8.10.

Effect of refraction on Hour Angle and Declination:

Let σ be the real position of a star on the celestial sphere and σ ' be the displaced position along
the vertical throughσ .

Let the observed zenith distance zσ ' =z then σσ ' =k tan z

Let h, h’ be the hour angles and δ, δ’ the declination of σ and σ ' .

∠ Pσz=η ,∠ P σ ' z=η'

Through σ ' draw small circle arc whose pole is pσ at M. Since σσ ' is a small we may regarded
σ ' Mσ as a plane triangle.

∆ h=¿Change in hour angle

h' −h=∠σp σ '

σ' M
¿
sin ( 900−δ )

σ σ ' sin η
¿
cos δ '

¿ k tan z sin η sec δ '

¿ k tan z sin η' sec δ '

From the spherical triangleZPσ, using sine formula we get,

⇒ sin z sin η' =sin( 900−φ)sin h'

∴ h' −h=k cos φ sin h ' sec z sec δ '

[Negative small quantities of second order]

∆ δ=¿Change in declination

¿ δ−δ '

¿−σ ' M

¿−σ σ ' cos η

¿−k tan z cos η

=−k tan z cos η'

Also from spherical triangle Pz σ '

sin z cos η' =sin φ cos δ ' −cos φ sin δ ' sin h' ,
' ' '
∴ δ −δ ' =¿=−k sec z (sin φ cos δ −cos φ sin δ sin h )