio between
science and practice can ensure that the development of standards and indicators is
scientifically sound and practically relevant. The resultant findings (e.g., new theories
or software applications) can then be made available to the public.
The current work represents a step towards a holistic understanding of the ICT
usage in GL and motivates further ICT/IS research in the area of GL.
Appendix: Keywords used for literature search
There were two groups of keywords which were combined with AND.
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90 V. Frehe
The first group contained the following key- The second group contained the following
words, which were combined with OR: keywords, which were again combined with
OR:
Green Warehous* ICT

Sustainable Warehous* Information technology
Green Transport* Information system*
Sustainable Transport* IT Strategy
Green Freight* Computing
Sustainable Freight* Software
Green Packaging Application
Sustainable Packaging Platform
Green Inventory Management Architecture
Sustainable Inventory Management Framework
Green Logistic* Programming
Sustainable Logistic* Computer
Green SCM EDI
Green Supply Chain Management Internet
Sustainable SCM Web
Sustainable Supply Chain Management IT customization
SOA
RFID
SaaS
Cloud
Utility
Tool
Research agenda
Literature review
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Information and Communication Technology in Green Logistics: Status Quo and Research Gaps

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Manag Rev Q (2017) 67:65–96

Information and communication technology in green

Volker Frehe1 · Frank Teuteberg1

Keywords Green logistics · Sustainable SCM · Information and communication

JEL Classification Q010 · Q560 · O180 · R410

1 Accounting and Information Systems, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany

1 Introduction and motivation

2 Research method and framework of analysis

2.1 Systematic literature review

Type Argumentative-deductive Mathematical-statistical

Fig. 1 Literature review process (cf. vom Brocke et al. (2009))

2.2 Related Work

Schipper Initiatives, 1995–2001 – Recommendations Policies Government Urban transport

Sarkis et al. Peer-reviewed – – Future research Theories Scholars SCM

3.1 General publication analysis

Fig. 2 Timeline of published papers

Approximately half of the articles (53%) were published in IS- or management-

Fig. 3 Dendrogram of the Top-30 mentioned words without single-word clusters

3.2 Categories, focus and potential benefits of ICT applications

Fig. 4 Examined logistics areas

Decision Support Systems 17

Demand Management Systems 1

Environmental Management Systems 11

Geographic Information Systems 13

Internet Based Manafacturing Systems 1

LUT Planning Systems 4

Performance Measurment Systems 5

Transport Information Systems 17

Traveler Information Systems 8

IS / not further specified 5

Fig. 5 Examined categories of information systems

social benefits of different intermodal transport scenarios to be measured The model

3.3 Research methods

3.4 Research gaps

Logistics category Focus of ICT (Potential) green benefit References

X X Improvement of the development of a long-term

through the centralisation and standardisation

Logistics category Focus of ICT (Potential) green benefit References

X X X Improvement of environmental auditing through

Logistics category Focus of ICT (Potential) green benefit References

X X Reduction of the administrative costs of car

X X Reduction of GHG emissions by promoting

Fig. 6 Research methods

The majority of the open research questions are of a technological or economic

4 Discussion and directions for future research

(European Commission 2009)

4.1 Political interaction

4.2 Influences of and on the user

4.3 Measurement of sustainability

The measurement of sustainability in GL is a major issue in both research and practice.

Appendix: Keywords used for literature search

Green Warehous* ICT

The references in asterisks are the sources we identified through our

Further reading Sources, which we identified through our literature

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