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دور التكوين في تثمين وتنمية الموارد البشرية PDF
دور التكوين في تثمين وتنمية الموارد البشرية PDF
Résumé: ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ:
No one can deny the importance of ﺇﻥ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ
human resources in planning, ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﺘﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﺩ ،ﻭﻻ ﻤﺠﺎل
programming and doing tasks, thus
ﻟﻠﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ
achieving global and permanent
development, for both ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ
governments and firms. On this ﺒﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎل ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ
basis, the human resource factor is ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ،ﺇﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل
now considered as a crucial ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ.ﻭﻋﻠﻰ
element in all fields whatever their ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ
natures. As it is said in
management literature, ” Man ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻷﻱ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ،
before project”. Since this is true, ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل
there should be more care and ﺒﺄﻥ "ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ l’homme
emphasis on human resources and ." avant le projetﻭﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ
its development, as well as ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ
performance. However, this can
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ
only be achieved through scientific
practice of training aimed at ﻻ ﺒﻔﻀل ﺃﺩﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻭﻟﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﺘﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇ ﹼ
meeting in firm’s specific needs in ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ
the light of a changeable and ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ
surprising environment. ﻟﺨﺼﻭﺼﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻘﻠﺏ
Nowadays, the present debate is no
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺠﺂﺕ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻨﺼﺒﺎ
longer about “why to train”, but
rather a focus on “ how to train”. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل " ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ؟ "
In the present paper, we shall cast ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل
light on the role of training as a " ﻜﻴﻑ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ؟ " ،ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻨﺤﺎﻭل
fundamental sequence in the ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ،ﻜﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ
management of human resources, ﺘﻘﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ،
developing and enlightening its
real value.
ﻓﻲ ﺘﺜﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ
ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ
ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ
ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ
-ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ
-ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ
-ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
1
Manuel de gestion, ouvrage coordonné par Armand Dayan, éditions
ellepses.Paris,1999, P.441.
2
Idem.
3ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻔﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺒﻤﻨﺼﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻡ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺼﺏ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ.
4ﻋﺎﻁﻑ ﻨﺼﺎﺭ ،ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ،ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ " ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ" ﺒﺈﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ،ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ،
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،1996 ،ﺹ.88.
5
Werther,Devis, Lee-gosselin, la gestion des ressources humaines, Canada,
ﺒﺘﺼﺭﻑmc graw-hill,1985, P.259.
6.ﻟﻺﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻔﺢ
www.arifonet.org.ma/databases/ties_rapport2.htmﻟﻴﻭﻡ .2004/10/28
7ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻴﺭﺠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
http://ik.ahram.org.eg/ik/ahram/2004/1/12maka2.htmﻟﻴﻭﻡ .2004/10/28
8ﺭﺍﺠﻊ www.arifonet.org.ma/data/reseasch/warchat/warcha1/2.htmﻭﻟﻠﺩﺨﻭل
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲwww.irc.org.ly :
9ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﻨﻲ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ،ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺩﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﻨﺭﺍل ﻤﻭﺘﻭﺭﺯ ﻤﺼﺭ ،ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ " ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ" ،ﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ،ﺹ.216-215
10
Werther,Devis,Lee-gosselin.op-cit.P.693.
11
Bernard Martory, les cahiers français, n°234,jan-fev,1988.
12ﺘﻨﻔﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ % 02.3ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ،ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ.
13
G.Hauser, B.Massingue, F.Maitre, F.Vidal, l’investissement formation,
éditions d’organisation, Paris, 1985.
14
Pierre Caspar, Christine Afriat, l’investissement intellectuel, Economica,
Paris, 1988, P.39.
15
Ibid, P.40.
16ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ،ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻲ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ،1995،ﺹ219
ﺒﺘﺼﺭﻑ
17ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ،ﺹ .219ﺒﺘﺼﺭﻑ
18ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ .220-219ﺒﺘﺼﺭﻑ
257 ﻓﻴﻔﺭﻱ 2005
ﺃ /ﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻭ ﺃ /ﺤﻤﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ
19
Werther,Devis,Lee-gosselin, op-cit,p269.
20ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻴﺴﺭﻱ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻴﻥ ﺸﻤﺱ،
،2001ﺹ.170.
21ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ،ﺹ.174-171
22
Manuel de gestion, Op-cit, P.442.
23
Ibid, P.441.
24
Idem
25
Ibid, P.442-443.
26ﻤﺜل ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻪ ﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﻴﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺘﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻅﻔﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ.