CHAPTER 3 Victimology Exploring the Experience of Victimization John Sutcf's entire aul ie hasbeen devoted to the sexual seduction oftenage boys At the age of 33 he was arested ‘and Sentenced o prison for sexual assauing o13yea" old boy who was a membar of his Big Brothers Clue," By is oon ‘admin he had serualy molest over 200 ‘members of his ci, John's vom actiny wit these boys was gong and ‘eceing enemas John becareinvcived with he ftsh whe ele na rsdenbal boy's school where mary of he boys ere subjected to enemas administered info of te ete dormitory. After hs telease from prison, John became much mare “scentfc” in is efforts to procure vcs A “theoretical” ‘paper he wrote indicated that fatherabsent boys were “pe” for seductor, and he would entice them with his ‘hendly ways and with a houseul of electronic equpment he woud tach the boys to repir and operate He weeded ‘ut boys witha father inthe home and would spend atleast 6 weeks gaming each vic. He used systematic desensitization techniques, starting with simply geting the boys to agree to typ m answers to innocuous questions ‘and escalating to having them view poregrophi. homosexual pictures and giving them “pretend” enemas, actual ‘enemas, and enemas uecompunied by sexual acaunty Weh each Succesive approxmation toward Johns god the ‘boys were reinforced by material and nonmatenal rewards (hiendshp,atenton, praise) thot made the final events seem almost natural John’s acts comet ight when US postal inspectors fund a package cestaming pictures, letters ond tapes John exchanged wth ite minded ndnvdvals On the bass of his evidence the plc rade Johns home and found nec cata loged files deraing 475 boys that he had seduced. Mis mathods were succesful that hs actions were never eprted (0 the uthorives (indeed, some ofthe boys were recruted fo him by sake ictus) Some of his earl vitms stl kept ‘in touch with bi and were victmizng boys themselves, nly one victim agreed testy, ut John was lowed to plea 10 one count of lewd and lscivious conduct. He recived a sentence ef 1 yer ard was paroled after serving 10 months, ‘thus serving 15.7 hours foreach of is 475 known vit. Ths case ilustaes haw vcs (totaly innocent as children) «can be tumed nt victmizes (totally responsible as adults and how the istncuon between victim and perpetrator can sometimes be blared (ete caed + Undestané the need for etimology both therebally and practically 4+ Koow why vcs and perpetrators are often interchangeable + Understand the extent of workplace and schoo! vence + Kron 4+ Be able to accu then factors for cid moletaton “+ Know te facs about domestic violence and the primary isk facts + Be able to artcalte the theones of veimzaton + Kom what th cninal justice system i doing (r not doing) for cme vits + The Emergence of Victimology ‘cis of crimes ae very often the ovelocked partes in criminology, but except for euinor public order eines, for every criminal at there is neces vim Criminologists have spent ‘Gecadesryingto determine the factors that continue to making a peson criminal, buck wasct nil German criminologst Hans von Hen’ (94D work that they began seriously thinking shout the roe of the view, I rarned out that although vieikzato can be an unfortnate random ever in which he victim isin inthe wrong place atthe wrong time, a many cases of vicinizaton, ther is 2 ayscmatc pater if ons lool clonsiy enough, at criminologsts ‘want irl out why some people commit crimes and cders do not and wy some Who commit ‘mes commit more crimes than others, vctimologsts want dkcover Why sone people become vicims an why some victims become epest victims ‘Vietimology is subfield of eriminology that species in sudyng the vctns of cine Vietinologists study the series of events that typically lead to vicmization acs of various kinds in atemprs to arive a general theories of vicinzaton and insights relevant to how Victimization can be avoid! They aso examine the way victims te teated in the criminal justice system in is atempts to compensate crime victims and attend to their practical nd {motional needs (Karmen, 2009), Criminologist interested in perpetrators of cime ask what the Fisk factors for becoming involved in crime are, Criminalogiss interested in vicins of ‘rime ask prety much the same question; i, why ae some indviuals, household, groups, and other entities targeted and ethers are not (Doerer& Lab, 20027 ‘The labels offender” and “victim ae sometimes blurted distinctions that hide the details ‘ofthe ineractons of te offender /icim dyad. Burglars olen prey en thelr own kind, robbers ‘prey on drug dealers and horniides are Frequently che outcome of minor arguments in which ‘he vim was the insigator. As vctimolgis Andrew Karmen (005) pu “Predators prey on each ocher as well a8 upon innocent members ofthe publi. When youth gangs feud wit ‘ach other by caving ou ‘deve by’ shootings, the young meners vho get gunned down are ‘asuabics ofthe oom brand of realtor tee jusice (P14), OF course, we should not think fall victims, or even mos victims, this way. Tere are millans of rancent vito who inno ‘ay contribu to thei vetization and eve lawbreakers can be gersne victims deserving cf protection and redress in the eriuial courts, reasons behind and the extent of human tating andits devastating eects on is tins48 | Cringe Ente crsstr 3 © vetoing | 48 + Who Gets Victimized? Jestkely than wes tobe victims of simple assault: 65 or oder were 20 times less Ian ndiduals 2002410 De vetmized by ay typeof ick erie bt lightly more Becoming vim sa process encompestng a hast of systematic environment, demographic Hye vctnize by personal ht Crunan, Langton & Pay, 201) ile 3 shoe aon peso characters, and ney tly radon Aconing ote 2013 NEWS say ta Tee sreponed visions a 2012 compared with 201 and 200 in the 203 NOMS ervey indivi mos key to be veined «young cc nari tele vig in poverty oa Bit peerage reported and nc report pole ban envionment. Vitinzatin tke cininal behav, rps pecs fom 2 Year oa onward an with inreasing household income, and being arid iva pretetve itor a a \icimiaion andere Cran, angio, arty, 2013), 4 Victimization in the Workplace Vien carats alo der soconting to the ype of crime emales were 43 ines mee ly han males tobe wetmiaed by rape etl asa bt ales wee 16 nes oe ly Fo knporact demographic varies not incided inthe 202 NEWS eepor ae vcimization at be visiized by aggravated ass Female ate ow lk be vitae by someone ey kad atschool is Inport consi these variables ince most spend the my ‘now, and males ted tobe viz by strangers lacks wee 19 times re ely tates Frou waking hour eer work oat school ‘aces sin, American Indan/Alaskan Nate) o be vcs of aggravated assault bt Sigh ighligis ofthe United States Department of fsice Gael, 201 report on wokplace specs ate shown n Figure 31 This report dea wih workplace vickence om 193 0 200) Sound thatthe ate decline by Go during hat ime Males were 629% ol vicins 79K betes Alivia were white, and the age mas. likey tobe victimized falswihin the 35-49 category. the cecovpuons os 2 isk were ech) gars Gate of 30.2 per L000), pale oes Vitimizton Rates for Violent and Property Crimes Reported and Not Reported to Police in 2003, 2011, Gnd) and corectons offers 63.0, Homicides were 21% o al occupation flies for and 2012 omen, wih raves oc domeni partners commiting 3% of nae crpatnal homie. Fre accounted for only 9 of male workplace fatale, which were os. Ikly tobe apes Pa ferpeted by robbers The moa dangerous bs aretha in wach workers mst eal wh the ae Fabien pexetne (pac office or supervisory (prabutan parle and corectnal offer {epi Those who wot alone and are resthely oat fom oes, who work at nig ned ‘ove sie Se wek wth money Gab drivers, convenience oe cle ae sso mor at ise Theses Sor ary Was unverty poee tbr est Workplace Victimization Protection arose esaun ‘any busineses al law enforcement agencies have instituted programs to prevent workplace poe : Violence that have gone 3 long way to reducing ts occurtce and minimizing injuries when onesie voice Soratlealgtiey : + From2002t02000,teretecnoital | = Sangers conmited ine resist Fara worplace volenos hae ecined by roporton ofnontatalwongiace eee SSolonngaeevcocnehtwrato our apenas rena erie =e fomioseste Sora @eemeercarowrzve, | ilo The evaageanniarectwotiace | + Among wotocs Norcia ene eee Pokaatartestonng Ccartdoetenn 08 rd 0, about ‘Sera verter voto (Gvioiontermes per 1,000 employed 2ersinwolved vets isalesand elated | Ser Horat ou espa Boreons age T6 rekon was about ‘occupations and about 12s invoNed ee, one-tiaho rate ofranworplece \etimsin protective service coeupations cosas vilenco{t6violrtormesper.000 «Abou 70% of woreplace homies empioyedpersonsage 16orelder} and wore commitadey robbers andosher Prope ane soy elenceagenstpersonsnotemployed _aasalartawne about 21% were (i7velenermesper00Operonsago _convnttedy wokaseoctesbotwoan Mar ence met oroten, 2005 and 2008, om Beton 2005 an 2009, + Betwoon 2005 and 2008, whereas —__—. eee niorcarertttears,secunty guns," werousedin Sc ofnonftal warklace ‘andbarondershaatherighestrates of vilence, shootings accourtediorBO%> | onfatal workplace volonce, of workplace ramets, |Methods Uses 2009 The Contest Bemoen Trained sand Unelna Fespones to Possble Wokolace Voence 50 | canine The Exons ee Types of Worgtace Vent Chimes ang Bewoen 1999 aed gta pat ana socige es ppc nc that employer and enpzjes sould develop an sarees cas of pose ea, snipe aon soda ey ven hao Anse taf fe lls ical” employes asthe stesf such thes and to pea Van Hass, 2000. Figure 3.3 represents de PBI medel of tried and untrained esponses she possi of wore vicina tat epi he mec pore i pein aac hs a ae See Incident of Workplace Violence f {sere narear | Untrained Response | Commit ie As ‘Victimization in the Schools perception of vicina at he rato’ schools ae fue by late out hoeendous fs Adam Lanza’s fatal shooting of 20 children and six adults at Sandy Hook pibic Pi rary School in Connecticut in 2072, The truth is that ou schools are some of the safest Jes than 14 of al jvenile homicides and suicides occurred at school during the period oe Only 26 of sudentrepoced being victims ofc and 11% being vis of voles only simple assal), wath only 0.3% reporting a serious violent victimization. A larger (erage ales wer vin of any cimeccho 0 dan eres 290 Tulng which als getsa lo of press, snot as prevalent as Weare sometimes led to Ltieve [65 epored bein bullied in some manner in 2008-2000 Figure shows the peroentage err frm eh 1th grade who reperteelng baled during ve 2008-2009 schoo year Traten dawn by selftepocted types of erie victimization For instance, 92% of students who Cefn had een vicins ofa vblent crime reported that they had also been bullied versus 27% Dftbowe who ceported no vcimiation ac all Note that ‘vadiona” bullying means everthing Flominsuts 2d name calling to assauk and destoying the victim's property. “Electronic talfing” nears anything designed to hurt set by electronic means (-mail, Facebook, text esses and sof. ‘yberDuling can have more devastating effec than physical bllying, especially iit is of a etal nature, because ican be witnessed by anyone who lgs on, For instance, high school freshmen Kenneth Welshuhn commited sce afer being repeatedly electronically harased nd threatened after he “came out” as being gay. Silay, college student Tes Clement fomonited suicide ater a gay encounter with anodher man in his dorm was secelyvideoed SU steamed over te ixerner by fellow sven Then there was high school senior Jere Tyan wo klled heel alter her ex-boyfriend sent ane photograph of her around the school, precipitating long sraen of lying in which she was calles a's” and “whore * Figure 35, provides a breakiown of the various means by which people ae leczonicaly bullied 4 Human Trafficking The mos horse farm of vice arguably ser, tough we have ashe ame day human afk Human acing dfn bythe Unsed Neos Conenion ‘yun Tansatonl Oia ame nT Ticking Proce ofthe ert Deere, finan Ress ‘The recritment, transportation, seansfer, harbouring oF receipt fof persons, by means of threat cose of force of other forms of coercion, of abdvcion, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of pawer or ofa position of vulnerability of of the gie- Ing or receiving of payments or benefits to alive the consent (of person having con over nother person, or the purpose vena 5 Cel Oybortutyingcan have potently devastating sci, ee leasing vtonce fand sede, Anat do you thinks youre cyberbulyna wien feet Fah row?182 | Cama he sorts |e, | oo Percentage of Sura oe Teves 8 Fenonne Gang Set vations Mens serie cron ean ‘ryt: Stat Yew 2006-2008 Bulied by tracitonal ‘moans at schoo! Bulod by elecronie means anywnere fey Tet a Wor) ‘ipo olvetincaion Ga Nene o ————— Where Elattronic Aggression Happens: Ware bates a . SSP teone (of am oe wt | 0 90°20 30-40 50°60 70°80, Note: Categories ot mutuady exctusive ‘of explotation Exploitation shall inelude, inion, the exploitation ofthe pros stun of others or oder Fors of sexta exploitation, orced labour of services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. 2004, p. $2) {es quite bizare to think that 200 years afer ch Brite fought copy wats to end the ‘vansatiantic sve trade hat we are al aking about happening in the Zs century, According toa US, Department of Sate 2013) report on husnan teaficing Tes estimated thal as many a 2 raion men, wornen, an children around tie world ae vets of what i often described ‘we the umbeea tern human licking” Jia Davidson O10) argues ha this moder form of slavery soften worse than the old open Jeg very whee saves were given some degree of aoncery. Movin saver’ illegal nd hs asthe hidden. Be-aue othe legit and fen severe rina penabies tached to talficking infin countries, the people tat contol modern-day saves use a variety of methods to das. According tothe US. Department of Stare QUIS) hese nelude confiscating all dentin doouments cating victimes, constant accompanying victims; ressing acess to food, cshing medical cate, and seep requiring long work ays, a ctherose abusing and ining their ens nto booming piysally and psychologically dependent on tec captors, ‘The source counties for human trafficking are aimostinvarzbly poor tird-wodld counties ‘vith corrupt law enforcement and few eniployment opportunities, and the destination Countries ae usualy, but not always, sich countries. Trafficked humans may be used in their own counsies in brothels and sweatshops. Women and chiklren are typically used a5 prosutes; most ales are used as forced labor. tis obviously a highly profitable enceepise fordhe wafickers, nd its no surprise thar ongunized erie groups partipate in smugeling Jnumans, us as they are involved in smuggling drugs. tis eximated that human trafficking Js second oat tote ileal drug market n terms of profitability, netting the traffickers fom $510 9 billion a year according toa United Nations (2004) rept, Since tha time, however, ‘he number of vicins has rsen while costs have dened for the tallcke. As Heather Smith (GOLD explains, “Coupled with the fat tar rafficke sex daves are the single most profitable ype of save, costing on average $1,895 each but gereratng $29,210 annually, there are stack predictions about he likely growch in comumescal sex ver i the ftire”(p, 27D. Figure 3.6 (ffs thumbnal det of human waficking from the Immigration and Custos Enforcement (GE) Department {CEs mandated to contol al kinds of seugelng ito the Urted Ses, a gure 37 gives uicking figures specie tothe United Stats. + Sexual Assault of Children: Who Gets Victimized? ‘The seal ask dideen pechaps the mex prevalent cme against hurry im th Unit States, with approximately two-thirds of incarcerated sex offenders having olfended aginst chikiren CTatbox, Glin, Carter, & Matson, 2002). cis problematic wo accurately gauge the prevalence of child molesting, wi ates depending on how broad or how narrowly molesting Is defined. According to the National Genter for Victim of Crime (NCNC; 200 the percentage ‘fren inthe Une stares expericneing sexual abuse sometime ding their ildhood is 2096 for gil and 5 for boys. Gits are more likely o be abused within the Lal and boys are ‘mar tikely oe victimized by aoquainances cuts ofthe fly and by sangers (NCVC, 2010, ‘Tuane,Fnkelhor, & Ormrod, 2006). The strongest single predictor af vietim:zation fr gis having 2 stepfather cmeshers hve in boyiend in the house Steph are about ive times more ily 0 sexvaly abuse thelr augers than are biological fers and the ssongest predict for boys growing up in fatherabsent home Clurmer etal, 2006). There are many other factors Predictive of chil sexual abuse, and the more fc present the mote ikl abuseisto occ Fnelhor (980) develope a sk factor checklist for the likehhood of gil’ vctimization ‘ontaining the following predictors: 4. Living with stepfather oF mother’ live-in boyfriend 2, Living without biological mother 3. No cose to mother54 | mings he Eerie ————— hombre Sach of Hon fain Fame Human Trafticking A Global Problem “* . ae LeeLee ccs elo etree cent Brenner eee ae ee oa ne ing organizations while providing supporto victims, ICE nana tet eet ‘Tatcking ve Smogalng amar rats dt + Sonrateegeanicn acon soc ‘tiatrpenonnacastpocom sass 1 eemerantssmd arses | Sn Satie oe ion | {Shuuemnicamanteee enompneane | SENSESecmsnae * Retemmenemerepegin | /eceenres | Ricotascmeatsta Sh Sencmamennnee revsngalsenansy nie noma + 14500-17500: eetinatad umber of pola fled sho Und Sie aoe yor omen Tiching = 52% of pool rated ito te U8 Faves Specie to wes CE ae the Urted Sts ee poops are waka wor i ‘en oar, Sear US rae mS + Eau ASlaPoile th ein tat 0 Som 2 restree Siget soiree of peop wo ‘raced abe US eae oar ars” 4. Mother never finished high school 5, Sex punitive mother (6. No physical affection frm (biological father > amily income under $10,000 (in 1980 dolar; $28,416 in 2015 dolar) '8, Two fiends 0 Fewer in chldhood Finkel found tha the probably of viiization was virtually 2eo among ls With noe ofthe predictor in their background and rose steady to 66% among gs wih ve predicors, Given the lage number of divorces, ou-of wedlock bets, and reconstituted families we fre seeing inthe United States, then isk fctors for sexual abuse wil be experienced by an {erasing numberof cilken. The vation of children in domestic station partiulaly eos, and we ned to know under what crcusances ts mos prevalent. seems that every ‘seach program examining this probe finds tha ts nos likely o occur in homes it Which hldren do not reside with both biological pares. A national representative sample of over 200 children ages 2 through 9 found that chien of single parents were 67 times more key to-winess family violence, 39 times more likely oe maleated nd 27 tines axe likey co be son assaulted than children with both biologi parents peesent. The igure for stepparent families wee even worse 92, 46, and 43, repecively (Turner et a, 2008) This same sody found that stepchildren were 92 times more ikely © wness family violence, 4.6 times moce likely tobe celireated, and 4 Stes more likey tobe sexually assed thar children ing with wo ological parents gil living witha stepfather or mother’s live-in boyfriend is ppeonimately 65 tines more likely tobe fatally abused than chil Living with bth bloga patents Daly & Wilson, 1996) ~ Domestic Violence Victimization ‘Domestic violence vimization encompasses a variety of acts and refers any abusive act (physical, sexual, or psychological) that occurs within a domestic setting, Family violence isthe ‘ho prevalent fon of velnce inthe Unie Sates today, ane most of thts intmat-parnes (spouse crloved violence (Tlan, Goeman Sith, & Henry, 2006), Except for minor forms of abuse inate partner violence is overwhelmingly commited by males aguns females, although when females commit such violence they ae more likely to use 2 weapon to equalize the size and strength cifference between the sexes (Smith & Farole, 2005). However, while jst over one-shid ofall murders females inthe United Stats are committed by Intimate partners less than 496 males ae killed byntnate partners Rennison, 2009. Violent victimization of spouses or lovers erpetrated by males is primarily driven by ‘ale sexual ownership, jealousy, and suspicion of infidelity, Evidence from around the world indicates that che single mos Important cause of domestic violence (including homicide) is Intimate carter Vooneaie bresornatey commited 8 males against females56 | Comat: he ses tale jealousy and suspicion of infidelity Lepowsky, 1994), DNA deta iia that from 1610 alow recwataew | 308 ependig onthe clare or subcuitur) of hldren are fathered by someone othe than [fran 198Hi02010,theoveraraleot _» Compared io wveryothorago grou a the presumed father Birkenhead & Moles, 1992), The treat of cvckoy (being fled ints inmate peer volonoe nf Ueda eyweeprovousyvietmcea | ahlghts From sng someone bs chit whick gent tht avec aaa ope Sie coined 8, or 88 Bymesnme tender cele Jovers should be mast common in environments where the tive Weteroseperio00, | = Theraectinmata ps ies5-2010 ef nics mse ich «Phone ctnamatepanrvonsor me ° Gromer 36per 1000, eit iat pe : ccavonments would be thos in which marriages are moa pecarions, where moral restricons D Piette partner volencedocined by Hopante females declined 70%, rom 1953-2010 ‘on precurial and extramasial sexual eatonships are weakest, and where ou of wedlock birt nortan 60% forboth males and 18.8 vitimizatons per ,000'n 1964 to ‘age oe reson ighest Gham evan & Acc, 2009) i 98st2010 sper iaoo 2010 Aithough by no means ited she lower Casses, domestic vslene sos ten » Pontotenzno shan tnsvcimsct | + Fanalctvnge hushosconptsed annie byconpiey dara Ca Cha tear & Aer 208) CO [mt ate vlecvrefenae | oreterlenat winch mals have ow mate value Because they Pave ls tof in ems of resus or renpets «+ Famulesapes to 24ard 25136 Srperanceg ate parne tno scsng thet, wich ends to make thet mates les destous of enaning the eanonship turoyaoufrcoutenahesies Saranroben oaosnn, ‘with them and seek other partners. Lacking alternative means of controlling their partner's finale perner violence than nousoholds wth married adults beaver, CD males may tro weal coecve tsa nimiat them, Tasty be one of | _Fatonadewton aor the reasons why intimate personal viokence is two to three times more prevalent and more deadly = ———— _svongAfean Ameren tls tan among les of theres Hampton Oley, & Magnan, 2003, anyon and his calleagaes 2009 sls lt the anger and fain Dorn pore and unemployment he recta of back eas opt eens ne te ene fa ‘pane, soc secu mbes, and car identifier to “lane” the vine and coma and anagonise relationship dha allegedly exists between black men sad women a rssons trie ernest nay be ataaed oe icin Figure 38 shows the vsiizaion tes by anil hesebold income otis gute 39 os CCiminals pun acess tothe persona information of eters ina vary of ways: They can bight fom the Bureau of justice Satis 2012 special report on icimate-parner valence sel buy it, simply be given it by their uawary victims, People are continually providing, ‘confienial information toll sors of businesses and agencies tha goes ito huge data banks it Thay be legacy acesed by employees an ten, or hey can be ack” ad have Identity Theft and Other their information olen. Credit card numbers can be coped ig Sana sat sch vctiminati te when a resaurant server thes your card fr processing of mmbers ca be sure Forms of Cybervictimization Ferved ua chisaing device, whieh istypealy a cgaetic pack size device run across a ced ic information in the thagnetic sp, This information is then used 19 tard to record the elo ‘Wentity theft isthe use of someone else's personal information without his or er permission make duplicate cards Thieves can also seal cxginal checks lft in mailboxes for pickup, copy 1 fraudulently obtain goods or services. According to a Federal Trace Commission (2010) thetnfouation on ther, acta diate checks frm mail-order Ras Teper 279.389 complaints of ientky thet were filed in 2003, hough i estimates that about * Host stolen identity information is nat forthe personal use ofthe thief but for sale to {9 milion people actualy ae vicims of ident theft in some fort, The cost te ecomomy is hers, An organization of about 4,000 individ called the Shadowerew stole large volumes approximately $50 ilion a year. Identity theft can ange from a criminals shorcterm use of of personal information for many years and arrogantly advertised and sold ion websites stolen or lost ret card 10 the long-erm use of person's complete biographical information svorKiwide. Ifyou wanted to buy card numbers with secunty codes you could get 50 of them foe $200; i you wanted the same thing complete with the original owner's social security uber and date of birth you would only have to pay $40 each (Levy & Sone, 2005), Leading Inembers of the Shadowerew were aesed by the US. Secret Service in 2004, effectively dosing sano more | Se fosns that suo card hehe cat lon cea ak cad —— Vitmiation " 7 $ i‘ fateoun: numbers, and other conser documents suc as passports and ivr’ licenses (US Peet eon je Department of Jitice, 2004) The consequences of identity thet vcmization are usrated in Household Income of 525,000-§49,009 4 Department of usice, 2008). The consequences of identity Viet Ahesory of Michele Brown. “ $7500-£04,900 THEORY INACTION: ACa jtimization and Its Consequences [Annual Household income ‘ofVietim Less than $7500 With the advent ofthe computer age we are all chs weakest. One of tho mast err fora depicts of inowatng Te ability to vetrize someone winout com- cyberactmzation proved nthe move Tho Net ns tog reroll thn contact ofthat pevon means that he move, Angela Bennet. payed by Sancra Bulock, 3 Fate per 1,000 Persons Age 12 or Older Strongest amang us can be welously“akacked” by the computor expert wh has he if tumed ino 2 nightmare (Continued (SS Forse Ei waa7] ae) ‘hen ar records are wiped clean ashes pen anew erty by people whe want destroy her. Her new don ‘iy came compl wth a coc rca and the rest of ‘he more about her sugges red cut wro as done this ther and ty, Ancther move wth he same teen, ‘ety Theft The Michele Brown Stan. 1 tasad ona ‘tue sto foenty thet wctmizaton Michele Brown, 328-year-od white femal, one of 1 numberof rea Angela Benels wrese nightmare gan in January 1998. Whie Mice didnot have her recone ease she ad them “clones bya waman who ganas acces to her persona informaton. Her deni Clone was Hod Large le, a 33 old whe female vith 0 physical resemblance o Michele tall With 2 ine of crt esablsnes wih Micha’s saci secunty number and divers tcense number, Hed racked up $1,443 in phone bis, bought a $22,000 automa, had $4,800 werth of iposuction, an baught sures ‘ner tems, Worse yet, Hed was arsted as Michelle Brown for smuggling 3,000 pounds of marguan ino indictment and listed as @ DEA informant Ratrning from ap oversea, Michel the el one) wae tines 2 sromaiternn car tive aware of Michelle's predicament got her released — Smeets Sae ieee cect seats Another type of eybervictimization s phishing, which asthe name implies, inwoes thieves casting thousands of fraudulent e-mails imo the cyberpone asking for personal information and wating for someone to bite. Phishers may send ent oficial locking e-mails with bank logo asking recipients to “update heir information or eling them that te secourt may hhave been fraudulently used and thar the bank needs to “verily” thes personal information, (One study indicated that 40% of recipients of one fraudulent bank e-mail believed it be fea Gxshet, 2006) A victim may also be tral seared into providing their information. Imagine receiving an ‘email rom “Lola Productions” tein you that yous cet card has been billed $9995 forthe Sisto child pornography DVDs and thar # will be automaticaly ied 895 each month for farther DVDs. The message also says tha if you want o cancel membership you shoul e-nail back with fll ret card details “for verification.” Knowing the penalties for pessesig chi Por, you may be anxious to do anything to free yourself from he electnic embrace of Loita Productions ‘he most notorious phisiers are the so-called Nigerian frauds un by Nigerian organized ‘rime groups Eas have been received by millions of people the word over A sll number ‘of people filo it, These people ate it asked to send smal aon of mony (perhaps $200 ‘ores fo “over expenses but are sucker into sending everlarger amousts as “compiaions™ saree Some of the more gullible have even been red to Nigra with thelr cash and have been ied Baines, 1996. % Victimization Theories inlet in occur a any tine ot place without wiring, Who could have predicted aan ang es carat the filing ation would be gunned down by Waskngton, DG Seer pcb bana and se Nab ln 202 Or hat the yp at i des the Be ade Gamer woul be oblacnsed seconds ater by passenger on September 12 are too sysemic way ocala cvs sich these em ito pene BU pera my ang ona cance Coming te tc ang psc paesin cn who were fot enough tbe Ie eens pee tthe won tetas couse were vet oF V1 an the DG spe safe mort oes vcting are nw see sini in some wa, knowingly OF Uetrowanly, passively orate, nivensd thet wetnizatonObvowly the ake of iis uncer prvocae it ay be is never necessary and sent ese fs oF ty Vcmiuso sol thee caer fly expan the action ofthe person commiting the tonal Victim Precipitation Theory ‘Victim precipitation theory was first presented by von Hentig (94 and applies only fo violet victimization, ts base premise i tht hy acting in certain provocative ways some indavduals inti a ain of event that lead to texr acemtzaban- Most miders of spouses nd boyhends by women, fr example, ae victim precipitated in that the “perpetrator” defending herself from the victim lana, 1990, Likewise, serous delinquent and criinal behavior and “ériousvictnlzaton are inextricably linked, Schaffer snd Rubac (2002, fr fstance found that let offenders al other things being statsicallycontalled, are about ewice as key 2 onviclent offenders to be victimized themselves, Frthermote, past victimization is the Des predictor of future victimization (odds ratio= 57, which means tat if you were vitimized in Year I the odds of you being victimized in Year 2 re 57 dimes grester than i you were not victimized in Year 1) Another study using data from the longitudinal Pitsburg and Denver Studies of delinquency risk factors (eg, low SES, single-parent household, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, drug usago showed thatthe same facies predicted victimization aswell cher ah, & Tuizngs, 000) As cen in Fguse 3.10, overall, 50% of seriously violent delinquents ‘vere thenseves violently victimized, compared wth 10% of nondelinquents fem the same eighborhood "Viettn precipitation theory has been most contensions when applied to rape victims ever since Menachem Amir's (197) stady of police records found that 19% of forcible rapes were supposedly victim precipitated, Amit | Seme———> | ore—— > | havin | Wea Procaian Equal | Aworan who has Viet Focittation Victim eaves ys | iahscarwnie | horunsintoa ‘ore Atoenagor Impulse seals te carand wrecks Victim iacent | Asoxottender karapsa | sexeaming | young gettroma Paygroundand mnaleste her. is herhusband in sofhdcense asho's ‘aston beating her again. wen Sand andieaves. Shedecdes okey | {hemenoyianis | Degree of Victim Faciitation or Provocation/Pr chaparral | 61 _gvss theory stresses that criminal behavior takes place via te interaction of three variables Guile individuals’ everyday routine activities: (1) the presence of mexivated ofeners, (Gite avait of sotable gets, and (3) the absence of capable guardians The basic idea [ite theory is that here are certain hfestyles outine activities) that dspeoportonately ome peopl 0 high risk for victimization, Lifestyles are the routine patterned actives {inc people engage in ona daily basis, bth obligatory (eg, work related) and optional © fecretona) A high-k ifestle may be geting involved with deviant peer groups or érugs, Ips “hanging ou or frequenting bars unt at into the night and dining heavily. Routine avis esse theory explains some ofthe dats relating to demographic prfles and isk prscnted by Lacber etal, 2001 discussed easier Males, the young, the unsmarsied, and the For are more st rsk for victimization than Females, older people, married people and mare ‘imiene people because they have rskicr ifesyles, On average the Lfstyles ofthe former are Foret and action orened than the aes. “These Mfesyies sometimes lead to repeat victimization Prior victimization has been called "arguahly the best readily available predictor of future weimization and i 'appears i robs finding across crime types and data sources’ Tseloni & Pease, 2003, p. 198) List ostaph (2004) reviews the iterature on what she calls “careee victias ic interesting research findings on thls phencmenon she lists te follow syle pers: +A British crime survey tht found that 202% of the respondents were victims of 81.2% ofall offenses ‘A sud that found 24% of rape vietims had been raped before + Astudy of assault vitims inthe Netherlands that found 11.3% of ves accounted for 25.3% of hospital admission for assault over 25 years + Astudy reporting that G76 of sexual assault victims had experienced prior semal assruls Sr tesnevera smart es to sn ound wth bees win an atitude’— vetinzation 5 then just rune the comes(2 | crinnoeae meeserats are eau pst timation 8 2 npoat question on vctincogy aay y =pat victimization san important qu ‘agenda, The explanation offered by various theorists limos ieviably eee aoe nevi 1nd reine Actes theory atv eer wa ted ofende king advantage os sath dns, The tepeat victimization of domes pares oe cen ee ate een ps are ely no iferen fom tis we geal heme abou staying health Bee ce, and quit smoking if you want to aveld health problems, Similarly, avoid ser eas scoibly, don't provoke, take reasonable precautionary measures, and if you want fo avd victimization. Vics deserve our sympathy event Pr provoked or faciiated thee om victimization Vsimoogists do nt “bane Bs ee us that complete Innocence and ll responsi We ona comms. ‘sccep victimization a normal and neva Repeat victims of violent assault are often found to freq feces ips, & Pease, 1995). These individuals can be either or both. cpio 4 ‘Most of the research, . Bonnie Fisher and her colleagues’ (2001 Tepe tee eee ene leagues’ (2001) national sample of cx (2 hal Serapatathough 465 %6 Of this 2.8% whom 7 Penna ep 2h that lid not experience the ever De sialic tan hoe cies heya tera. Oy ig Fane aes eek ‘The Consequences of Victimization ros suffer iflong pain fxn wounds and some sufer peruanentdisbilty, but rc jeiy of victims the worst consequences are psychological, We all ike o think hat seine safe, predictable, and lawful world in which people teat one another decently Wepre ace wictnized this comfortable "just wor view is shattered. With vcimization Seren rest feelngs of shock, personal vunersilty, ange, ear of fue vitimizaton, and Repeenofothes. Tetanzatin also proces ecligs of depression, gull, selblame, and oweted seestcem Und eaeicacy. Rape in peiclar has these conseqbences forts victims CDid {contribute to econ have done reo prevent it), The toc, anger, ad depeson that cpl Tipit arape victim are known as rape trauma syndrome, whichis similar to pos-iaumatic atts disorder Geexpesiencng the event via “Flashbacks” avoiding anything at all associated Malthe even, anda general aumbnes of foo often suffered by those who have experienced Teboroes of war an Beto & Ensink, 2000) Victimization “also changes one’s perceptions of hati about others in seit I does so by indicating ethers as sources of threat and arma Fates tan sources of supp (Maclln, 201, P12 ‘resins of property crimes, particularly burglary aso have the foundations oftheir woe shaken. The home is supposed tobe a personal sanctuary of safety and security, and when it {aetouched"by an intruder some vietims describe i as the “ape” of thelr home (Barto, 2002, 1 330) A Brivsh study of barglaryvicsims found dat 65% reacted with anger and 30% with fear evicinizatio, and 29% suffered insomnia asa consequence. The type and seventy of hese reactions were structured by veins place i te social structure, with those most Lkely tobe aflected being women, olde and poorer individuals, and residents of single-parent households (Maw, 200), Final, note the eauma, tres, wasted time, and fost eatonships ‘ifered by Michele Brown (see Theory in Action box) afer being vetiized bya person she ether knew nor had ever sen, This ndedies the contention that exc one of us sa vitim inwating. In summing up the consequences of victimization, we note that just as offending beiavior shapes the Life course txectries of offendets, violent victimization helps to shape the life course trajectories of viens, Scott Menards 2002) study ofthe National Survey of Youth samples, alongtudinal study involving individuals fom age 110 3, found that vokent vicimization during adolescence has pervasive ellecs on problem outcomes a8 adult. Figure 512 shows thatthe expected probably of a vary of negative outcomes in adulthood is much reat for victims of vslence during adolescence than nonvictins doing the same perio. etme fom epeat vn tha Sci ses nsec a ame ean from what hasbeen cal mama sewalicuton Which oie ae ee econ he isi usted. This can ead ork king and pomeea eee lization i hers ead wo fetings of yaweriessnes lo tae kcmizacon can also undermine ts in : en fcings of oweressess. Al yon increase the nik ofan Ge & Salven io |s Victimology “Blaming the Victim”? Sone visin adc ree iil hres | sxrlsing ht vices of victimization with the goal of understanding ar preven { hh is used to develop crime prever vonage on blaming? Vin ; ios cout by hat thy sinply exe tne roses sndeagnipeentaAgimy cah companies andthe ne ve donot, we wilbe hells and pe pon cao wb lesan pase pros inher te so elves “isagedthath's ina of de cosumaeeatnt cube anda when 9e warm cus ong wo ee del es bes “ome victims of rape, and I can appreciate the ; ime thoes whe oeld be dy waning our ourg men aot totake sores eee instead. Of course, it is n cme | sea, OF never wise to get drunk whatever one's gene She Lopess || Sree posible iment neon acca Conon ee Se to safeganl ours and ote propery ints inpeee ee Victimization and the Criminal Justice System Unt aly recently the vit had Been the forgotten party inthe criminal usice system, 1 the United Sees err i considered an act against the ate raher than against the individsal—————— (64 [cmt Te Caen Posttraumatic ves dearer Fercentage of Acer Vics Probie drupuse Gee Moke esees Proper oan teesgerence aut & 7 Pevimoseores 3 Viet toring 4 Domeste velco g ‘oferarg ——— veincalon aa — osen vitiniznon |e ° 0 & % a & Percentage [E_Viete in adciocsonce Gah Nervi in adotesowrce ‘who was actually victimized, In 2004 the Senate passe a crime vctn bil of rights that has ‘gone some considerable way to recognizing the previously discounted victim. Although these "ights apply only to victims of federal crimes, all 0 states have implemented constiutional amendments or promuigatd bills guaranteeing similar rights, We owe mc of this nereased ‘steno to victim ses tothe womens overeat ato emunlt ceimincogise Crime Victim’: Billof Rights 3 | The right tobe easonaly protected from the accused Therighttoessonabe, accurte, nd timely natoe of any pubke proceecing chang the ‘xe oof ay release or cape ofthe accused , ‘Tha mght not to be exces from any such puble proceeding 1 ‘The nett be ressonaty hears at amy pubic proceeding inches ease, pe, osertanee, The nett confer rn the attamey forthe goverment inthe case The rah to ful and tel restuton as rowed inlaw The nen procecings re fom uneascnable deloy The ight tobe rested wih faess and with respect fr the wctim’s dint ane penacy Crime victins are eligibie for partial compensation fram the state to cover medical nd living expenses incurred as result of their victimization. A 50 sates and all United Sates D psciorwes have established programs that typically cover what private insurance does Fae soning the state has sufficient funds. According tothe National Assocation of Crime He compensation Board (NACVCB, 2005), in 2004 victims of violent erime nationwide Piped a tora of $426 million in compensation, with the majority (1%) going for medical epee, % Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs (VORPs) ‘yoRPs are an integral component of restorative justice philosophy. Many crime victims are Neching fairness, jostice, and rextutlon as defined by them estorative justice) as opposed toreveage and ponishinent. Centea tothe VORP process sth bringing togete of victim Gnd offender in face-o-face meetings mediated by Ipetson trained in mediation thoory and practice {Rilsh Stohr, 2010). Meetings are voluntary for poh offender and victim and are designed to ion tat 9ays in which the offender can make amends forthe hurt aed damage cased tothe victim ‘Victims participating ia VORPs gain the fpportunity to make oftenders aware of thele Feelings of personal volalon and los and to lay out theis proposals or how offenders can estore the ination, Offender re afforded the opportunity fo se firsthand the pain they have caused their victims and perhaps evento express remorse. The ‘mediator asst the pares in developing a contract sgceabl to bath. The mediator monitors the terms the contract and may schedule further ace to-fice ecg “VORPS are used most often inthe juvenile sytem bt rarely sed for personal violent eres in ether serie oe adalt sem, Whore they are use, about Gof victims invited to partpate actually become involved, and a high pescentage (mis-to high 909 ‘suk in signed conicicts (Coates, 1990). Mark Umbret and his collegues (1999) su up the ‘ars satisfactions express by vitims who parcipate in VORP: 1. Meeting offenders helped reduce their fear of being revictimized, 2. They appreciated the opportuni to el offenders how they fel 4, Being personally involved in the justice process was satisfying co them. 4. They gained insight into the crime and ito the offender’ situation. 5. They received restintion. However, VORPs do not etal victins, especially those whofe! thatthe wrong done ro ‘heen cannor so easily be“ righ nd wan the oflender punished (Olson & Daur, 2008. LL ——— tained moder assisting vicina seri wit the fender oul you fore yourvesmize?Netmology ithe audy oft a factors for ands Domestic violence (most intinateparner yap consequences of vicimiation and cumina justice lence) is the most prevalent fonm of violence approaches dealing with victims and victimization, the Untied Sates today Mach of & i civen bp ' ‘The risk factors for victimization are bascally the jealousy and real or imaged infidelity and i mont Same asthe sk factors for vieumiang mn tems ikely to he coma by compete daca of gerder, race, age, SES, personal charatenstcs, tage! male j and neighborhoce! 8 Theonses of victimization such a8 victim prepa "= Although the NCVS tells us much about vctinizs on theory and routine actviesiestye theon ion in the Untied Sates, there is bite informa ‘examine the vet’ ole in factating o precipe om telaing t vieinszaton oocuring in the wo tang his oF hee vation Tha ser og laces we spend most of cur ume—at work or blaming” but rather an effort unleceanl ay School Workplace violence wualy occurs against prevent” victimization Vieumologit apposen people who deal with the publen x protective or __tesponslay wathn the vicimotendes Sooo Supenviaory capacity or aguins! those who work a continuum from complete vit Innocence alone wth money ‘icum precipaaton (= Serious physical vewmization im ourschoolss rel. m ‘The consequences of victimization can be dey aunely rare, bur elecionic Bulli sever grow stating, both physielly and. paychologealy ‘mg and can have even more hurl consequences though the seventy of the psyttclogeat cok. (Gnclading suid) than physical bullying seauences of the same sort of victimization ean The most insidious form of victimzabon today is vary widely acconding to the charactersace of fo arguably human taficking, which in effect a val, consequences can range nous abort drm form of slavery. People of al ages and _anget to posttuumatc ates snonder, espera Sexes ate tached, hut the was najonty are gis for cin of rape and women who are used pinay as cxptve —® Unify mceny vcs were the forte pay Prosimues ‘sina pace syste that tended to think of "= The sensal asa of children possibly the most then only as “evence™ or wens Thangs Pave pectalent cme aganst humanity inthe Unted changed over the bs 25 year wih the paege of Sate, with estates of 20% of pls and 5% of a vitis igus bal by dhe federal preter aa boys being viciniocd The grenest risk for chill al SO states Thee ate also vanout veemneeruceat etiizaton » lving with a male who is rot the programs designed to ease dhe pane of ictanes botagicl father ofthe ld tion, such at veut compensation 2 Ineiview a wiling dassmate or fiend who has been sactimized by a serous crime and ask about This oF het festings shorty aftr vicmistion and ‘ow Did change his oc her austudes about came snd punsshmeat Scie vicimology is tne. sic olence ualhcking theft 4 Discuss how leaming about wictimology helps you 'o futher understind offending behavior © Domestic nolence has ben faling dramatically over the lst 10 to 20 yeas 1s i athe to manda tory atest polices oe to some ote factor 7. In your opmion, does the cnminal justice syiem Jo enough to guatance ct ight? What ater steps can be taken to lessen he ham sutered by vicina the aflerath of beng vanced? 4 6a aumpise to you that pepetston of crimes are ‘more lel i alko be vets of ere than people ‘n general Why oF why no? Discuss the various ways hae human tafcking ike slavery (G0 0 your mates offical web an look up fundeng levels and wha services ate availabe to ceme vcr renean Society of Vcomnlogy ww amescen (ntonal Vico Weste. www cnapers & vets} 67 ‘Naonal incident Based Reporting System Resouest Guide ww ieps nich ed NACID/NIBRS. The Wald Sot of Vetineeny wwe sworidsocietplvicinaloyy ony dhonal Crime Vicoizaion Suivey Resource Gui Svs cps UCH ed NAGD/NCVS ape trauma syndrome ictenoiopy Routine acwiewifexyte theory ‘icim preciption teary