LAW$ON$PUBLIC$CORPORATIONS$ 2.

$LOCAL$LEGISLATION$
Second%Semester%|%AY%2019=2020% Section%48.%Local%Legislative%Power.%=%Local%legislative%power%shall%be%exercised%by%the%
% sangguniang%panlalawigan%for%the%province;%the%sangguniang%panlungsod%for%the%city;%
LOCAL$GOVERNMENT$POWERS$ the%sangguniang%bayan%for%the%municipality;%and%the%sangguniang%barangay%for%the%
1.%Delegated%Powers%=%taxation,%police%power,%and%eminent%domain% barangay.%
2.%Closure%and%Opening%of%Roads% %
3.%Legislative%Powers%=%ordinary%and%special%legislation% Q:!Is!Section!48!of!the!LGC!an!absolute!rule?!Only!the!enumerated!sanggunians!
4.%Corporate%Powers% can!exercise!legislative!powers?!
% A:!No.!People's!power!to!enact!and!propose!laws!under!the!provisions!on!local!
1.$CLOSURE$AND$OPENING$OF$ROADS$(Sec.$21$of$the$LGC)$ initiatives.!(There!are!initiative!and!referendum.)!
FAVORITE$POWER$
(a)% A% local% government% unit% may,% pursuant% to% an% ordinance,% permanently% or% !
temporarily% close% or% open% any% local% road,% alley,% park,% or% square% falling% within% its% A.$WHO$ARE$THE$MEMBERS$OF$THE$SANGGUNIAN?$
jurisdiction:%Provided,%however,%That%in%case%of%permanent%closure,%such%ordinance% 1.%Presiding%Officers%
must%be%approved%by%at%least%two=thirds%(2/3)%of%all%the%members%of%the%sanggunian,% 2.%Councilors%
and%when%necessary,%an%adequate%substitute%for%the%public%facility%that%is%subject%to% 3.%Ex%Officio%Members%
closure%is%provided.% %
% Illustrative!Case:!La#Carlota#City,#Negros#Occidental#v#Rojo#
PERMANENT$CLOSURE$ Black’s%Law%Dictionary%defines%"composed%of"%as%"formed%of"%or%"consisting%of."%As%
(b)%No%such%way%or%place%or%any%part%thereof%shall%be%permanently%closed%without% the% presiding% officer,% the% vice=mayor% can% vote% only% to% break% a% tie.% In% effect,% the%
making% provisions% for% the% maintenance% of% public% safety% therein.% A% property% thus% presiding%officer%votes%when%it%matters%the%most,%that%is,%to%break%a%deadlock%in%the%
permanently%withdrawn%from%public%use%may%be%used%or%conveyed%for%any%purpose% votes.%
for%which%other%real%property%belonging%to%the%local%government%unit%concerned%may% %
be% lawfully% used% or% conveyed:% Provided,% however,% That% no% freedom% park% shall% be% B.$PRELIMINARIES$
closed%permanently%without%provision%for%its%transfer%or%relocation%to%a%new%site.% Section$49.$Presiding$Officer.$
$ (a)%The%vice=governor%shall%be%the%presiding%officer%of%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan;%
TEMPORARY$CLOSURE$ the% city% vice=mayor,% of% the% sangguniang% panlungsod;% the% municipal% vice=mayor,% of%
(c)%Any%national%or%local%road,%alley,%park,%or%square%may%be%temporarily%closed%during% the%sangguniang%bayan;%and%the%punong%barangay,%of%the%sangguniang%barangay.%The%
an%actual%emergency,%or%fiesta%celebrations,%public%rallies,%agricultural%or%industrial% presiding%officer%shall%vote%only%to%break%a%tie.%
fairs,% or% an% undertaking% of% public% works% and% highways,% telecommunications,% and% %
waterworks% projects,% the% duration% of% which% shall% be% specified% by% the% local% chief% (b)% In% the% event% of% the% inability% of% the% regular% presiding% officer% to% preside% at% a%
executive%concerned%in%a%written%order:%Provided,%however,%That%no%national%or%local% sanggunian%session,%the%members%present%and%constituting%a%quorum%shall%elect%from%
road,%alley,%park,%or%square%shall%be%temporarily%closed%for%athletic,%cultural,%or%civic% among%themselves%a%temporary%presiding%officer.%He%shall%certify%within%ten%(10)%days%
activities%not%officially%sponsored,%recognized,%or%approved%by%the%local%government% from%the%passage%of%ordinances%enacted%and%resolutions%adopted%by%the%sanggunian%
unit%concerned.% in%the%session%over%which%he%temporarily%presided.%
$ %
REGULATION$OF$TRAFFIC$ Section$50.$Internal$Rules$of$Procedure.$
(d)%Any%city,%municipality,%or%barangay%may,%by%a%duly%enacted%ordinance,%temporarily% (a)% On% the% first% regular% session% following% the% election% of% its% members% and% within%
close%and%regulate%the%use%of%any%local%street,%road,%thoroughfare,%or%any%other%public% ninety% (90)% days% thereafter,% the% sanggunian% concerned% shall% adopt% or% update% its%
place%where%shopping%malls,%Sunday,%flea%or%night%markets,%or%shopping%areas%may% existing%rules%of%procedure.%
be%established%and%where%goods,%merchandise,%foodstuffs,%commodities,%or%articles% %
of%commerce%may%be%sold%and%dispensed%to%the%general%public.% %

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(b)%The%rules%of%procedure%shall%provided%for%the%following:%
1.! The%organization%of%the%sanggunian%and%the%election%of%its%officers%as%well%
as%the%creation%of%standing%committees%which%shall%include,%but%shall%not%
be% limited% to,% the% committees% on% appropriations,% women% and% family,%
human%rights,%youth%and%sports%development,%environmental%protection,%
and% cooperatives;% the% general% jurisdiction% of% each% committee;% and% the%
election%of%the%chairman%and%members%of%each%committee;%
2.! The%order%and%calendar%of%business%for%each%session;%
3.! The%legislative%process;%
4.! The% parliamentary% procedures% which% include% the% conduct% of% members%
during%sessions;%
5.! The%discipline%of%members%for%disorderly%behavior%and%absences%without%
justifiable%cause%for%four%(4)%consecutive%sessions,%for%which%they%may%be%
censured,%reprimanded,%or%excluded%from%the%session,%suspended%for%not%
more% than% sixty% (60)% days,% or% expelled:% Provided,% That% the% penalty% of%
suspension% or% expulsion% shall% require% the% concurrence% of% at% least% two=
thirds%(2/3)%vote%of%all%the%sanggunian%members:%Provided,%further,%That%a%
member%convicted%by%final%judgment%to%imprisonment%of%at%least%one%(1)%
year% for% any% crime% involving% moral% turpitude% shall% be% automatically%
expelled%from%the%sanggunian;%and%
6.! Such%other%rules%as%the%sanggunian%may%adopt.%
% %
Illustrative!Case:!Malonzo#v#Zamora!
The%law%does%not%require%the%completion%of%the%updating%or%adoption%of%the%internal%
rules% of% procedure% before% the% Sanggunian% could% act% on% any% other% matter% like% the%
enactment% of% an% ordinance.% It% simply% requires% that% the% matter% of% adopting% or%
updating%the%internal%rules%of%procedure%be%taken%up%during%the%first%day%of%session.%
% quorum,%in%the%public%interest%or%for%reasons%of%security,%decency,%or%morality.%No%
Section$53.$Quorum.$
(a)% A% majority% of% all% the% members% of% the% sanggunian% who% have% been% elected% and%
qualified%shall%constitute%a%quorum%to%transact%official%business.%Should%a%question%of%
quorum%be%raised%during%a%session,%the%presiding%officer%shall%immediately%proceed%
to%call%the%roll%of%the%members%and%thereafter%announce%the%results.%
% %
(b)%Where%there%is%no%quorum,%the%presiding%officer%may%declare%a%recess%until%such%
time%as%a%quorum%is%constituted,%or%a%majority%of%the%members%present%may%adjourn%
from%day%to%day%and%may%compel%the%immediate%attendance%of%any%member%absent%
without%justifiable%cause%by%designating%a%member%of%the%sanggunian%to%be%assisted%
by%a%member%or%members%of%the%police%force%assigned%in%the%territorial%jurisdiction%
of%the%local%government%unit%concerned,%to%arrest%the%absent%member%and%present%
him%at%the%session.%
(c)%If%there%is%still%no%quorum%despite%the%enforcement%of%the%immediately%preceding%
subsection,% no% business% shall% be% transacted.% The% presiding% officer,% upon% proper%
motion% duly% approved% by% the% members% present,% shall% then% declare% the% session%
adjourned%for%lack%of%quorum.%
%
Illustrative!Case:!La#Carlota#City,#Negros#Occidental#v#Rojo#
For%the%purpose%of%a%quorum,%the%Vice%Mayor%as%presiding%officer%is%counted.%
%
Q:!Differentiate!recess!from!adjournment.!
A:!Adjournment!–!Congress!is!not!in!session;!basta!natapos!mo!ung!agenda,!
adjournment.!!It!ends!the!legislative!day!
Recess!–!hindi!natapos!ung!agenda!pero!umuwi!na,!recess.!!Continuation!
of!legislative!day.!
%
Section$52.$Sessions.$
(a)%On%the%first%day%of%the%session%immediately%following%the%election%of%its%members,%
the%sanggunian%shall,%by%resolution,%fix%the%day,%time,%and%place%of%its%regular%sessions.%
The%minimum%numbers%of%regular%sessions%shall%be%once%a%week%for%the%sangguniang%
panlalawigan,%sangguniang%panlungsod,%and%sangguniang%bayan,%and%twice%a%month%
for%the%sangguniang%barangay.%
(b)%When%public%interest%so%demands,%special%sessions%may%be%called%by%the%local%chief%
executive%or%by%a%majority%of%the%members%of%the%sanggunian.%
%
(c)%All%sanggunian%sessions%shall%be%open%to%the%public%unless%a%closed=door%session%is%
ordered%by%an%affirmative%vote%of%a%majority%of%the%members%present,%there%being%a%
two%(2)%sessions,%regular%or%special,%may%be%held%in%a%single%day.%
%
(d)%In%the%case%of%special%sessions%of%the%sanggunian,%a%written%notice%to%the%members%
shall%be%served%personally%at%the%member's%usual%place%of%residence%at%least%twenty=
four%(24)%hours%before%the%special%session%is%held.%
Unless%otherwise%concurred%in%by%two=thirds%(2/3)%vote%of%the%sanggunian%members%
present,% there% being% a% quorum,% no% other% matters% may% be% considered% at% a% special%
session%except%those%stated%in%the%notice.%
%
(e)%Each%sanggunian%shall%keep%a%journal%and%record%of%its%proceedings%which%may%be%
published%upon%resolution%of%the%sanggunian%concerned.%
%
! !
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Illustrative!Case:!Malonzo#v#Zamora!
Nothing%prevents%the%sanggunian%from%holding%three%hearings%requirement%in%one%
session%day.%
% ordinance%directing%the%payment%of%money%or%creating%liability.%In%such%a%case,%the%
Section$54.$Approval$of$Ordinances.$
(a)% Every% ordinance% enacted% by% the% sangguniang% panlalawigan,% sangguniang%
panlungsod,%or%sangguniang%bayan%shall%be%presented%to%the%provincial%governor%or%
city%or%municipal%mayor,%as%the%case%may%be.%If%the%local%chief%executive%concerned%
approves% the% same,% he% shall% affix% his% signature% on% each% and% every% page% thereof;%
otherwise,%he%shall%veto%it%and%return%the%same%with%his%objections%to%the%sanggunian,%
which%may%proceed%to%reconsider%the%same.%The%sanggunian%concerned%may%override%
the% veto% of% the% local% chief% executive% by% two=thirds% (2/3)% vote% of% all% its% members,%
thereby% making% the% ordinance% or% resolution% effective% for% all% legal% intents% and%
purposes.%
% BQ:!(1)!How!does!the!local!legislative!assembly!override!the!veto!by!the!local!chief!
(b)%The%veto%shall%be%communicated%by%the%local%chief%executive%concerned%to%the%
sanggunian%within%fifteen%(15)%days%in%the%case%of%a%province,%and%ten%(10)%days%in%the%
case%of%a%city%or%a%municipality;%otherwise,%the%ordinance%shall%be%deemed%approved%
as%if%he%had%signed%it.%
%
(c)% Ordinances% enacted% by% the% sangguniang% barangay% shall,% upon% approval% by% the%
majority%of%all%its%members,%be%signed%by%the%punong%barangay.%
BQ:!Mayor!Alfredo!Lim!closed!the!funhouses!in!the!Ermita!district!suspected!of!
being!fronts!for!prostitution.!To!determine!the!feasibility!of!putting!up!a!legalized!
red!light!district,!the!city!council!conducted!an!inquiry!and!invited!operators!of!
the!closed!funhouses!to!get!their!views.!No!one!honored!the!Invitation.!The!city!
council!issued!subpoenas!to!compel!the!attendance!of!the!operators!but!which!
were! completely! disregarded.! The! council! declared! the! operators! guilty! of!
contempt!and!issued!warrants!for!their! arrest.! The! operators!come! to!you! for!
legal!advice,!asking!the!following!questions:!(1)!Is!the!council!empowered!to!issue!
subpoenas!to!compel!their!attendance?!(2)!Does!the!council!have!the!power!to!
cite!for!contempt?!
% period% of% ten% (10)% days% from% receipt% of% the% documents,% inform% the% sangguniang%
C.$VETO$
Section$55.$Veto$Power$of$the$Local$Chief$Executive.$
(a)%The%local%chief%executive%may%veto%any%ordinance%of%the%sanggunian%panlalawigan,%
sangguniang%panlungsod,%or%sanggunian%bayan%on%the%ground%that%it%is%ultra%vires%or%
prejudicial%to%the%public%welfare,%stating%his%reasons%therefor%in%writing.%
% bayan%concerned,%it%shall%declare%such%ordinance%or%resolution%invalid%in%whole%or%in%
(b)%The%local%chief%executive,%except%the%punong%barangay,%shall%have%the%power%to%
veto%any%particular%item%or%items%of%an%appropriations%ordinance,%an%ordinance%or%
resolution%adopting%a%local%development%plan%and%public%investment%program,%or%an%
veto%shall%not%affect%the%item%or%items%which%are%not%objected%to.%The%vetoed%item%or%
items%shall%not%take%effect%unless%the%sanggunian%overrides%the%veto%in%the%manner%
herein%provided;%otherwise,%the%item%or%items%in%the%appropriations%ordinance%of%the%
previous%year%corresponding%to%those%vetoed,%if%any,%shall%be%deemed%reenacted.%
%
(c)% The% local% chief% executive% may% veto% an% ordinance% or% resolution% only% once.% The%
sanggunian% may% override% the% veto% of% the% local% chief% executive% concerned% by% two=
thirds% (2/3)% vote% of% all% its% members,% thereby% making% the% ordinance% effective% even%
without%the%approval%of%the%local%chief%executive%concerned.%
executive!of!an!ordinance?!!
(2)!On!what!grounds!can!a!local!chief!executive!veto!an!ordinance?!!
(3)!How!can!an!ordinance!vetoed!by!a!local!chief!executive!become!a!law!without!
it!being!overridden!by!the!local!legislative!assembly?!
%
D.$REVIEW$
Section$56.$Review$of$Component$City$and$Municipal$Ordinances$or$Resolutions$by$
the$Sangguniang$Panlalawigan.$
(a)%Within%three%(3)%days%after%approval,%the%secretary%to%the%sanggunian%panlungsod%
or% sangguniang% bayan% shall% forward% to% the% sangguniang% panlalawigan% for% review,%
copies%of%approved%ordinances%and%the%resolutions%approving%the%local%development%
plans% and% public% investment% programs% formulated% by% the% local% development%
councils.%
%
(b)% Within% thirty% (30)% days% after% the% receipt% of% copies% of% such% ordinances% and%
resolutions,%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan%shall%examine%the%documents%or%transmit%
them%to%the%provincial%attorney,%or%if%there%be%none,%to%the%provincial%prosecutor%for%
prompt%examination.%The%provincial%attorney%or%provincial%prosecutor%shall,%within%a%
panlalawigan% in% writing% of% his% comments% or% recommendations,% which% may% be%
considered%by%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan%in%making%its%decision.%
%
(c)% If% the% sangguniang% panlalawigan% finds% that% such% an% ordinance% or% resolution% is%
beyond% the% power% conferred% upon% the% sangguniang% panlungsod% or% sangguniang%
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part.%The%sangguniang%panlalawigan%shall%enter%its%action%in%the%minutes%and%shall% effectivity%of%the%ordinance%and%the%accrual%and%payment%of%the%tax,%fee,%or%charge%
advise%the%corresponding%city%or%municipal%authorities%of%the%action%it%has%taken.% levied% therein:% Provided,% finally,% That% within% thirty% (30)% days% after% receipt% of% the%
% decision%or%the%lapse%of%the%sixty=day%period%without%the%Secretary%of%Justice%acting%
(d)%If%no%action%has%been%taken%by%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan%within%thirty%(30)% upon%the%appeal,%the%aggrieved%party%may%file%appropriate%proceedings%with%a%court%
days% after% submission% of% such% an% ordinance% or% resolution,% the% same% shall% be% of%competent%jurisdiction.%
presumed%consistent%with%law%and%therefore%valid.% %
% Q:!Are!ordinances!and!resolutions!the!only!issuances!subject!to!review?!
Section$ 57.$ Review$ of$ Barangay$ Ordinances$ by$ the$ Sangguniang$ Panlungsod$ or$ A:!No.!Following!Sec.!30,!executive!issuances!are!also!subject!to!review.!
Sangguniang$Bayan.$
(a)%Within%ten%(10)%days%after%its%enactment,%the%sangguniang%barangay%shall%furnish% %
copies% of% all% barangay% ordinances% to% the% sangguniang% panlungsod% or% sangguniang% F.$EFFECTIVITY$
bayan%concerned%for%review%as%to%whether%the%ordinance%is%consistent%with%law%and% PUBLICATION$REQUIREMENT$
city%or%municipal%ordinances.% Section$59.$Effectivity$of$Ordinances$or$Resolutions.$
% (a)%Unless%otherwise%stated%in%the%ordinance%or%the%resolution%approving%the% local%
(b)%If%the%sangguniang%panlungsod%or%sangguniang%bayan,%as%the%case%may%be,%fails%to% development%plan%and%public%investment%program,%the%same%shall%take%effect%after%
take%action%on%barangay%ordinances%within%thirty%(30)%days%from%receipt%thereof,%the% ten% (10)% days% from% the% date% a% copy% thereof% is% posted% in% a% bulletin% board% at% the%
same%shall%be%deemed%approved.% entrance%of%the%provincial%capitol%or%city,%municipal,%or%barangay%hall,%as%the%case%may%
% be,% and% in% at% least% two% (2)% other% conspicuous% places% in% the% local% government% unit%
(c)%If%the%sangguniang%panlungsod%or%sangguniang%bayan,%as%the%case%may%be,%finds% concerned.%
the%barangay%ordinances%inconsistent%with%law%or%city%or%municipal%ordinances,%the% %
sanggunian%concerned%shall,%within%thirty%(30)%days%from%receipt%thereof,%return%the% (b)% The% secretary% to% the% sanggunian% concerned% shall% cause% the% posting% of% an%
same% with% its% comments% and% recommendations% to% the% sangguniang% barangay% ordinance%or%resolution%in%the%bulletin%board%at%the%entrance%of%the%provincial%capitol%
concerned% for% adjustment,% amendment,% or% modification;% in% which% case,% the% and%the%city,%municipal,%or%barangay%hall%in%at%least%two%(2)%conspicuous%places%in%the%
effectivity% of% the% barangay% ordinance% is% suspended% until% such% time% as% the% revision% local%government%unit%concerned%not%later%than%five%(5)%days%after%approval%thereof.%
called%for%is%effected.% %
% The%text%of%the%ordinance%or%resolution%shall%be%disseminated%and%posted%in%Filipino%
or%English%and%in%the%language%understood%by%the%majority%of%the%people%in%the%local%
Q:!Who!reviews!ordinances!of!provinces,!independent!component!cities,!highly!
government%unit%concerned,%and%the%secretary%to%the%sanggunian%shall%record%such%
urbanized!cities,!and!cities!and!municipalities!of!the!Metropolitan!Manila!Area?!
fact%in%a%book%kept%for%the%purpose,%stating%the%dates%of%approval%and%posting.%
!
%
But!how!about!other!ordinances!of!such!LGUs?!
(c)%The%gist%of%all%ordinances%with%penal%sanctions%shall%be%published%in%a%newspaper%
! of%general%circulation%within%the%province%where%the%local%legislative%body%concerned%
E.$SPECIAL$REVIEW$ belongs.%In%the%absence%of%any%newspaper%of%general%circulation%within%the%province,%
Section$ 187.$ Procedure$ for$ Approval$ and$ Effectivity$ of$ Tax,$ Ordinances$ and$ posting% of% such% ordinances% shall% be% made% in% all% municipalities% and% cities% of% the%
Revenue$Measures;$Mandatory$Public$Hearings.%The%procedure%for%approval%of%local% province%where%the%sanggunian%of%origin%is%situated.%
tax%ordinances%and%revenue%measures%shall%be%in%accordance%with%the%provisions%of% %
this%Code:%Provided,%That%public%hearings%shall%be%conducted%for%the%purpose%prior%to% (d)% In% the% case% of% highly% urbanized% and% independent% component% cities,% the% main%
the%enactment%thereof:%Provided,%further,%That%any%question%on%the%constitutionality% features%of%the%ordinance%or%resolution%duly%enacted%or%adopted%shall,%in%addition%to%
or%legality%of%tax%ordinances%or%revenue%measures%may%be%raised%on%appeal%within% being%posted,%be%published%once%in%a%local%newspaper%of%general%circulation%within%
thirty% (30)% days% from% the% effectivity% thereof% to% the% Secretary% of% Justice% who% shall% the%city:%Provided,%That%in%the%absence%thereof%the%ordinance%or%resolution%shall%be%
render% a% decision% within% sixty% (60)% days% from% the% date% of% receipt% of% the% appeal:% published%in%any%newspaper%of%general%circulation.%
Provided,% however,% That% such% appeal% shall% not% have% the% effect% of% suspending% the% %

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SPECIAL$PUBLICATION$REQUIREMENT$FOR$TAX$ORDINANCES$ local% referendum,% the% law=making% body% submits% to% the% registered% voters% of% its%
Section$188.$Publication$of$Tax$Ordinances$and$Revenue$Measures.%Within%ten%(10)% territorial%jurisdiction,%for%approval%or%rejection,%any%ordinance%or%resolution%which%is%
days%after%their%approval,%certified%true%copies%of%all%provincial,%city,%and%municipal% duly%enacted%or%approved%by%such%law=making%authority.%
tax% ordinances% or% revenue% measures% shall% be% published% in% full% for% three% (3)% %
consecutive% days% in% a% newspaper% of% local% circulation:% Provided,% however,% That% in% In%other%words,%while%initiative%is%entirely%the%work%of%the%electorate,%referendum%is%
provinces,% cities% and% municipalities% where% there% are% no% newspapers% of% local% begun%and%consented%to%by%the%law=making%body.%Initiative%is%a%process%of%law=making%
circulation,% the% same% may% be% posted% in% at% least% two% (2)% conspicuous% and% publicly% by%the%people%themselves%without%the%participation%and%against%the%wishes%of%their%
accessible%places.% elected% representatives,% while% referendum% consists% merely% of% the% electorate%
% approving% or% rejecting% what% has% been% drawn% up% or% enacted% by% a% legislative% body.%
Illustrative!Cases:!Tatel#v#Municipality#of#Virac# Hence,%the%process%and%the%voting%in%an%initiative%are%understandably%more%complex%
The%requirements%of%a%valid%ordinance%are:% than%in%a%referendum%where%expectedly%the%voters%will%simply%write%either%"Yes"%of%
(1)%must%not%contravene%the%Constitution%or%any%statute% "No"%in%the%ballot.%
(2)%must%not%be%unfair%or%oppressive% %
(3)%must%not%be%partial%or%discriminatory% Illustrative!Cases:!Mamuto#v#COMELEC#
(4)%must%not%prohibit%but%may%regulate%trade% Budgetary%restrictions%cannot%prevent%the%people's%exercise%of%direct%democracy.%%
(5)%must%be%general%and%consistent%with%public%policy,%and% %
(6)%must%not%be%unreasonable.% People's% local% initiative% or% referendum% can% only% contain% subject% matters% that% are%
% within%the%competence%of%the%local%sanggunian.%
G.$PEOPLE'S$LEGISLATION$ %
Section$120.$Local$Initiative$Defined.%Local%initiative%is%the%legal%process%whereby%the% PROCEDURE$OF$LOCAL$INITIATIVES$
registered%voters%of%a%local%government%unit%may%directly%propose,%enact,%or%amend% Section$122.$Procedure$in$Local$Initiative.$
any%ordinance.% (a)% Not% less% than% one% thousand% (1,000)% registered% voters% in% case% of% provinces% and%
% cities,%one%hundred%(100)%in%case%of%municipalities,%and%fifty%(50)%in%case%of%barangays,%
Section$ 126.$ Local$ Referendum$ Defined.% Local% referendum% is% the% legal% process% may% file% a% petition% with% the% sanggunian% concerned% proposing% the% adoption,%
whereby%the%registered%voters%of%the%local%government%units%may%approve,%amend% enactment,%repeal,%or%amendment%of%an%ordinance.%
or%reject%any%ordinance%enacted%by%the%sanggunian.% %
% (b)%If%no%favorable%action%thereon%is%taken%by%the%sanggunian%concerned%within%thirty%
The%local%referendum%shall%be%held%under%the%control%and%direction%of%the%COMELEC% (30)%days%from%its%presentation,%the%proponents,%through%their%duly%authorized%and%
within%sixty%(60)%days%in%case%of%provinces%and%cities,%forty=five%(45)%days%in%case%of% registered%representatives,%may%invoke%their%power%of%initiative,%giving%notice%thereof%
municipalities%and%thirty%(30)%days%in%case%of%barangays.% to%the%sanggunian%concerned.%
% %
The%COMELEC%shall%certify%and%proclaim%the%results%of%the%said%referendum.% (c)%The%proposition%shall%be%numbered%serially%starting%from%Roman%numeral%I.%The%
% COMELEC%or%its%designated%representative%shall%extend%assistance%in%the%formulation%
WHO$EXERCISES$THE$POWER$OF$LOCAL$INITIATIVE$AND$REFERENDUM?$ of%the%proposition.%
Section$121.$Who$May$Exercise.%The%power%of%local%initiative%and%referendum%may% %
be% exercised% by% all% registered% voters% of% the% provinces,% cities,% municipalities,% and% (d)%Two%(2)%or%more%propositions%may%be%submitted%in%an%initiative.%
barangays.% %
% (e)%Proponents%shall%have%ninety%(90)%days%in%case%of%provinces%and%cities,%sixty%(60)%
Illustrative!Cases:!SBMA#v#COMELEC#(Difference#of#the#two)# days%in%case%of%municipalities,%and%thirty%(30)%days%in%case%of%barangays,%from%notice%
Initiative%is%resorted%to%(or%initiated)%by%the%people%directly%either%because%the%law= mentioned%in%subsection%(b)%hereof%to%collect%the%required%number%of%signatures.%(f)%
making%body%fails%or%refuses%to%enact%the%law,%ordinance,%resolution%or%act%that%they% The% petition% shall% be% signed% before% the% election% registrar.% or% his% designated%
desire% or% because% they% want% to% amend% or% modify% one% already% existing.% While% in% a% representatives,% in% the% presence% of% a% representative% of% the% proponent,% and% a%

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representative%of%the%sanggunian%concerned%in%a%public%place%in%the%local%government% of%all%its%members:%Provided,%That%in%case%of%barangays,%the%period%shall%be%eighteen%
unit,%as%the%case%may%be.%Stations%for%collecting%signatures%may%be%established%in%as% (18)%months%after%the%approval%thereof.%
many%places%as%may%be%warranted.% %
% H.$DISCLOSURES$
(g)%Upon%the%lapse%of%the%period%herein%provided,%the%COMELEC,%through%its%office%in% Section$ 51.$ Full$ Disclosure$ of$ Financial$ and$ Business$ Interests$ of$ Sanggunian$
the%local%government%unit%concerned,%shall%certify%as%to%whether%or%not%the%required% Members.%
number% of% signatures% has% been% obtained.% Failure% to% obtain% the% required% number% (a)%Every%sanggunian%member%shall,%upon%assumption%to%office,%make%a%full%disclosure%
defeats%the%proposition.% of%his%business%and%financial%interests,%or%professional%relationship%or%any%relation%by%
% affinity%or%consanguinity%within%the%fourth%civil%degree,%which%he%may%have%with%any%
(h)%If%the%required%number%of%signatures%is%obtained,%the%COMELEC%shall%then%set%a% person,%firm,%or%entity%affected%by%any%ordinance%or%resolution%under%consideration%
date% for% the% initiative% during% which% the% proposition% shall% be% submitted% to% the% by%the%sanggunian%of%which%he%is%a%member,%which%relationship%may%result%in%conflict%
registered%voters%in%the%local%government%unit%concerned%for%their%approval%within% of%interest.%Such%relationship%shall%include:%
sixty% (60)% days% from% the% date% of% certification% by% the% COMELEC,% as% provided% in% %
subsection%(g)%hereof,%in%case%of%provinces%and%cities,%forty=five%(45)%days%in%case%of% (1)%Ownership%of%stock%or%capital,%or%investment,%in%the%entity%or%firm%to%which%the%
municipalities,%and%thirty%(30)%days%in%case%of%barangays.%The%initiative%shall%then%be% ordinance%or%resolution%may%apply;%and%
held%on%the%date%set,%after%which%the%results%thereof%shall%be%certified%and%proclaimed% (2)% Contracts% or% agreements% with% any% person% or% entity% which% the% ordinance% or%
by%the%COMELEC.% resolution%under%consideration%may%affect.%
% %
EFFECTIVITY$ In%the%absence%of%a%specific%constitutional%or%statutory%provision%applicable%to%this%
Section$ 123.$ Effectivity$ of$ Local$ Propositions.% If% the% proposition% is% approved% by% a% situation,%"conflict%of%interest"%refers%in%general%to%one%where%it%may%be%reasonably%
majority%of%the%votes%cast,%it%shall%take%effect%fifteen%(15)%days%after%certification%by% deduced%that%a%member%of%a%sanggunian%may%not%act%in%the%public%interest%due%to%
the%COMELEC%as%if%affirmative%action%thereon%had%been%made%by%the%sanggunian%and% some%private,%pecuniary,%or%other%personal%considerations%that%may%tend%to%affect%
local% chief% executive% concerned.% If% it% fails% to% obtain% said% number% of% votes,% the% his%judgment%to%the%prejudice%of%the%service%or%the%public.%
proposition%is%considered%defeated.% %
% (b)%The%disclosure%required%under%this%Act%shall%be%made%in%writing%and%submitted%to%
LIMITATIONS$ the%secretary%of%the%sanggunian%or%the%secretary%of%the%committee%of%which%he%is%a%
Section$124.$Limitations$on$Local$Initiative.$ member.%The%disclosure%shall,%in%all%cases,%form%part%of%the%record%of%the%proceedings%
(a)%The%power%of%local%initiative%shall%not%be%exercised%more%than%once%a%year.% and%shall%be%made%in%the%following%manner:%
% %
(b)% Initiative% shall% extend% only% to% subjects% or% matters% which% are% within% the% legal% (1)%Disclosure%shall%be%made%before%the%member%participates%in%the%deliberations%on%
powers%of%the%sanggunian%to%enact.% the%ordinance%or%resolution%under%consideration:%Provided,%That,%if%the%member%did%
% not%participate%during%the%deliberations,%the%disclosure%shall%be%made%before%voting%
(c)%If%at%any%time%before%the%initiative%is%held,%the%sanggunian%concerned%adopts%in% on%the%ordinance%or%resolution%on%second%and%third%readings;%and%
toto%the%proposition%presented%and%the%local%chief%executive%approves%the%same,%the% (2)%Disclosure%shall%be%made%when%a%member%takes%a%position%or%makes%a%privilege%
initiative% shall% be% cancelled.% However,% those% against% such% action% may,% if% they% so% speech%on%a%matter%that%may%affect%the%business%interest,%financial%connection,%or%
desire,%apply%for%initiative%in%the%manner%herein%provided.% professional%relationship%described%herein.%
% % %
Section$125.$Limitations$upon$Sanggunians.%Any%proposition%or%ordinance%approved%
through% the% system% of% initiative% and% referendum% as% herein% provided% shall% not% be%
repealed,%modified%or%amended%by%the%sanggunian%concerned%within%six%(6)%months%
from%the%date%of%the%approval%thereof,%and%may%be%amended,%modified%or%repealed%
by%the%sanggunian%within%three%(3)%years%thereafter%by%a%vote%of%three=fourths%(3/4)%

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3.$CORPORATE$POWERS$ posted% at% a% conspicuous% place% in% the% provincial% capitol% or% the% city,% municipal% or%
% barangay%hall.%
Q:!Aside!from! the!provision! in!Section!22!of! the!LGC,! what! is!the! basis! for!the! %
grant!of!corporate!powers!in!favor!of!the!LGUs?! Par.$d$of$Sec.$22:%Local%government%units%shall%enjoy%full%autonomy%in%the%exercise%of%
A:!The!dual!nature!or!personality!of!LGUs,!both!corporate!and!body!politic.!(Villas! their% proprietary% functions% and% in% the% limitations% provided% in% this% Code% and% other%
v!City!of!Manila)! applicable%laws.%
%
% When$can$a$specific$authorization$for$the$sanggunian$be$dispensed$with?$
Section$22.$Corporate$Powers.$ Illustrative!Case:!Germar#v#Legaspi#
(a)%Every%local%government%unit,%as%a%corporation,%shall%have%the%following%powers:% If% the% project% or% program% is% identified% in% the% appropriation% ordinance% in% sufficient%
(1)! To%have%continuous%succession%in%its%corporate%name;% detail,%then%there%is%no%more%need%to%obtain%a%separate%or%additional%authority%from%
(2)! To%sue%and%be%sued;% the%sanggunian.%
(3)! To%have%and%use%a%corporate%seal;% %
(4)! To%acquire%and%convey%real%or%personal%property;%
BQ:! What! are! the! conditions! under! which! a! local! executive! may! enter! into! a!
(5)! To%enter%into%contracts;%and%
contract!in!behalf!of!his!government!unit?!
(6)! To%exercise%such%other%powers%as%are%granted%to%corporations,%subject%to%
the%limitations%provided%in%this%Code%and%other%laws.% $
% LIABILITY$OF$LGUS%
Illustrative!Case:!Ramos#v#CA# %
Only% the% provincial% fiscal,% provincial% attorney,% and% municipal% attorney% should% PRINCIPLES$
represent%a%municipality%in%its%lawsuits.%Only%in%exceptional%instances%may%a%private% 1.%The%State%cannot%be%sued.%
attorney%be%hired%by%a%municipality%to%represent%it%in%lawsuits.% 2.%The%State%cannot%be%sued%without%its%consent.%
% 3.%Consent%may%either%be%express%or%implied.%
Illustrative!Case:!Province#of#Zamboanga#del#Norte#v#City#of#Zamboanga#(To#acquire# 4.%Suability%of%the%State%v%Liability%of%the%State%
and#convey#real#or#personal#property)# 5.% Suability% of% Municipal% Corporations% v% Liability% of% Municipal% Corporations% =%
If%the%property%is%owned%by%the%municipality%(meaning%municipal%corporation)%in%its% Corporate%powers%to%sue%and%be%sued%
public%and%governmental%capacity,%the%property%is%public%and%Congress%has%absolute% %
control%over%it.%But%if%the%property%is%owned%in%its%private%or%proprietary%capacity,%then% Illustrative!Case:!Municipality#of#San#Fernando,#La#Union#v#Firme#(Governmental#v#
it%is%patrimonial%and%Congress%has%no%absolute%control.%The%municipality%cannot%be% Proprietary#Functions)#
deprived%of%it%without%due%process%and%payment%of%just%compensation.% It%has%already%been%remarked%that%municipal%corporations%are%suable%because%their%
% charters% grant% them% the% competence% to% sue% and% be% sued.% Nevertheless,% they% are%
Illustrative!Case:!City#of#Quezon#v#Lexber#Inc.#(To#enter#into#contracts;#In#relation#to# generally%not%liable%for%torts%committed%by%them%in%the%discharge%of%governmental%
par.#c#of#Sec.#22)# functions%and%can%be%held%answerable%only%if%it%can%be%shown%that%they%were%acting%
There%is%no%provision%in%B.P.%Blg.%337,%however,%that%prohibits%the%city%mayor%from% in% a% proprietary% capacity.% In% permitting% such% entities% to% be% sued,% the% State% merely%
entering%into%contracts%for%the%public%welfare,%unless%and%until%there%is%prior%authority% gives% the% claimant% the% right% to% show% that% the% defendant% was% not% acting% in% its%
from%the%city%council.%This%requirement%was%imposed%much%later%by%R.A.%No.%7160,% governmental%capacity%when%the%injury%was%committed%or%that%the%case%comes%under%
long%after%the%contracts%had%already%been%executed%and%implemented.% the%exceptions%recognized%by%law.%Failing%this,%the%claimant%cannot%recover.%
% %
Par.$c$of$Sec.$22:%Unless%otherwise%provided%in%this%Code,%no%contract%may%be%entered% LIABILITY$OF$MUNICIPAL$CORPORATIONS$UNDER$THE$LGC$
into%by%the%local%chief%executive%in%behalf%of%the%local%government%unit%without%prior% Section$24.$Liability$for$Damages.%Local%government%units%and%their%officials%are%not%
authorization%by%the%sanggunian%concerned.%A%legible%copy%of%such%contract%shall%be% exempt%from%liability%for%death%or%injury%to%persons%or%damage%to%property.%
$

FJGD%%%%%|%%%%%PUBCORP%%%%|% 7%
Illustrative!Case:!City#of#Bacolod#v#Phuture#Visions#Inc.# (b)% Boundary% disputes% involving% two% (2)% or% more% municipalities% within% the% same%
Waiver%of%immunity%from%suit,%being%in%derogation%of%sovereignty,%will%not%be%lightly% province% shall% be% referred% for% settlement% to% the% sangguniang% panlalawigan%
inferred.%Moreover,%it%deserves%mentioning%that%the%City%of%Bacolod%as%a%government% concerned.%
agency%or%instrumentality%cannot%be%estopped%by%the%omission,%mistake%or%error%of% %
its%officials%or%agents.%Estoppel%does%not%also%lie%against%the%government%or%any%of%its% (c)% Boundary% disputes% involving% municipalities% or% component% cities% of% different%
agencies%arising%from%unauthorized%or%illegal%acts%of%public%officers.% provinces%shall%be%jointly%referred%for%settlement%to%the%sanggunians%of%the%province%
% concerned.%
LIABILITY$OF$MUNICIPAL$CORPORATIONS$UNDER$SPECIAL$LAWS$ %
A.$NCC$2189$ (d)%Boundary%disputes%involving%a%component%city%or%municipality%on%the%one%hand%
Provinces,%cities%and%municipalities%shall%be%liable%for%damages%for%the%death%of,%or% and%a%highly%urbanized%city%on%the%other,%or%two%(2)%or%more%highly%urbanized%cities,%
injuries%suffered%by,%any%person%by%reason%of%the%defective%condition%of%roads,%streets,% shall%be%jointly%referred%for%settlement%to%the%respective%sanggunians%of%the%parties.%
bridges,%public%buildings,%and%other%public%works%under%their%control%or%supervision.% %
% (e)%In%the%event%the%sanggunian%fails%to%effect%an%amicable%settlement%within%sixty%
Illustrative!Case:!Municipality#of#San#Juan#v#CA# (60)%days%from%the%date%the%dispute%was%referred%thereto,%it%shall%issue%a%certification%
Under% Article% 2189% of% the% Civil% Code,% it% is% not% necessary% for% the% liability% therein% to% that% effect.% Thereafter,% the% dispute% shall% be% formally% tried% by% the% sanggunian%
established%to%attach%that%the%defective%roads%or%streets%belong%to%the%province,%city% concerned%which%shall%decide%the%issue%within%sixty%(60)%days%from%the%date%of%the%
or%municipality%from%which%responsibility%is%exacted.%What%said%article%requires%is%that% certification%referred%to%above.%
the%province,%city%or%municipality%have%either%"control%or%supervision"%over%said%street% %
or%road.% Section$119.$Appeal.%Within%the%time%and%manner%prescribed%by%the%Rules%of%Court,%
% any% party% may% elevate% the% decision% of% the% sanggunian% concerned% to% the% proper%
Q:! May! a! municipal! mayor! be! held! vicariously! liable! for! negligent! acts! of! an! Regional%Trial%Court%having%jurisdiction%over%the%area%in%dispute.%The%Regional%Trial%
assigned!drive!resulting!to!injuries!to!another?! Court% shall% decide% the% appeal% within% one% (1)% year% from% the% filing% thereof.% Pending%
A:!No.!The!case!of!Jayme!v!Apostol.! final% resolution% of% the% disputed% area% prior% to% the% dispute% shall% be% maintained% and%
continued%for%all%legal%purposes.%
% %
SETTLEMENT$OF$BOUNDARY$DISPUTES$ Illustrative!Case:!Municipality#of#Pateros#v#CA#
% The%RTC%has%exclusive%appellate%jurisdiction%to%hear%boundary%disputes.%
Q:%How%are%disputes%settled?% %
A:%Boundary%disputes%between%and%among%LGUs%shall,%as%much%as%possible,%be% Illustrative!Case:!City#of#Pasig#v#COMELEC#
settled%amicably.% Territorial%disputes%present%a%prejudicial%question%to%the%creation%of%the%LGUs.%
$
% Illustrative!Case:!Municipality#of#Nueva#Era,#Ilocos#Norte#v#Municipality#of#Marcos,#
Section$ 118.$ Jurisdictional$ Responsibility$ for$ Settlement$ of$ Boundary$ Dispute.% Ilocos#Norte#
Boundary% disputes% between% and% among% local% government% units% shall,% as% much% as% Decisions%of%the%RTC%on%boundary%disputes%are%appealable%to%the%CA%via%Rule%42%of%
possible,%be%settled%amicably.%To%this%end:% the%Rules%of%Court.%
% % %
(a)% Boundary% disputes% involving% two% (2)% or% more% barangays% in% the% same% city% or%
municipality% shall% be% referred% for% settlement% to% the% sangguniang% panlungsod% or%
sangguniang%bayan%concerned.%
%

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LOCAL$OFFICIALS$may%be%elected%or%appointed.% or%residence%somewhere;%(b)%where%once%established,%that%domicile%remains%until%he%
I.$ELECTIVE$OFFICIALS$ acquires%a%new%one;%and%(c)%a%person%can%have%but%one%domicile%at%a%time.%
1.$Local$Elective$Officials$ PROVINCIAL$GOVERNOR$DUTIES$(Sec.$465)$
−! Regional% The%provincial%governor,%as%the%chief%executive%of%the%provincial%government,%shall%
−! Provincial% exercise%such%powers%and%perform%such%duties%and%functions%as%provided%by%this%Code%
−! City% and%other%laws.%
−! Municipal% %
−! Barangay% Exercise%general%supervision%and%control%over%all%programs,%projects,%services,%and%
−! Sangguniang%Kabataan% activities%of%the%provincial%government.%
2.$Provincial$Elective$Officials$ %
−! Governor% Enforce%all%laws%and%ordinances%relative%to%the%governance%of%the%province%and%the%
−! Vice%Governor% exercise%of%the%appropriate%corporate%powers%provided%for%under%Section%22%of%this%
−! Members%of%Sangguniang%Panlalawigan% Code,%implement%all%approved%policies,%programs,%projects,%services%and%activities%of%
% the%province.%
QUALIFICATIONS$ %
A.$LOCAL$OFFICIAL$(Common$Qualifications)$ Initiate%and%maximize%the%generation%of%resources%and%revenues,%and%apply%the%same%
to%the%implementation%of%development%plans,%program%objectives%and%priorities%as%
−! Citizenship%Requirement%
provided%for%under%Section%18%of%this%Code,%particularly%those%resources%and%revenues%
−! Registration%Requirement%
programmed% for% agro=industrial% development% and% country=wide% growth% and%
−! Residency%Requirement%
progress.%
−! Educational%Requirement%
%
−! Age%Requirement% Exercise%such%other%powers%and%perform%such%other%duties%and%functions%as%may%be%
% prescribed%by%law%or%ordinance.%
B.$PROVINCIAL$GOVERNOR$AND$VICE$GOVERNOR$ %
−! Citizenship:%Citizen%
−! Registration:%Registered%Voter% BQ:! Typhoon! Bangis! devastated! the! Province! of! Sinagtala.! Roads! and! bridges!
−! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections% were!destroyed!which!impeded!the!entry!of!vehicles!into!the!area.!This!caused!
food!shortage!resulting!in!massive!looting!of!grocery!stores!and!malls.!There!is!
−! Educational:%Read%and%write%
power!outage!also!in!the!area.!For!these!reasons,!the!governor!of!the!province!
−! Age:%At%least%23%years%old%
declares!a!state!of!emergency!in!their!province!through!Proclamation!No.!1.!He!
%
also!invoked!Section!465!of!the!Local!Government!Code!of!1991!(R.A.!No.!7160)!
Illustrative!Case:!Jalosjos#v#COMELEC#(Residency#Requirement)#
which! vests! on! the! provincial! governor! the! power! to! carryout! emergency!
The%Local%Government%Code%requires%a%candidate%seeking%the%position%of%provincial%
measures! during! manemade! and! natural! disasters! and! calamities,! and! to! call!
governor%to%be%a%resident%of%the%province%for%at%least%one%year%before%the%election.%
upon!the!appropriate!national!law!enforcement!agencies! to!suppress!disorder!
For%purposes%of%the%election%laws,%the%requirement%of%residence%is%synonymous%with%
and! lawless! violence.! In!the! same!proclamation,! the!governor!called! upon! the!
domicile,%meaning%that%a%person%must%not%only%intend%to%reside%in%a%particular%place%
members! of! the! Philippine! National! Police,! with! the! assistance! of! the! Armed!
but%must%also%have%personal%presence%in%such%place%coupled%with%conduct%indicative%
Forces!of!the!Philippines,!to!set!up!checkpoints!and!chokepoints,!conduct!general!
of%such%intention.%
searches! and! seizures! including! arrests,!and!other!actions!necessary!to!ensure!
%
public!safety.!Was!the!action!of!the!provincial!governor!proper?!Explain.!
There%is%no%hard%and%fast%rule%to%determine%a%candidate’s%compliance%with%residency%
A:!Kulayan!v!Tan!
requirement% since% the% question% of% residence% is% a% question% of% intention.% Still,%
jurisprudence%has%laid%down%the%following%guidelines:%(a)%every%person%has%a%domicile% %
!

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Illustrative!Case:!Kulayan#v#Tan! −! Educational:%Read%and%write%
The%framers%never%intended%for%local%chief%executives%to%exercise%unbridled%control% −! Age:%At%least%23%years%old%
over%the%police%in%emergency%situations.%This%is%without%prejudice%to%their%authority% %
over%police%units%in%their%jurisdiction%as%provided%by%law,%and%their%prerogative%to%seek% COMPOSITION$OF$THE$SANGGUNIAN$PANLALAWIGAN$(Sec.$467)$
assistance% from% the% police% in% day% to% day% situations,% as% contemplated% by% the% The%provincial%vice=governor%as%presiding%officer,%the%regular%sanggunian%members,%
Constitutional%Commission.%But%as%a%civilian%agency%of%the%government,%the%police,% the%president%of%the%provincial%chapter%of%the%liga%ng%mga%barangay,%the%president%of%
through%the%NAPOLCOM,%properly%comes%within,%and%is%subject%to,%the%exercise%by% the%panlalawigang%pederasyon%ng%mga%sangguniang%kabataan,%the%president%of%the%
the%President%of%the%power%of%executive%control.% provincial%federation%of%sanggunian%members%of%municipalities%and%component%cities%
% and%the%sectoral%representatives,%as%members%
The%provincial%governor%is%not%endowed%with%the%power%to%call%upon%the%armed%forces% %
at%his%own%bidding.%In%issuing%the%assailed%proclamation,%Governor%Tan%exceeded%his% Three% (3)% sectoral% representatives:% one% (1)% from% the% women;% and% as% shall% be%
authority%when%he%declared%a%state%of%emergency%and%called%upon%the%Armed%Forces,% determined%by%the%sanggunian%concerned%within%ninety%(90)%days%prior%to%the%holding%
the% police,% and% his% own% Civilian% Emergency% Force.% The% calling=out% powers% of%the%local%elections,%one%(1)%from%the%agricultural%or%industrial%workers;%and%one%(1)%
contemplated%under%the%Constitution%is%exclusive%to%the%President.%An%exercise%by% from% other% sectors% including% the% urban% poor,% indigenous% cultural% communities,% or%
another%official,%even%if%he%is%the%local%chief%executive,%is%ultra%vires,%and%may%not%be% disabled%persons.%
justified%by%the%invocation%of%Section%465%of%the%Local%Government%Code.% %
% DUTIES$OF$THE$SANGGUNIAN$PANLALAWIGAN$(Sec.$468)$
PROVINCIAL$VICE$GOVERNOR$DUTIES$(Sec.$466)$ The%sangguniang%panlalawigan,%as%the%legislative%body%of%the%province,%shall%enact%
(1)%Be%the%presiding%officer%of%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan%and%sign%all%warrants% ordinances,%approve%resolutions%and%appropriate%funds%for%the%general%welfare%of%the%
drawn%on%the%provincial%treasury%for%all%expenditures%appropriated%for%the%operation% province% and% its% inhabitants% pursuant% to% Section% 16% of% this% Code% in% the% proper%
of%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan;% exercise%of%the%corporate%powers%of%the%province%as%provided%for%under%Section%22%of%
% this%Code.%
(2)% Subject% to% civil% service% law,% rules% and% regulations,% appoint% all% officials% and% %
employees% of% the% sangguniang% panlalawigan,% except% those% whose% manner% of% Generate% and% maximize% the% use% of% resources% and% revenues% for% the% development%
appointment%is%specially%provided%in%this%Code;% plans,% program% objectives% and% priorities% of% the% province% as% provided% for% under%
(3)%Assume%the%office%of%the%governor%for%the%unexpired%term%of%the%latter%in%the%event% Section%18%of%this%Code,%with%particular%attention%to%agro=industrial%development%and%
of%permanent%vacancy%as%provided%for%in%Section%44,%Book%I%of%this%Code;% country=wide%growth%and%progress%
% %
(4)% Exercise% the% powers% and% perform% the% duties% and% functions% of% the% governor% in% Subject% to% the% provisions% of% Book% II% of% this% Code,% grant% franchises,% approve% the%
cases%of%temporary%vacancy%as%provided%for%in%Section%46,%Book%I%of%this%Code;%and% issuance%of%permits%or%licenses,%or%enact%ordinances%levying%taxes,%fees%and%charges%
% upon% such% conditions% and% for% such% purposes% intended% to% promote% the% general%
(5)%Exercise%such%other%powers%and%perform%such%other%duties%and%functions%as%may% welfare%of%the%inhabitants%of%the%province.%
be%prescribed%by%law%or%ordinance.% %
$ Approve%ordinances%which%shall%ensure%the%efficient%and%effective%delivery%of%basic%
Q:!Since!the!Vice!Governor!is!a!member!of!the!Sanggunian,!can!he!file!a!proposed! services%and%facilities%as%provided%for%under%Section%17%of%this%Code.%
ordinance!or!resolution?! %
Exercise%such%other%powers%and%perform%such%other%duties%and%functions%as%may%be%
% prescribed%by%law%or%ordinance.%
C.$MEMBERS$OF$THE$SANGGUNIAN$PANLALAWIGAN$ %
−! Citizenship:%Citizen% D.$MAYOR$AND$VICE$MAYOR$OF$HUC$
−! Registration:%Registered%Voter% −! Citizenship:%Citizen%
−! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections% −! Registration:%Registered%Voter%

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 −! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections% to% substantiate% his% claim% that% Ty% is% ineligible% to% be% Mayor% of% the% Municipality% of%
−! Educational:%Read%and%write% General%Macarthur,%Eastern%Samar,%Philippines.%
−! Age:%At%least%23%years%old% $
$ DUTIES$OF$MAYOR$(Sec.$455)$
E.$MAYOR$AND$VICE$MAYOR$OF$CITIES$ The%city%mayor,%as%chief%executive%of%the%city%government,%shall%exercise%such%powers%
−! Citizenship:%Citizen% and%perform%such%duties%and%functions%as%provided%by%this%Code%and%other%laws.$
−! Registration:%Registered%Voter% %
−! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections% Exercise%general%supervision%and%control%over%all%programs,%projects,%services,%and%
−! Educational:%Read%and%write% activities%of%the%city%government.%
−! Age:%At%least%21%years%old% %
% Enforce% all% laws% and% ordinances% relative% to% the% governance% of% the% city% and% in% the%
Illustrative!Case:!Sabili#v#COMELEC#(Residency#Requirement)# exercise%of%the%appropriate%corporate%powers%provided%for%under%Section%22%of%this%
The%Constitution%and%the%law%requires%residence%as%a%qualification%for%seeking%and% Code,%implement%all%approved%policies,%programs,%projects,%services%and%activities%of%
holding% elective% public% office,% in% order% to% give% candidates% the% opportunity% to% be% the%city.%
familiar%with%the%needs,%difficulties,%aspirations,%potentials%for%growth%and%all%matters% %
vital% to% the% welfare% of% their% constituencies;% likewise,% it% enables% the% electorate% to% Initiate%and%maximize%the%generation%of%resources%and%revenues,%and%apply%the%same%
evaluate%the%office%seekers’%qualifications%and%fitness%for%the%job%they%aspire%for%xxx.% to%the%implementation%of%development%plans,%program%objectives%and%priorities%as%
% provided%for%under%Section%18%of%this%Code,%particularly%those%resources%and%revenues%
It%is%clear%that%while%separately,%each%evidence%presented%by%petitioner%might%fail%to% programmed%for%agro=industrial%development%and%countryside%growth%and%progress.%
convincingly%show%the%fact%of%his%residence%at%Pinagtong=ulan%since%2007,%collectively,% %
these%pieces%of%evidence%tend%to%sufficiently%establish%the%said%fact.% Ensure% the% delivery% of% basic% services% and% the% provision% of% adequate% facilities% as%
% provided%for%under%Section%17%of%this%Code.%
Petitioner’s% actual% physical% presence% in% Lipa% City% is% established% not% only% by% the% Exercise%such%other%powers%and%perform%such%other%duties%and%functions%as%may%be%
presence%of%a%place%(Pinagtong=ulan%house%and%lot)%he%can%actually%live%in,%but%also% prescribed%by%law%or%ordinance.%
the% affidavits% of% various% persons% in% Pinagtong=ulan,% and% the% Certification% of% its% %
barangay% captain.% Petitioner’s% substantial% and% real% interest% in% establishing% his% DUTIES$OF$VICE$MAYOR$(Sec.$456;$Same$as$Vice$Governors)$
domicile%of%choice%in%Lipa%City%is%also%sufficiently%shown%not%only%by%the%acquisition%of% (1)%Be%the%presiding%officer%of%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan%and%sign%all%warrants%
additional%property%in%the%area%and%the%transfer%of%his%voter%registration,%but%also%his% drawn%on%the%provincial%treasury%for%all%expenditures%appropriated%for%the%operation%
participation% in% the% community’s% socio=civic% and% religious% life,% as% well% as% his% of%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan;%
declaration%in%his%ITR%that%he%is%a%resident%thereof.% %
% (2)% Subject% to% civil% service% law,% rules% and% regulations,% appoint% all% officials% and%
Illustrative!Case:!Japzon#v#COMELEC#(Citizenship#and#Residency#Requirement)# employees% of% the% sangguniang% panlalawigan,% except% those% whose% manner% of%
When%the%evidence%of%the%alleged%lack%of%residence%qualification%of%a%candidate%for% appointment%is%specially%provided%in%this%Code;%
an%elective%position%is%weak%or%inconclusive%and%it%clearly%appears%that%the%purpose% %
of%the%law%would%not%be%thwarted%by%upholding%the%victor’s%right%to%the%office,%the% (3)%Assume%the%office%of%the%governor%for%the%unexpired%term%of%the%latter%in%the%event%
will%of%the%electorate%should%be%respected.%For%the%purpose%of%election%laws%is%to%give% of%permanent%vacancy%as%provided%for%in%Section%44,%Book%I%of%this%Code;%
effect%to,%rather%than%frustrate,%the%will%of%the%voters.26%To%successfully%challenge%Ty’s% %
disqualification,%Japzon%must%clearly%demonstrate%that%Ty’s%ineligibility%is%so%patently% (4)% Exercise% the% powers% and% perform% the% duties% and% functions% of% the% governor% in%
antagonistic% to% constitutional% and% legal% principles% that% overriding% such% ineligibility% cases%of%temporary%vacancy%as%provided%for%in%Section%46,%Book%I%of%this%Code;%and%
and%thereby%giving%effect%to%the%apparent%will%of%the%people%would%ultimately%create% %
greater%prejudice%to%the%very%democratic%institutions%and%juristic%traditions%that%our% (5)%Exercise%such%other%powers%and%perform%such%other%duties%and%functions%as%may%
Constitution%and%laws%so%zealously%protect%and%promote.%In%this%case,%Japzon%failed% be%prescribed%by%law%or%ordinance.%

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F.$SANGGUNIANG$PANLUNGSOD$OF$HUC$ DUTIES$OF$MUNICIPAL$VICE$MAYOR$(Sec.$445;$Same$as$Vice$Governors,$HUC$and$
−! Citizenship:%Citizen% City$Vice$Mayors)%
−! Registration:%Registered%Voter% (1)%Be%the%presiding%officer%of%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan%and%sign%all%warrants%
−! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections% drawn%on%the%provincial%treasury%for%all%expenditures%appropriated%for%the%operation%
−! Educational:%Read%and%write% of%the%sangguniang%panlalawigan;%
−! Age:%At%least%23%years%old% %
% (2)% Subject% to% civil% service% law,% rules% and% regulations,% appoint% all% officials% and%
G.$SANGGUNIANG$PANLUNGSOD$OF$CITIES$ employees% of% the% sangguniang% panlalawigan,% except% those% whose% manner% of%
−! Citizenship:%Citizen% appointment%is%specially%provided%in%this%Code;%
−! Registration:%Registered%Voter% %
−! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections% (3)%Assume%the%office%of%the%governor%for%the%unexpired%term%of%the%latter%in%the%event%
−! Educational:%Read%and%write% of%permanent%vacancy%as%provided%for%in%Section%44,%Book%I%of%this%Code;%
%
−! Age:%At%least%18%years%old%
(4)% Exercise% the% powers% and% perform% the% duties% and% functions% of% the% governor% in%
%
cases%of%temporary%vacancy%as%provided%for%in%Section%46,%Book%I%of%this%Code;%and%
COMPOSITION$OF$SANGGUNIANG$PANLUNGSOD$(Sec.$457)$
%
The%sangguniang%panlungsod,%the%legislative%body%of%the%city,%shall%be%composed%of%
(5)%Exercise%such%other%powers%and%perform%such%other%duties%and%functions%as%may%
the% city% vice=mayor% as% presiding% officer,% the% regular% sanggunian% members,% the%
be%prescribed%by%law%or%ordinance.%
president% of% the% city% chapter% of% the% liga% ng% mga% barangay,% the% president% of% the%
%
panlungsod% na% pederasyon% ng% mga% sangguniang% kabataan,% and% the% sectoral%
I.$MEMBERS$OF$SANGGUNIANG$BAYAN$
representatives,%as%members.%
% −! Citizenship:%Citizen%
DUTIES$OF$SANGGUNIANG$PANLUNGSOD$(Sec.$458)$ −! Registration:%Registered%Voter%
The% sangguniang% panlungsod,% as% the% legislative% body% of% the% city,% shall% enact% −! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections%
ordinances,%approve%resolutions%and%appropriate%funds%for%the%general%welfare%of%the% −! Educational:%Read%and%write%
city%and%its%inhabitants%pursuant%to%Section%16%of%this%Code%and%in%the%proper%exercise% −! Age:%At%least%18%years%old%
of%the%corporate%powers%of%the%city%as%provided%for%under%Section%22%of%this%Code.% $
% COMPOSITION$OF$SANGGUNIANG$BAYAN$(Sec.$446)$
Approve%ordinances%and%pass%resolutions%necessary%for%an%efficient%and%effective%city% The%sangguniang%bayan,%the%legislative%body%of%the%municipality,%shall%be%composed%
government.% of% the% municipal% vice% mayor% as% the% presiding% officer,% the% regular% sanggunian%
% members,%the%president%of%the%municipal%chapter%of%the%liga%ng%mga%barangay,%the%
H.$MAYOR$AND$VICE$MAYOR$OF$MUNICIPALITIES$ president% of% the% pambayang% pederasyon% ng% mga% sangguniang% kabataan,% and% the%
−! Citizenship:%Citizen% sectoral%representatives,%as%members.%
−! Registration:%Registered%Voter% %
−! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections% In%addition%thereto,%there%shall%be%three%(3)%sectoral%representatives:%one%(1)%from%
−! Educational:%Read%and%write% the%women;%and%as%shall%be%determined%by%the%sanggunian%concerned%within%ninety%
(90)% days% prior% to% the% holding% of% local% elections,% one% (1)% from% the% agricultural% or%
−! Age:%At%least%21%years%old%
industrial% workers,% and% one% (1)% from% other% sectors,% including% the% urban% poor,%
%
indigenous%cultural%communities,%or%disabled%persons.%
DUTIES$OF$MUNICIPAL$MAYOR$(Sec.$444)$
%
The% municipal% mayor,% as% the% chief% executive% of% the% municipal% government,% shall%
The% regular% members% of% the% sangguniang% bayan% and% the% sectoral% representatives%
exercise% such% powers% and% performs% such% duties% and% functions% as% provided% by% this%
shall%be%elected%in%the%manner%as%may%be%provided%for%by%law.%
Code%and%other%laws.%
%

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J.$BARANGAY$CAPTAINS$AND$SANGGUNIANG$BARANGAY$MEMBER$ −! Administrator%(S.%480)%
−! Citizenship:%Citizen% −! Legal%Officer%(S.%481)%
−! Registration:%Registered%Voter% −! Agriculturalist%(S.%482)%
−! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections% −! Social%Welfare%and%Development%Officer%(S.%483)%
−! Educational:%Read%and%write% −! Environment%and%Natural%Resource%Officer%(S.%484)%
−! Age:%At%least%18%years%old% −! Architect%(S.%485)%
−! Information%Officer%(S.%486)%
Q:!Can!a!barangay!assembly!exercise!any!police!power?! −! Cooperative%Officer%(S.%487)%
−! Population%Officer%(S.%488)%
% −! Veterinarian%(S.%489)%
Section$398.$Powers$of$the$Barangay$Assembly.%The%barangay%assembly%shall:% −! General%Services%Officer%(S.%490)%
(a)%Initiate%legislative%processes%by%recommending%to%the%sangguniang%barangay%the% 2.$Barangay$appointive$officials$
adoption%of%measures%for%the%welfare%of%the%barangay%and%the%city%or%municipality% −! Barangay%Secretary%(S.%394)%
concerned;% −! Barangay%Treasurer%(S.%395)%
%
−! Other%appointive%officials%(S.%396)%
(b)% Decide% on% the% adoption% of% initiative% as% a% legal% process% whereby% the% registered%
%
voters%of%the%barangay%may%directly%propose,%enact,%or%amend%any%ordinance;%and%
% Q:!Can!LGUs!aside!from!barangays!create!an!appointive!office!aside!from!that!
(c)%Hear%and%pass%upon%the%semestral%report%of%the%sangguniang%barangay%concerning% enumerated!under!RA!7160?!
its%activities%and%finances.% %
% % %
K.$CHAIRMAN$OF$SK$AND$MEMBERS$OF$SK$
−! Citizenship:%Citizen%
−! Registration:%Qualified%Voter%of%Katipunan%ng%Kabataan%
−! Residency:%1%year%immediately%preceding%the%day%of%the%elections%
−! Educational:%Read%and%write%
−! Age:%15=21%at%the%time%of%the%election%
%
II.$APPOINTIVE$OFFICIALS$
1.$Common$appointive$officials$
−! Secretary%to%the%Sanggunian%(S.%469)%
−! Treasurer%(S.%470)%
−! Assistant%Treasurer%(S.%471)%
−! Assessor%(S.%472)%
−! Assistant%Assessor%(S.%473)%
−! Accountant%(S.%474)%
−! Budget%Officer%(S.%475)%
−! Planning%and%Development%Coordinator%(S.%476)%
−! Engineer%(S.%477)%
−! Health%Officer%(S.%478)%
−! Civil%Registrar%(S.%479)%

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DISQUALIFICATIONS$ fleeing%subject%of%an%already%instituted%indictment,%or%of%a%promulgated%judgment%of%
A.$ELECTIVE$OFFICIALS$ conviction.%
Section$ 40.$ Disqualifications.% The% following% persons% are% disqualified% from% running% %
for%any%elective%local%position:% (f)$Permanent$residents$in$a$foreign$country$or$those$who$have$acquired$the$right$
% to$reside$abroad$and$continue$to$avail$of$the$same$right$after$the$effectivity$of$this$
(a)$Those$sentenced$by$final$judgment$for$an$offense$involving$moral$turpitude$or$ Code;$and$
for$an$offense$punishable$by$one$(1)$year$or$more$of$imprisonment,$within$two$(2)$ See:!Ugdoracion#Jr.#v#COMELEC!
years$after$serving$sentence;$ %
See:!Aratea#v#COMELEC!and!Jalosjos#v#COMELEC! (g)$The$insane$or$feeblefminded.$
% $
BQ:! Gandang! Bai! filed! her! certificate! of! candidacy! (COC)! for! municipal! mayor! B.$APPOINTIVE$OFFICIALS%
stating!that!she!is!eligible!to!run!for!the!said!position.!Pasyo!Maagap,!who!also! Section$79.$Limitation$to$Appointments.%No%person%shall%be%appointed%in%the%career%
filed!his!COC!for!the!same!position,!filed!a!petition!to!deny!due!course!or!cancel! service% of% the% local% government% if% he% is% related% within% the% fourth% civil% degree% of%
Bai's! COC! under! Section! 78! of! the! Omnibus! Election! Code! for! material! consanguinity%or%affinity%to%the%appointing%or%recommending%authority.%
misrepresentation!as!before!Bai!filed!her!COC,!she!had!already!been!convicted!of! %
a! crime! involving! moral! turpitude.! Hence,! she! is! disqualified! perpetually! from! Section$ 94.$ Appointment$ of$ Elective$ and$ Appointive$ Local$ Officials;$ Candidates$
holding!any!public!office!or!from!being!elected!to!any!public!office.!Before!the! Who$Lost$in$an$Election.%=%(a)%No%elective%or%appointive%local%official%shall%be%eligible%
election,! the! COMELEC!cancelled!Bai's! COC!but! her!motion! for!reconsideration! for%appointment%or%designation%in%any%capacity%to%any%public%office%or%position%during%
(MR)!remained!pending!even!after!the!election.!Bai!garnered!the!highest!number! his%tenure.%
of! votes! followed! by! Pasyo! Maagap,! who! took! his! oath! as! Acting! Mayor.! %
Thereafter,! the! COMELEC! denied! Bai's! MR! and! declared! her! disqualified! for! Unless% otherwise% allowed% by% law% or% by% the% primary% functions% of% his% position,% no%
running! for! Mayor.! P.! Maagap! asked! the! Department! of! Interior! and! Local! elective%or%appointive%local%official%shall%hold%any%other%office%or%employment%in%the%
Government!Secretary! to!be! allowed! to! take! his!oath!as!permanent! municipal! government% or% any% subdivision,% agency% or% instrumentality% thereof,% including%
mayor.!This!request!was!opposed!by!Vice!Mayor!Umaasa,!invoking!the!rule!on! government=owned%or%controlled%corporations%or%their%subsidiaries.%
succession!to!the!permanent!vacancy!in!the!Mayor's!office.!Who!between!Pasyo! %
Maagap!and!Vice!Mayor!Umaasa!has!the!right!to!occupy!the!position!of!Mayor?! (b)%Except%for%losing%candidates%in%Barangay%elections,%no%candidate%who%lost%in%any%
Explain!your!answer.! election%shall,%within%one%(1)%year%after%such%election,%be%appointed%to%any%office%in%
the%government%or%any%government=owned%or%=controlled%corporations%or%in%any%of%
! their%subsidiaries.%
(b)$Those$removed$from$office$as$a$result$of$an$administrative$case;$ %
$ See:!People#v#Sandiganbayan#(July#23,#2008)#
(c)$ Those$ convicted$ by$ final$ judgment$ for$ violating$ the$ oath$ of$ allegiance$ to$ the$ #
Republic;$ C.$LIMITATION$OF$LOCAL$OFFICIALS$
$ −! Prohibited%Business%and%Pecuniary%Interest%(S.%89)%
(d)$Those$with$dual$citizenship;$ −! Practice%of%Profession%(S.%90)%
See:!Mercado#v#Manzano! −! Partisan%Political%Activity%(S.%93)%
% −! Additional%or%Double%Compensation%(S.%95)%
(e)$Fugitives$from$justice$in$criminal$or$nonfpolitical$cases$here$or$abroad;$ −! Limitation%on%Travel%(S.%96~47)%
Illustrative!Case:!Rodriguez#v#COMELEC#(Definition#of#Fugitives#from#Justice)#
−! Practice$of$Profession$(S.$90)$
The%definition%thus%indicates%that%the%intent%to%evade%is%the%compelling%factor%that%
•! Local%Chief%Executives%(Vilma%Santos,%etc.)%
animates%one's%flight%from%a%particular%jurisdiction.%And%obviously,%there%can%only%be%
•! Lawyers%
an% intent% to% evade% prosecution% or% punishment% when% there% is% knowledge% by% the%
•! Doctors%

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See:!Social#Justice#Society#v#Lina! (e)%Except%as%provided%above,%the%local%chief%executive%shall%in%no%case%authorize%any%
% local%official%to%assume%the%powers,%duties,%and%functions%of%the%office,%other%than%
DIFFERENT$BOARDS$AND$COUNCILS$ the% vice=governor,% the% city% or% municipal% vice=mayor,% or% the% highest% ranking%
−! Local%Health%Boards%(Title%V)% sangguniang%barangay%member,%as%the%case%may%be.%
−! Local%Development%Board%(Title%VI)% %
−! Local%Peace%and%Order%Council%(Title%VII)% Illustrative!Case:!Gamboa#v#Aguirre#Jr.!
% The%Vice%Governor%who%is%the%Acting%Governor%is%a%quasi=governor.%
SUCCESSION$ %
VACANCIES$may%be%temporary%or%permanent.% B.$PERMANENT$VACANCIES$
% A%permanent%vacancy%arises%when%an%elective%local%official%fills%a%higher%vacant%office,%
A.$TEMPORARY$VACANCIES$ refuses% to% assume% office,% fails% to% qualify,% dies,% is% removed% from% office,% voluntarily%
Section$46.$Temporary$Vacancy$in$the$Office$of$the$Local$Chief$Executive.$ resigns,%or%is%otherwise%permanently%incapacitated%to%discharge%the%functions%of%his%
(a)%When%the%governor,%city%or%municipal%mayor,%or%punong%barangay%is%temporarily% office.%
incapacitated% to% perform% his% duties% for% physical% or% legal% reasons% such% as,% but% not% %
limited% to,% leave% of% absence,% travel% abroad,% and% suspension% from% office,% the% vice= Section$ 44.$ Permanent$ Vacancies$ in$ the$ Offices$ of$ the$ Governor,$ VicefGovernor,$
governor,%city%or%municipal%vice=mayor,%or%the%highest%ranking%sangguniang%barangay% Mayor,$and$VicefMayor.%If%a%permanent%vacancy%occurs%in%the%office%of%the%governor%
member% shall% automatically% exercise% the% powers% and% perform% the% duties% and% or%mayor,%the%vice=governor%or%vice=mayor%concerned%shall%become%the%governor%or%
functions% of% the% local% chief% executive% concerned,% except% the% power% to% appoint,% mayor.%If%a%permanent%vacancy%occurs%in%the%offices%of%the%governor,%vice=governor,%
suspend,% or% dismiss% employees% which% can% only% be% exercised% if% the% period% of% mayor,% or% vice=mayor,% the% highest% ranking% sanggunian% member% or,% in% case% of% his%
temporary%incapacity%exceeds%thirty%(30)%working%days.% permanent%inability,%the%second%highest%ranking%sanggunian%member,%shall%become%
% the%governor,%vice=governor,%mayor%or%vice=mayor,%as%the%case%may%be.%Subsequent%
(b)%Said%temporary%incapacity%shall%terminate%upon%submission%to%the% appropriate% vacancies% in% the% said% office% shall% be% filled% automatically% by% the% other% sanggunian%
sanggunian%of%a%written%declaration%by%the%local%chief%executive%concerned%that%he% members%according%to%their%ranking%as%defined%herein.%
has%reported%back%to%office.%In%cases%where%the%temporary%incapacity%is%due%to%legal% %
causes,%the%local%chief%executive%concerned%shall%also%submit%necessary%documents% (b)%If%a%permanent%vacancy%occurs%in%the%office%of%the%punong%barangay,%the%highest%
showing%that%said%legal%causes%no%longer%exist.% ranking% sanggunian% barangay% member% or,% in% case% of% his% permanent% inability,% the%
% second%highest%ranking%sanggunian%member,%shall%become%the%punong%barangay.%
(c)% When% the% incumbent% local% chief% executive% is% traveling% within% the% country% but% %
outside%his%territorial%jurisdiction%for%a%period%not%exceeding%three%(3)%consecutive% (c)% A% tie% between% or% among% the% highest% ranking% sanggunian% members% shall% be%
days,% he% may% designate% in% writing% the% officer=in=charge% of% the% said% office.% Such% resolved%by%the%drawing%of%lots.%
authorization%shall%specify%the%powers%and%functions%that%the%local%official%concerned% %
shall%exercise%in%the%absence%of%the%local%chief%executive%except%the%power%to%appoint,% (d)%The%successors%as%defined%herein%shall%serve%only%the%unexpired%terms%of%their%
suspend,%or%dismiss%employees.% predecessors.%
% %
(d)%In%the%event,%however,%that%the%local%chief%executive%concerned%fails%or%refuses%to% For% purposes% of% this% Chapter,% a% permanent% vacancy% arises% when% an% elective% local%
issue%such%authorization,%the%vice=governor,%the%city%or%municipal%vice=mayor,%or%the% official%fills%a%higher%vacant%office,%refuses%to%assume%office,%fails%to%qualify,%dies,%is%
highest%ranking%sangguniang%barangay%member,%as%the%case%may%be,%shall%have%the% removed%from%office,%voluntarily%resigns,%or%is%otherwise%permanently%incapacitated%
right%to%assume%the%powers,%duties,%and%functions%of%the%said%office%on%the%fourth% to%discharge%the%functions%of%his%office.%
(4th)% day% of% absence% of% the% said% local% chief% executive,% subject% to% the% limitations% %
provided%in%subsection%(c)%hereof.% For% purposes% of% succession% as% provided% in% the% Chapter,% ranking% in% the% sanggunian%
% shall%be%determined%on%the%basis%of%the%proportion%of%votes%obtained%by%each%winning%

FJGD%%%%%|%%%%%PUBCORP%%%%|% 15%
candidate%to%the%total%number%of%registered%voters%in%each%district%in%the%immediately% 1.% Local% autonomy,% under% the% Constitution,% involves% a% mere% decentralization% of%
preceding%local%election.% administration,% not% of% power,% in% which% local% officials% remain% accountable% to% the%
! central%government%in%the%manner%the%law%may%provide.%
BQ:!Congress!enacted!R.A.!No.!14344!creating!the!City!of!Masuwerte!which!took! 2.%The%new%Constitution%does%not%prescribe%federalism.%
effect!on!September!25,!2014.!Section!23!of!the!law!specifically!exempts!the!City! 3.%The%change%in%constitutional%language%(with%respect%to%the%supervision%clause)%was%
of!Masuwerte!from!the!payment!of!legal!fees!in!the!cases!that!it!would!file!and/or! meant%but%to%deny%legislative%control%over%local%governments;%it%did%not%exempt%the%
prosecute!in!the!courts!of!law.!In!two!(2)!cases!that!it!filed,!the!City!of!Masuwerte! latter% from% legislative% regulations% provided% regulation% is% consistent% with% the%
was!assessed!legal!fees!by!the!clerk!of!court!pursuant!to!Rule!141!(Legal!Fees)!of! fundamental%premise%of%autonomy.%
the!Rules!of!Court.!The!City!of!Masuwerte!questions!the!assessment!claiming!that! 4.%Since%local%governments%remain%accountable%to%the%national%authority,%the%latter%
it!is!exempt!from!paying!legal!fees!under!Section!23!of!its!charter.!Is!the!claim!of! may,%by%law,%and%in%the%manner%set%forth%therein,%impose%disciplinary%action%against%
exemption!tenable?!Explain.! local%officials.%
5.%"Supervision"%and%"investigation"%are%not%inconsistent%terms;%"investigation"%does%
! not%signify%"control"%(which%the%President%does%not%have).%
BQ:!R!was!elected!as!Municipal!Councilor!for!three!(3)!consecutive!terms.!Before! %
the!end!of!the!third!term,!Vice!Mayor!S!died,!rendering!his!post!vacant.!Since!R! Illustrative!Case:!Ganzon#v#CA#
was!the!highesteranking!Municipal!Councilor,!he!assumed!the!office!of!the!Vice! Power%of%the%SILG%to%discipline%local%officials%comes%from%the%alter=ego%doctrine.%The%
Mayor.!One!of!his!constituents,!T,!assailed!R's!assumption!of!office,!arguing!that! procedure%is%for%elective%officials%only.%
elections!should!have!been!conducted!to!fill!in!the!vacancy!following!the!death!of! $
Vice!Mayor!S.! GROUNDS$FOR$DISCIPLINE$
! Section$ 60.$Grounds$ for$ Disciplinary$ Actions.$=% An% elective% local% official% may% be%
(a)!Is!T's!contention!correct?!Explain.! disciplined,%suspended,%or%removed%from%office%on%any%of%the%following%grounds:%
! (a)! Disloyalty%to%the%Republic%of%the%Philippines;%
(b)!Assuming!that!R!validly!assumed!S's!post,!at!the!end!of!R's!term!as!Vice!Mayor,! (b)! Culpable%violation%of%the%Constitution;%
may! he! run,! once! more,! for! the! position! of! Municipal! Councilor?! Or,! is! he! (c)! Dishonesty,% oppression,% misconduct% in% office,% gross% negligence,% or%
proscribed!to!do!so!under!the!Local!Government!Code?!Explain.! dereliction%of%duty;%
(d)! Commission% of% any% offense% involving% moral% turpitude% or% an% offense%
% punishable%by%at%least%prision%mayor;%
BQ:! On! August! 8,! 2008,! the! Governor! of! Bohol! died! and! ViceeGovernor! Cesar! (e)! Abuse%of%authority;%
succeeded! him! by! operation! of! law.! Accordingly,! Benito,! the! highest! ranking! (f)! Unauthorized%absence%for%fifteen%(15)%consecutive%working%days,%except%in%
member!of!the!Sangguniang!Panlalawigan!was!elevated!to!the!position!of!Vicee! the% case% of% members% of% the% sangguniang% panlalawigan,% sangguniang%
Governor.!By!the!elevation!of!Benito!to!the!Office!of!ViceeGovernor,!a!vacancy!in! panlungsod,%sangguniang%bayan,%and%sangguniang%barangay;%
the!Sangguniang!Panlalawigan!was!created.!How!should!the!vacancy!be!filled?! (g)! Application% for,% or% acquisition% of,% foreign% citizenship% or% residence% or% the%
status%of%an%immigrant%of%another%country;%and%
! (h)! Such%other%grounds%as%may%be%provided%in%this%Code%and%other%laws.%
DISCIPLINE$OF$LOCAL$OFFICIALS$ %
The%three=fold%liability%of%public%officers:% An$elective$local$official$may$be$removed$from$office$on$the$grounds$enumerated$
1.%Criminal% above$by$order$of$the$proper$court.$
2.%Civil% Illustrative!Case:!Pablico#v#Villapando#
3.%Administrative%(Domingo#v#Rayala)# %
# PROCEDURE$OF$DISCIPLINE$
A.$POWER$TO$DISCIPLINE$LOCAL$ELECTIVE$OFFICIALS$ Section$ 61.$Form$ and$ Filing$ of$ Administrative$ Complaints.$=% A% verified% complaint%
Illustrative!Case:!Ganzon#v#CA# against%any%erring%local%elective%official%shall%be%prepared%as%follows:%

FJGD%%%%%|%%%%%PUBCORP%%%%|% 16%
(a)%A%complaint%against%any%elective%official%of%a%province,%a%highly%urbanized%city,%an% the%President%or%the%sanggunian%concerned%shall%render%a%decision%in%writing%stating%
independent%component%city%or%component%city%shall%be%filed%before%the%Office%of% clearly% and% distinctly% the% facts% and% the% reasons% for% such% decision.% Copies% of% said%
the%President;% decision%shall%immediately%be%furnished%the%respondent%and%all%interested%parties.%
% %
(b)%A%complaint%against%any%elective%official%of%a%municipality%shall%be%filed%before%the% (b)%The%penalty%of%suspension%shall%not%exceed%the%unexpired%term%of%the%respondent%
sangguniang% panlalawigan% whose% decision% may% be% appealed% to% the% Office% of% the% or%a%period%of%six%(6)%months%for%every%administrative%offense,%nor%shall%said%penalty%
President;%and% be%a%bar%to%the%candidacy%of%the%respondent%so%suspended%as%long%as%he%meets%the%
% qualifications%required%for%the%office.%
(c)% A% complaint% against% any% elective% barangay% official% shall% be% filed% before% the% %
sangguniang%panlungsod%or%sangguniang%bayan%concerned%whose%decision%shall%be% (c)%The%penalty%of%removal%from%office%as%a%result%of%an%administrative%investigation%
final%and%executory.% shall% be% considered% a% bar% to% the% candidacy% of% the% respondent% for% any% elective%
% position.%
Section$62.$Notice$of$hearing.$ %
(a)%Within%seven%(7)%days%after%the%administrative%complaint%is%filed,%the%Office%of%the% PREVENTIVE$SUSPENSIONS$
President% or% the% sanggunian% concerned,% as% the% case% may% be,% shall% require% the% Not%a%penalty%
respondent% to% submit% his% verified% answer% within% fifteen% (15)% days% from% receipt% %
thereof,% and% commence% the% investigation% of% the% case% within% ten% (10)% days% after% Section$63.$Preventive$Suspension.$
receipt%of%such%answer%of%the%respondent.% (a)%Preventive%suspension%may%be%imposed:%
% (1)! By%the%President,%if%the%respondent%is%an%elective%official%of%a%province,%a%
(b)%When%the%respondent%is%an%elective%official%of%a%province%or%highly%urbanized%city,% highly%urbanized%or%an%independent%component%city;%
such%hearing%and%investigation%shall%be%conducted%in%the%place%where%he%renders%or% (2)! By%the%governor,%if%the%respondent%is%an%elective%official%of%a%component%
holds%office.%For%all%other%local%elective%officials,%the%venue%shall%be%the%place%where% city%or%municipality;%or%
the%sanggunian%concerned%is%located.% (3)! By%the%mayor,%if%the%respondent%is%an%elective%official%of%the%barangay.%
% %
(c)%However,%no%investigation%shall%be%held%within%ninety%(90)%days%immediately%prior% See:!Miranda#v#Sandiganbayan#(Difference#of#Preventive#Suspension#under#the#LGC#
to%any%local%election,%and%no%preventive%suspension%shall%be%imposed%within%the%said% v#Preventive#Suspensions#issued#by#the#OMB)#
period.% If% preventive% suspension% has% been% imposed% prior% to% the% 90=day% period% %
immediately%preceding%local%election,%it%shall%be%deemed%automatically%lifted%upon% (b)%Preventive%suspension%may%be%imposed%at%any%time%after%the%issues%are%joined,%
the%start%of%aforesaid%period.% when%the%evidence%of%guilt%is%strong,%and%given%the%gravity%of%the%offense,%there%is%
% great%probability%that%the%continuance%in%office%of%the%respondent%could%influence%the%
Section$65.$Rights$of$Respondent.%The%respondent%shall%be%accorded%full%opportunity% witnesses% or% pose% a% threat% to% the% safety% and% integrity% of% the% records% and% other%
to%appear%and%defend%himself%in%person%or%by%counsel,%to%confront%and%cross=examine% evidence:%Provided,%That,%any%single%preventive%suspension%of%local%elective%officials%
the% witnesses% against% him,% and% to% require% the% attendance% of% witnesses% and% the% shall% not% extend% beyond% sixty% (60)% days:% Provided,% further,% That% in% the% event% that%
production%of%documentary%process%of%subpoena%or%subpoena%duces%tecum.% several% administrative% cases% are% filed% against% an% elective% official,% he% cannot% be%
! preventively%suspended%for%more%than%ninety%(90)%days%within%a%single%year%on%the%
Illustrative!Case:!Joson#v#Villapando# same%ground%or%grounds%existing%and%known%at%the%time%of%the%first%suspension.%
The%Court%ruled%that%these%rights%are%the%same%as%the%rights%of%the%accused%persons% %
under%the%Constitution.% (c)% Upon% expiration% of% the% preventive% suspension,% the% suspended% elective% official%
% shall% be% deemed% reinstated% in% office% without% prejudice% to% the% continuation% of% the%
Section$66.$Form$and$Notice$of$Decision.$ proceedings%against%him,%which%shall%be%terminated%within%one%hundred%twenty%(120)%
(a)%The%investigation%of%the%case%shall%be%terminated%within%ninety%(90)%days%from%the% days%from%the%time%he%was%formally%notified%of%the%case%against%him.%However,%if%the%
start%thereof.%Within%thirty%(30)%days%after%the%end%of%the%investigation,%the%Office%of% delay%in%the%proceedings%of%the%case%is%due%to%his%fault,%neglect,%or%request,%other%than%

FJGD%%%%%|%%%%%PUBCORP%%%%|% 17%
the%appeal%duly%filed,%the%duration%of%such%delay%shall%not%be%counted%in%computing% investigation% if% the% charge% against% such% official% or% employee% involves% dishonesty,%
the%time%of%termination%of%the%case.% oppression%or%grave%misconduct%or%neglect%in%the%performance%of%duty,%or%if%there%is%
% reason%to%believe%that%the%respondent%is%guilty%of%the%charges%which%would%warrant%
(d)% Any% abuse% of% the% exercise% of% the% power% of% preventive% suspension% shall% be% his%removal%from%the%service.%
penalized%as%abuse%of%authority.% %
% (b)% Upon% expiration% of% the% preventive% suspension,% the% suspended% official% or%
APPEAL$AND$EXECUTION$PENDING$APPEAL$ employee% shall% be% automatically% reinstated% in% office% without% prejudice% to% the%
Section$67.$Administrative$Appeals.%Decisions%in%administrative%cases%may,%within% continuation%of%the%administrative%proceedings%against%him%until%its%termination.%If%
thirty%(30)%days%from%receipt%thereof,%be%appealed%to%the%following:% the%delay%in%the%proceedings%of%the%case%is%due%to%the%fault,%neglect%or%request%of%the%
(a)! The%sangguniang%panlalawigan,%in%the%case%of%decisions%of%the%sangguniang% respondent,%the%time%of%the%delay%shall%not%be%counted%in%computing%the%period%of%
panlungsod%of%component%cities%and%the%sangguniang%bayan;%and% suspension%herein%provided.%
(b)! The% Office% of% the% President,% in% the% case% of% decisions% of% the% sangguniang% %
panlalawigan%and%the%sangguniang%panlungsod%of%highly%urbanized%cities% Section$87.$Disciplinary$Jurisdiction.%Except%as%otherwise%provided%by%law,%the%local%
and%independent%component%cities.% chief%executive%may%impose%the%penalty%of%removal%from%service,%demotion%in%rank,%
% suspension% for% not% more% than% one% (1)% year% without% pay,% fine% in% an% amount% not%
Decisions%of%the%Office%of%the%President%shall%be%final%and%executory.% exceeding%six%(6)%months%salary,%or%reprimand%and%otherwise%discipline%subordinate%
% officials%and%employees%under%his%jurisdiction.%If%the%penalty%imposed%is%suspension%
Section$68.$Execution$Pending$Appeal.%An%appeal%shall%not%prevent%a%decision%from% without% pay% for% not% more% than% thirty% (30)% days,% his% decision% shall% be% final.% If% the%
becoming% final% or% executory.% The% respondent% shall% be% considered% as% having% been% penalty%imposed%is%heavier%than%suspension%of%thirty%(30)%days,%the%decision%shall%be%
placed%under%preventive%suspension%during%the%pendency%of%an%appeal%in%the%event% appealable% to% the% Civil% Service% Commission,% which% shall% decide% the% appeal% within%
he%wins%such%appeal.%In%the%event%the%appeal%results%in%an%exoneration,%he%shall%be% thirty%(30)%days%from%receipt%thereof.%
paid%his%salary%and%such%other%emoluments%during%the%pendency%of%the%appeal.% %
% Section$88.$Execution$Pending$Appeal.%An%appeal%shall%not%prevent%the%execution%of%
CONDONATION$DOCTRINE$ a% decision% of% removal% or% suspension% of% a% respondent=appellant.% In% case% the%
See:#Aguinaldo#v#Santos#(Rationale)#and!Salalima#v#Guingona# respondent=appellant%is%exonerated,%he%shall%be%reinstated%to%his%position%with%all%the%
# rights% and% privileges% appurtenant% thereto% from% the% time% he% had% been% deprived%
The%condonation%doctrine%has%now%been%abandoned%by%the%Court%in%Morales#v#CA# thereof.%
(November#10,#2015)# % %
%
B.$DISCIPLINE$OF$LOCAL$APPOINTIVE$OFFICIALS$
Section$ 86.$ Administrative$ Investigation.% In% any% local% government% unit,%
administrative% investigation% may% be% conducted% by% a% person% or% a% committee% duly%
authorized% by% the% local% chief% executive.% Said% person% or% committee% shall% conduct%
hearings%on%the%cases%brought%against%appointive%local%officials%and%employees%and%
submit%their%findings%and%recommendations%to%the%local%chief%executive%concerned%
within%fifteen%(15)%days%from%the%conclusion%of%the%hearings.%The%administrative%cases%
herein% mentioned% shall% be% decided% within% ninety% (90)% days% from% the% time% the%
respondent%is%formally%notified%of%the%charges.%
%
Section$85.$Preventive$Suspension$of$Appointive$Local$Officials$and$Employees.$
(a)%The%local%chief%executives%may%preventively%suspend%for%a%period%not%exceeding%
sixty% (60)% days% and% subordinate% official% or% employee% under% his% authority% pending%

FJGD%%%%%|%%%%%PUBCORP%%%%|% 18%
RECALL$ THREEfTERM$LIMIT$RULE$
Recall%is%a%mode%of%removal%of%a%public%officer%by%the%people%before%the%end%of%his% A.$CONSTITUTIONAL$BASIS$
term%of%office.%The%people's%prerogative%to%remove%a%public%officer%is%an%incident%of% ARTICLE%X%SECTION%8.%The%term%of%office%of%elective%local%officials,%except%barangay%
their%sovereign%power%and%in%the%absence%of%constitutional%restraint,%the%power%is% officials,%which%shall%be%determined%by%law,%shall%be%three%years%and%no%such%official%
implied% in% all% governmental% operations.% Such% power% has% been% held% to% be% shall% serve% for% more% than% three% consecutive% terms.% Voluntary% renunciation% of% the%
indispensable%for%the%proper%administration%of%public%affairs.%Not%undeservedly,%it%is% office% for% any% length% of% time% shall% not% be% considered% as% an% interruption% in% the%
frequently% described% as% a% fundamental% right% of% the% people% in% a% representative% continuity%of%his%service%for%the%full%term%for%which%he%was%elected.%
democracy.%(Garcia#v#COMELEC)# %
# B.$STATUTORY$BASIS$
A.$MODES$ Section$43.$Term$of$Office.$
1.%A%petition%of%a%register%voter%in%the%LGU%concerned%and%supported%by%the%registered% (b)%No%local%elective%official%shall%serve%for%more%than%three%(3)%consecutive%terms%in%
voters%in%the%LGU%concerned%during%the%election%in%which%the%local%official%sought%to% the%same%position.%Voluntary%renunciation%of%the%office%for%any%length%of%time%shall%
be%recalled%was%elected% not%be%considered%as%an%interruption%in%the%continuity%of%service%for%the%full%term%for%
2.%A%Preparatory%Recall%Assembly%(removed%by%RA%9244%for%being%unconstitutional)% which%the%elective%official%concerned%was%elected.%
See:!Garcia#v#COMELEC! %
% C.$REQUIREMENTS$
B.$GROUND$ (1)%that%the%official%concerned%has%been%elected%for%three%consecutive%terms%in%the%
Section$69.$By$Whom$Exercised.%The%power%of%recall%for%loss%of%confidence%shall%be% same%local%government%post%
exercised% by% the% registered% voters% of% a% local% government% unit% to% which% the% local% (2)%that%he%has%fully%served%three%consecutive%terms.%(Dizon#v#COMELEC)#
elective%official%subject%to%such%recall%belongs.% #
Note:!Not!subject!to!judicial!review! D.$JURISPRUDENCE$
% No$Violation$of$the$Rule$ Violation$of$the$Rule$
C.$LIMITATIONS$ Rivera%III%v%COMELEC% Latasa%v%COMELEC%
Section$74.$Limitations$on$Recall.% Socrates%v%COMELEC% Dizon%v%COMELEC%
(a)%Any%elective%local%official%may%be%the%subject%of%a%recall%election%only%once%during% Mendoza%v%COMELEC% Ong%v%Alegre%
his%term%of%office%for%loss%of%confidence.% Adormeo%v%COMELEC% Halili%v%COMELEC%
% Note:!Double!check!with!notes.!
(b)% No% recall% shall% take% place% within% one% (1)% year% from% the% date% of% the% official's% !
assumption%to%office%or%one%(1)%year%immediately%preceding%a%regular%local%election.% MARINO$"BOKING"$MORALES$CASE$
% 1995% Won%his%1st%Term%as%Mayor%of%Mabaclat,%Pampanga%
D.$PROHIBITION$ 1998% Won%his%2nd%Term%but%opponent%filed%a%protest%
Section$ 73.$ Prohibition$ from$ Resignation.$ The% elective% local% official% sought% to% be%
2001% Won%his%3rd%Term;%RTC%in%July%2001%ruled%that%Morales%lost%
recalled%shall%not%be%allowed%to%resign%while%the%recall%process%is%in%progress.%
2004% Run% again% and% won% his% 4th% Term.% DQ% filed.% Months% before% May% 2007%
%
elections,% Rivera# v# COMELEC% found% him% ineligible.% Morales% stepped%
Illustrative!Case:!Adormeo#v#COMELEC#
down%as%Mayor%for%a%period%of%two%months.%
Recall%election%serves%as%an%interruption%of%the%three=term%limit%rule.%
2007% Run%again%and%won%as%Mayor%for%his%5th%Term.%David#v#COMELEC%ruled%
%
that%his%DQ%in%Rivera%interrupted%his%term,%hence,%this%is%his%1st%Term.%
Illustrative!Case:!Socrates#v#COMELEC#
2010% Ran%agaian%and%won%his%6th%Term%or%following%David,%his%2nd%Term.%
The%winner%in%a%recall%election%can%not%be%charged%of%a%term%for%purposes%of%the%three=
term%limit%rule.% 2013% Ran% again% and% won% his% 7th% Term% or% following% David,% his% 3rd% Term.%
Mabaclat%in%2014%was%converted%into%a%city.%
%
$

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 2016% Ran%again%and%won%his%8th%Term.%DQ%in%Halili#v#COMELEC%citing%Latasa#v# BQ:!Atty.!G!ran!for!Governor!of!the!Province!of!Pampanga,!while!his!close!friend,!
COMELEC.% Atty.!M,!ran!for!Mayor!of!the!Municipality!of!Guagua,!Pampanga.!They!both!won!
% convincingly.!Eventually,!the!losing!candidates!timely!filed!election!protests.!The!
E.$EFFECT$OF$REDISTRICTING$TO$THE$THREEfLIMIT$RULE$ losing!gubernatorial!candidate,!Mr.!A,!filed!his!protest!before!the!Regional!Trial!
Illustrative!Case:!Naval#v#COMELEC# Court!of!Pampanga!(RTC),!whereas!the!losing!mayoralty!candidate,!Mr.!B,!filed!
According%to%law,%the%second%district%was%the%only%one%created%by%the%apportionment% his!protest!
law,% while% the% rest% were% merely% renamed.% Hence,% despite% the% inclusions% of% new% before!the!Municipal!Trial!Court!of!Guagua,!Pampanga!(MTC).!
municipalities%in%the%renamed%third%district%which%was%the%old%second%district,%Naval% (a)!What!are!the!term!limits!for!the!positions!of!Atty.!G!and!Atty.!M?!
still%seeks%to%represent%the%same%constituency%for%nine%consecutive%years%now.%Thus,% (b)!Does!the!RTC!have!jurisdiction!over!the!case!filed!by!Mr.!A?!Explain.!!
the%three=term%limit%should%bar%him%from%running%again.% (c)!Does!the!MTC!have!jurisdiction!over!the!case!filed!by!Mr.!B?!Explain.!
%
F.$VOLUNTARY$RENUNCIATION$ !
See:!Bolos#Jr.#v#COMELEC# BQ:!Governor!Diy!was!serving!his!third!term!when!he!lost!his!governorship!in!a!
# recall!election.!
G.$RENUNCIATION$BY$OPERATION$OF$LAW$ (a)!Who!shall!succeed!Governor!Diy!in!his!office!as!Governor?!
See:!Montebon#v#COMELEC# (b)!Can!Governor!Diy!run!again!as!governor!in!the!next!election?!
# (c)!Can!Governor!Diy!refuse!to!run!in!the!recall!election!and!instead!resign!from!
Q:!Is!preventive!suspension!an!interruption!of!the!term!and!would!the!term!be! his!position!as!governor?!
not!counted!for!purposes!of!the!rule?!
!
A:!Aldovino!v!COMELEC!
BQ:!State!whether!or!not!the!law!is!constitutional.!Explain!briefly.!
% "A!law!fixing!the!terms!of!local!elective!officials,!other!than!barangay!officials,!to!
NEW$JURISPRUDENCE:$Tallado#v#COMELEC#(September#10,#2019)# 6!years."!
Once%the%order%of%the%Office%of%the%Ombudsman%to%dismiss%an%elective%local%official%
is%executed,%the%dismissed%official%thereby%loses%title%to%the%office%even%if%he%or%she% !
has%filed%a%timely%appeal%assailing%the%dismissal%which%would%have%prevented%it%from% ! !
attaining%finality.%The%loss%of%title%to%the%office%constitutes%an%involuntary%interruption%
of%the%official's%service%of%his%or%her%full%term.%
%
H.$APPLICABILITY$OF$THE$RULE$TO$BARANGAY$OFFICIALS$
See:!COMELEC#v#Cruz#
#

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KATARUNGANG$PAMBARANGAY$LAW$ D.$VENUE$
A.$CONCEPTS$$ Section$409.$Venue.%
1.%Lupong%Tagapamayapa% %
2.%Pangkat%ng%Tagapagsundo% (a)! Disputes%between%persons%actually%residing%in%the%same%barangay%shall%be%
% brought%for%amicable%settlement%before%the%lupon%of%said%barangay.%
B.$PURPOSE$ (b)! Those% involving% actual% residents% of% different% barangays% within% the% same%
The% object% of% the% Katarungang% Pambarangay% Law% is% the% amicable% settlement% of% city%or%municipality%shall%be%brought%in%the%barangay%where%the%respondent%
disputes%through%conciliation%proceedings%voluntarily%and%freely%entered%into%by%the% or%any%of%the%respondents%actually%resides,%at%the%election%of%the%complaint.%
parties.%Through%this%mechanism,%the%parties%are%encouraged%to%settle%their%disputes% (c)! All%disputes%involving%real%property%or%any%interest%therein%shall%be%brought%
without%enduring%the%rigors%of%court%litigation.%Nonetheless,%the%disputing%parties%are% in%the%barangay%where%the%real%property%or%the%larger%portion%thereof%is%
not%compelled%to%settle%their%controversy%during%the%barangay%proceedings%before% situated.%
the%Lupon%or%the%Pangkat,%as%they%are%free%to%instead%find%recourse%in%the%courts%in% (d)! Those%arising%at%the%workplace%where%the%contending%parties%are%employed%
the%event%that%no%true%compromise%is%reached.%(Pang^et#v#Manacnes^Dao^as)# or% at% the% institution% where% such% parties% are% enrolled% for% study,% shall% be%
# brought%in%the%barangay%where%such%workplace%or%institution%is%located.%
C.$SUBJECT$MATTER$FOR$AMICABLE$SETTLEMENT$ %
Section$408.$Subject$Matter$for$Amicable$Settlement;$Exception$Thereto.$The%lupon% Objections%to%venue%shall%be%raised%in%the%mediation%proceedings%before%the%punong%
of%each%barangay%shall%have%authority%to%bring%together%the%parties%actually%residing% barangay;%otherwise,%the%same%shall%be%deemed%waived.%Any%legal%question%which%
in%the%same%city%or%municipality%for%amicable%settlement%of%all%disputes%except:% may%confront%the%punong%barangay%in%resolving%objections%to%venue%herein%referred%
% to% may% be% submitted% to% the% Secretary% of% Justice,% or% his% duly% designated%
(a)! Where%one%party%is%the%government,%or%any%subdivision%or%instrumentality% representative,%whose%ruling%thereon%shall%be%binding.%
thereof;% %
(b)! Where%one%party%is%a%public%officer%or%employee,%and%the%dispute%relates%to% AS$A$RULE:$
the%performance%of%his%official%functions;% Section$412.$Conciliation.$
(c)! Offenses% punishable% by% imprisonment% exceeding% one% (1)% year% or% a% fine% (a)%Pre=condition%to%Filing%of%Complaint%in%Court.%=%No%complaint,%petition,%action,%or%
exceeding%Five%thousand%pesos%(P5,000.00);% proceeding%involving%any%matter%within%the%authority%of%the%lupon%shall%be%filed%or%
(d)! Offenses%where%there%is%no%private%offended%party;% instituted%directly%in%court%or%any%other%government%office%for%adjudication,%unless%
(e)! Where% the% dispute% involves% real% properties% located% in% different% cities% or% there%has%been%a%confrontation%between%the%parties%before%the%lupon%chairman%or%
municipalities%unless%the%parties%thereto%agree%to%submit%their%differences% the%pangkat,%and%that%no%conciliation%or%settlement%has%been%reached%as%certified%by%
to%amicable%settlement%by%an%appropriate%lupon;% the% lupon% secretary% or% pangkat% secretary% as% attested% to% by% the% lupon% or% pangkat%
(f)! Disputes% involving% parties% who% actually% reside% in% barangays% of% different% chairman%or%unless%the%settlement%has%been%repudiated%by%the%parties%thereto.%
cities% or% municipalities,% except% where% such% barangay% units% adjoin% each% %
other%and%the%parties%thereto%agree%to%submit%their%differences%to%amicable% (b)%Where%Parties%May%Go%Directly%to%Court.%=%The%parties%may%go%directly%to%court%in%
settlement%by%an%appropriate%lupon;% the%following%instances:%
(g)! Such%other%classes%of%disputes%which%the%President%may%determine%in%the% %
interest%of%Justice%or%upon%the%recommendation%of%the%Secretary%of%Justice.% (1)! Where%the%accused%is%under%detention;%
% (2)! Where%a%person%has%otherwise%been%deprived%of%personal%liberty%calling%for%
The%court%in%which%non=criminal%cases%not%falling%within%the%authority%of%the%lupon% habeas%corpus%proceedings;%
under%this%Code%are%filed%may,%at%any%time%before%trial%motu%propio%refer%the%case%to% (3)! Where%actions%are%coupled%with%provisional%remedies%such%as%preliminary%
the%lupon%concerned%for%amicable%settlement.% injunction,% attachment,% delivery% of% personal% property% and% support%
% pendente%lite;%and%
$ (4)! Where%the%action%may%otherwise%be%barred%by%the%statute%of%limitations.%
$ %

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(c)%Conciliation%among%members%of%indigenous%cultural%communities.%=%The%customs%
and% traditions% of% indigenous% cultural% communities% shall% be% applied% in% settling%
disputes%between%members%of%the%cultural%communities.%
% settlement%by%an%appropriate%lupon.%
Illustrative!Case:!Pang^et#v#Manacnes^Dao^as#
What% is% compulsory% under% the% Katarungang% Pambarangay% Law% is% that% there% be% a%
confrontation%between%the%parties%before%the%Lupon%Chairman%or%the%Pangkat%and%
that%a%certification%be%issued%that%no%conciliation%or%settlement%has%been%reached,%as%
attested% to% by% the% Lupon% or% Pangkat% Chairman,% before% a% case% falling% within% the%
authority%of%the%Lupon%may%be%instituted%in%court%or%any%other%government%office%for%
adjudication.%In%other%words,%the%only%necessary%pre=condition%before%any%case%falling%
within%the%authority%of%the%Lupon%or%the%Pangkat%may%be%filed%before%a%court%is%that%
there% has% been% personal% confrontation% between% the% parties% but% despite% earnest%
efforts%to%conciliate,%there%was%a%failure%to%amicably%settle%the%dispute.%It%should%be%
emphasized%that%while%the%spouses%Manacnes%appeared%before%the%Lupon%during%the%
initial%hearing%for%the%conciliation%proceedings,%they%refused%to%sign%the%Agreement%
for%Arbitration%form,%which%would%have%signified%their%consent%to%submit%the%case%for%
arbitration.%
% development%of%barangays%and%secure%the%general%welfare%of%their%inhabitants.76%In%
E.$LIMITATIONS$
Section$ 414.$ Proceedings$ Open$ to$ the$ Public;$ Exception.% All% proceedings% for%
settlement%shall%be%public%and%informal:%Provided,%however,%That%the%lupon%chairman%
or%the%pangkat%chairman,%as%the%case%may%be,%may%motu%proprio%or%upon%request%of%
a%party,%exclude%the%public%from%the%proceedings%in%the%interest%of%privacy,%decency,%
or%public%morals.%
$ local% government% administration% in% order% to% promote% untied% and%
Illustrative!Case:!Magno#v#Velasco^Jacoba#
The%rationale%behind%the%personal%appearance%requirement%is%to%enable%the%lupon%to%
secure%first%hand%and%direct%information%about%the%facts%and%issues,%the%exception%
being%in%cases%where%minors%or%incompetents%are%parties.%There%can%be%no%quibbling%
that% laymen% of% goodwill% can% easily% agree% to% conciliate% and% settle% their% disputes%
between%themselves%without%what%sometimes%is%the%unsettling%assistance%of%lawyers%
whose% presence% could% sometimes% obfuscate% and% confuse% issues.% Worse% still,% the%
participation% of% lawyers% with% their% penchant% to% use% their% analytical% skills% and% legal%
knowledge%tend%to%prolong%instead%of%expedite%settlement%of%the%case.%
$ welfare%of%the%barangay%inhabitants.%
Illustrative!Case:!Abagatnan#v#Spouses#Clarito#
The%LGC%further%provides%that%"the%lupon%of%each%barangay%shall%have%authority%to%
bring% together% the% parties% actually% residing% in% the% same% city% or% municipality% for%
amicable% settlement% of% all% disputes,"% subject% to% certain% exceptions% enumerated% in%
the%law.%
%
One%such%exception%is%in%cases%where%the%dispute%involves%parties%who%actually%reside%
in%barangays%of%different%cities%or%municipalities,%unless%said%barangay%units%adjoin%
each% other% and% the% parties% thereto% agree% to% submit% their% differences% to% amicable%
%
Thus,%parties%who%do%not%actually%reside%in%the%same%city%or%municipality%or%adjoining%
barangays%are%not%required%to%submit%their%dispute%to%the%lupon%as%a%pre=condition%
to%the%filing%of%a%complaint%in%court.%
%
LEAGUES$OF$LGUS$
A.$DIFFERENT$ORGANIZATIONS$
1.%Liga%ng%mga%Barangays%(S.%491)%
2.%League%of%Municipalities%(S.%496)%
3.%League%of%Cities%(S.%499)%
4.%League%of%Provinces%(S.%502)%
%
Illustrative!Case:!National#Liga#ng#mga#Barangay#v#Paredes#
The% Liga% ng% mga% Barangay% has% one% principal% aim,% namely:% to% promote% the%
line%with%this,%the%Liga%is%granted%the%following%functions%and%duties:%
%
a)! Give% priority% to% programs% designed% for% the% total% development% of% the%
barangays%and%in%consonance%with%the%policies,%programs%and%projects%of%
the%national%government;%
b)! Assist%in%the%education%of%barangay%residents%for%people's%participation%in%
concerted%action%to%achieve%country=wide%development%goals;%
c)! Supplement% the% efforts% of% government% in% creating% gainful% employment%
within%the%barangay;%
d)! Adopt%measures%to%promote%the%welfare%of%barangay%officials;%
e)! Serve% as% forum% of% the% barangays% in% order% to% forge% linkages% with%
government% and% non=governmental% organizations% and% thereby% promote%
the%social,%economic%and%political%well=being%of%the%barangays;%
f)! Exercise%such%other%powers%and%perform%such%other%duties%and%functions%
which%will%bring%about%stronger%ties%between%barangays%and%promote%the%
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