Indluenves the behavior ofthe gener Ne ener pube(gen- snot The Commit tee on Deterrence tnd dhe eral decrence) but dee ot em fal donee) W affect the Death Peay conde tat the seh epee ‘the criminally involved ‘been settled etther way. a (ur dco ofthe et pease the The geno wheter ed tes para a an showing whether or not s con: ‘or “soft” on crime depends on egg tutes a deterrent. It is rarely imposed and even “compare twat 7 aah Cae sare ny ced it Su by econo Ween tone Wer menue mene ‘tend to show that itis a deterrent, while studies by be sfc than none Weseen ict : = tes hut we ate ser thn foo: Western logs and colo nd 0 show tht tpt pace bulbar postmen Nt | Chumans ue party sete byte dons: vt he of te poms en reve =e; . sei ee dmeesmrskc ct oe Sd and Criminal Behavior © Ntataanas or diaérange) does posta Wha tt preven mow peopl rm fang serious comes that das rot prevent crm From dong 0° ‘Would you like tose the cru penalties applied tothe Chine and the Such Atabuns apple {Use any search engine and type in “eccans yre~ WE Unted States inorder to relics crime t Venaing cume.” How do Becca's teas cornpar: NONI j 1s Fens social defense satonale for punishment preferable to one emphasizing rehabilitation of E Vso phen thot we ol sive t maximize ou pleasure and to rinimzeour pain and that weal dense stotgies we belive Gute nosonabe to attam ts gool. Mast people go about His by reasoning that if they wont the finer material things Toe uch o a Les pared i Font ofthe marsin onthe hl) shared wth kind, considerate, and beoutfl wie or Rnisone hasbord ond ocoule of heathy and tlie cin, they mst prepare hemsees by working ard study Ing ard ond setng into a lucrative career Ths exactly wht Bil Cates ai. and now he's the wots chest man. OF Tp, Cates 50 product of solidly upper middleclass intact home and he remarkably intligent (hs begrophy Iss ral in the 150-160 range), ambioous and concious, so t's ro wonder that he never easoned that knocking of Theloca convenience store or Sling crack wasn his est merest. Gates had much to much t lose and such thoughts ooogical and paycholopal posts mp. The nv imme eee imps ean ton ‘bbl never cessed his mind anyway ‘rmunology suerte eck Fm Gheoyeek on ued Tenvchove Chores arson te egtinateson of 16rd ranowy gi who asd him nasi of ana ts Und nooner solitum tora ptche of beer char abo wud to maxes pleasure and minimis hi pan, but he eo | “ied tht ts wos best acheved by staing robbing burglarang, and fending a hpoeclfeatunng an abundance ose, | Gags ond eck’ rl As of 2014, Mancon ws 80 yeu ld 8 those yearshave ben spntlolad vp jini ad adult Teas ios Manson stp andiratona? Ne prison testing showed him have an oF 19, While ts snctn Gates’ ake Teague. the bright average ronge Neither was he unaware that hs este woul lead tothe pans of mprsonment Flightenment Pan tien is numerous nareratons beer hs death sentence fr mur (commuted to ifein prison 1972} Chie simply Cattograpivecriminologts Pree will ar isle thetinks and fut of ee becovse the were med while punshmert wos anya dstnt ‘maybe and he had ssc schon! fen ciple of walty ‘litle tz any. Ths, while everyone hs the some bs ereal motive blind the behav how aiferent people Compstat Seterrence avon inthe god fond what they consider tobe the aptly och depends ona host developmental personaly, oct eet ae een notional and envionment factors tatimprnge onthe anal decors Keep ths m mind as you read about “ine as os ldo cleus Soci dense ie’ mths choter rbefeerl peso Specie detenence | tala shoo of criminology Detertence Pescepeual deterence theoryacd Be abe to articulate the nature of rational and its constants * Understand the assumptions and ky stengths and weaknesses of atonal cole, routine acres, and i ral/anatchic tenis + Seawar ofthe crncsms amed etl hee theones “+ Understand etal criminology’ pent abut the primary of tions in mosvating cial behavior ‘+ Understand what primary and secondary emotions are and how they function to bath faciltate and prevent covminal acouy = Koow the came preverion policy recommendations offered by the thie teones + Returning to Classic Assumptions of Human Nature ‘The postvst school of thought emphasizing the scenifc method and eliminating what was considered m-tpiysial assupons about himaa ru, such a ational and re wl, ek a ight ren in criminology for almost a century afters emergence. However, a combination of high rime aes the faire of existing postit theories to adequately account fr high crime rates, andthe emergence ofa more conservative ate the late 197 and early IEDs aw 3 swing away from the ideals of postvisn back tote clasical noon tha offenders are ron actors responsible fr ther own actions. One ofthe principal complaints mace by more con- servative criminologists such as Hirsch! and Hindelang (97), Wilson (1976), and Wilson and Hernsein (1985) wasthat many crimiasogialtheeres wanved wo trace oot causes of crime society and to exonerate delinquents und ciinals fra: ay Dame for heir actions, According ‘othese cits, viewing offenders as blamciss sips hen ofthe aman and plats them 35 ‘pawns of capricious environmental winds ad leads offenders o view themscles #8 vii, 4 deadly sap from which they may never escape. To sea sich ates, Boyd Sharp 2006, p. 3) ted a Galen and Hobbes cartoon in which Cavin, "have concluded that nothing bad Ido is my ful... Ym helpless victim of count Jess bad infuences. An unwholesome culture panders to my undeveloped values and it poses me into misbehavior. I take no responsibility for my behavior Im an innocent pawn of soe ‘Sharp pon that eximinals come to thik like Calvin inthe content ofa society where many people prefer to claim vitimhood rather than penonal esponsilty (McDonalds made sme ft the Maioro man made me smoke, ad so ford Criminals are eu to accep ato tive pronouncements that excuse thei beuavior and defense lawyers are equally quick to argue ‘hem in court Al ofthis reinforces the patterns of eiminal denial tat treatment provide i8 ‘corrections (prison counselors, probation and parole offers, social workers) fi so stating ‘Sharp, 2006; Walsh & Soh, 2010, Thus there were a vary of reasons that many of the classical ‘eas about criminal fioning emerged when they di “Two popular theories based on neoclassical (ers meaning revival andr new interpeti- on ofthe lssicl schoo} idea of human nature ate ronal choice theory aad rutin act tes theory. These theories share what Thomas Sovel (987, see Chapter I cals a constrsined. ‘sion. The most common thea ofthe two theories shat tay emphasize the roles of criminal Sustons and opporunites andthe rao of benefits o sks in making decisions about whether co engage in clminal behave. Tiss contary to mest other theories in this book that focus 0 rousextents on offenders personal ane social characteristics suchas impulsiveness, callous ie sortl cas, gene, and age In other words, rational choice ax outine actives tories Bye concerned with crime rater than cial Shear called cul criminology directly poses oth these theories, and cermphasizes theo of emotions in instigating criminal behave rather than analy. Cultural criminology Iasains that criminology’ Gnd socal seience in general) has had a much 00 rational view of Joc beings ond their behave and tha has seriously neglected the roe of emotions Feel, Zo) Cobar ckminologisagzee with evolusonary scholars that emaions are more important than ratnaly in human social decison making because they funcsened ong befoe our zune toa facies evolve ase bass oe social interaction Guwa etal, 2009. Despite this big dit fence in erphasis, cura criminology shares with aoeal dice and roll activites tows theretion of postivist nd deterministic "Tackgrend theorksin avr f examining the for {fount of time The foreground of crime s defined a8 the immediate stuaion andthe thought Broce ofthe individ criminal athe ine ofthe zn, while the background of crime fees everything that person age race, gender, impulsive, drug bused or has experienoed {Gains pore, broken Bore, dg Ut may have led him oc herto think hat way. The inlusion atu criminology offers an opportaneyt explore the rach neglected toe of emeaios in {nology interms fe rlesthey play bth in nsigatig and evening cial behav, % Rational Choice Theory Rational choice theory i based onthe base tenets of casa theory and would tus dismiss Cabin asa whiner who need to pull up his socks and ake charge o his fe Recall hat the ental belt fhe casecalschoo are that people rely choose te Rehator and that they 30 S000 ‘led by the hedonisicaluhs. In other worl behavior, good or bad is designed to produce ome net advantage forthe actor. Furthermore, because people are rasonal they will respond ‘ceives al lsinceeives in sich away a to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Cia Behar ike al oder behave, mosis by any things Kul be anges, red, hs, ds, alos, evenge, satus, peer approval, or any naraer of other reasons, Whatever the reason, at Frotom ial about attempts to ain some sort of personal satisfacson (pleasure orto remore Se source ora pin). This dos noe ean tat neocasal criminologists have extreme sislon of wl fee of any causal chains. Rational choice theorists are "widens" beemse ‘hl they believe that criminal behaviors ultimately a choice, the choice is made in the context, 6f personal and suationa constants and opportunities In eer words, ional choice theors sulsrueexreme versions ofthe dassica fee wil caneps for that of human agency. “Human agency sa concep thas maintains humans have the capacty t make choices ad the esponiity to make morl ones regal of norrl or externa constraints on one abi sy todo so. This isa form of fee wil campatle with determinism, because recognizes both the inter and external constraints that imi ovr ably 10 do as we please. Because rational lice tory grants offenders the digalty of possessing agency, jus as nonoffendes purposely ‘vegh option before deciding on a course of action, so do fenders before deciing to comm 2 crime: Therefore, "he or she can be held responsible for that choice and can be leimately unised” (Cake Cori, 206, p25). What Is Rationality? Ttisimporanr to understand rationality and its lias fwe ae to understand erininal lend Ing and devise effective ways o deter Rationality fs desirable quabty sid tobe iahecent in90 cama: te Caen hoon beings, Although rationality is defied somewhat dfereey in diferent dscpline, the brs notion ithat ational isthe staeof having good sense an sed judgment Good sense snd sound jodgment are sad to be present when we base out choles on the evidence before ts atany given ime and when we revise our reasoning Gand hence our behav as new evidence arises. Ralonaty should not be confused with morality because ratory’ goals elim and selFinterest governs behavior whether in conforming or deviant cections.Ceme is ton Gt east inthe shox ran) if erminals employ reason and act purposely to gain desied end Raonay is thas the qualty of thinking ane behaving in accordance with loca eston such ‘ha one’ reality san ordered and intel ibe sytem for achieving goals and song problems, "he notion of anionalty in the social scence is indeed to German econams and silo sit Max Weber, Weber conceived of two broad types of tonality. ‘The fist is sereckratfon. ‘alisat purpose oc instrumental” rationality). Weber asumed this sef-serving means-ends ‘atlonaity tobe innate "Personal seltinerest is already fixed by genet nereance inal aman individuals and needs no furtcr fixing thereby exter irypostion” Cn Wallace, 1990, p 209), Inothee words, Weber wasn agreement with the classical scholars that rationality 2 part of -numan atte pressed int service to assure We met goals that serve ut eres. Weber also posted a leamedrationalay callesortrattonatiea value” rational). This ‘ype of rationality is related toa value such as honor, oreo duty to some revered entity fons ‘atlon group, God or ea (patriots, ideology, religion, which may appeat to observers ob antithetical. instrumental aol. Pxarples ince Catholc priest taking vows Of powers, ‘obedience, and chastity orerorists blowing themselves up slong with buslouds of kid inthe Dele thar iis pleasing to God. Zvechrationaltat thus pins uso reasoned means of ating goal, and ornate hep to define chose means and goals interns of norms and vale he What Are the Constraints on Rationality? A rational decision is one that s reasoned tobe optimal for achieving a goal, but atonality is subjective (personal and based and bounded ths Limi), Given that tis subjective ast bounded, unwanted outcoraes can be produced by rational strategies. This is because we do ‘not all make the same calculations or arrive a he same plan when parsing the same pals. Jus lke Bill Gates and Charles Manson, we all contemplate our anticipate actions wit ess ‘han perfect knowledge with cliferent mind-set, and with differen reasoning abies In cher words, we may think we are behaving in ‘Ways thar best serve or selnteres, ba ‘urbehavior may beg unwanted ess Burger taking bec ‘of some th ause We ae ignorant of ome tings ‘charge of on and misimerpee xhers. We do the bes Solsied back Eee ecihers wedi aey Soeatate rer mies oie cae crete Saco private models of eat and “are generally doing the bes they can witha the limits of time, ‘ences bbe cee ‘entrance tion) ‘The sosomplshes ‘03, bummer Rather than focusing onthe nature and backgrounds of eviminal, ational choice theorists sip sesume criminally motivated offenders wil always be with us an focus onthe process heir choices to offend (he foreground eather than the haekground of eime. This proces lnown 3s choice structuring andi defined asthe constellation of opportunities, oss and pene attaching to particular kinds of crime” (Comish Cask, 1987, p. 993. Weal a hoes al the time, but making good ones that maximize the probubty that they will eu the desired ourcome requis strategy tht sructures them, For instance, experienced buglas ave to take varcry officers ino conseration befor burlaizing 2 hoe, They wil already havein their heads a general strategy that structures thei thinking about where to go, wien {to o, aed wat 10 do to succesfully rle a house. Thus, elinal events require motivated offenders meting situations chey perceive as an opportunity o acquire something they want, suchas the bank robber Wille Suton we mtn Chapter 1 vewinga bank. Fach criminal event Isthe result of x seris of choice-strucuring decisions to inate te even, continue with i, of ess. Each particu kind of eine isthe resul of a series of ferent decison that can only be expliined on their own terms the decision wo rape is asved at quite ciflerely thn the dession| ‘otmgaize. The simple bass of rao choice hear ae ssa sn Figure $1 Routine Act We have already briefly discussed routine activities theory in Chapter 3 in the context ic Timlin, The theory was devise by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson (77) i the taion tftalonal choice theory and ates wo explain cme rts in diferent socetes and neighbor. hoods without invoking individual deren in criminal propensity. They do this by poling tothe eine acts in that society or neighboshood. Rousine aces are defined 38 reer reatand prevalent activites which provide for basic population and individual need” (Cohen & Felson, 179, p. 593 In other wor, one actives are the normal day to-day sty pattems that characterize a particular place that either invite or dissuade crime. Take for example the ‘Sgnicant increase nthe burglary cite in the United Sates inthe 19408 According to Cokin and Felson (179 this was almost entiselyaibutabe to the increasing numbers of women entering, the workforce, which meant there were ewer peopl at home o guard and thes more oppor nies or criminalsas homes ruse” wer lft unoccopied dung the da. Routine acy theory discounts what other see as causes of rime sch as poner, nem sloyment, and inequality, pointing out that rime increase ceamateally with the expansion of the welfare sate fram the 19608 onan that was supposed to ares ese things (Walsh & Elis 2007). Societys affluence is as uc a “caus” of crime as ts poverty beeause affluence brings ios Theory “Assumptions || Criminal Choice Fae Humanaare | Opportunies Structuring ‘alonal and Unocked car. Is tis target rmotvated'o | Badroom window winerable? rma ‘open. Woman | How do | go a pleasure and r+ walking alone ->) about geting Event minimize pain inthe dark. it Isanyene J Drunkivingon | | around? How theground-ete. | dolmakemy escape? Etc. | to | Crontar 6 + cue an hsee [OE stating Rational roice Thoory| Routine Actes Theory Med of When Crna From Ley to Oesur 92 [crimes eens —— = eth many oppor fre, cca oc hat the nig fas pen crm ‘er cine hnthe ava oe poi: alee spot nelcahiaes ae eo tele to sl dcr fr Adsl comeninr satan aan oe (eighth sare ofthe grr ates ty open hous of tea an het se Ig convent fr and hss els span ea ae re y Haug este cs te pce Soaem Rey ike peop ee sotsouathient wi att tesa eie pe asc crne hap ete eke Rag pavlor incense avec, epcaly fatten max cea aaenes Acorn to Cahora Res 9) ne he eof atte andes heting sutablvaget ack exp guardions This ateaed ees Se thee Clemens ct converge sie and pate ce ate) totes Meee eg tinal ing and secon ites Seatac potatoe deg views aloes or stacine who poses some hey eat nak eee en Fess. Capac gardans re per nates pang policy coccinea nepbon na Seo) ox thing lsc dou wesiecs, andes dee eee ce Torinsasce nhl on Caen ad Felon (97) eased tne pee ey tema ing oe ser licy oe vce bah or omutane ea ee because they are iyo be alin si nao sone wake ono na LSaryonetofinspurgtiemscheser ts pee Ce and Feo ke mot ences ened ad 8 no tengo ep he existence Tether he eye ie mom ee ee eats es Lonsin wich cial vations aly occu: np decnpatecicaennees te isnevera hore ot nent sough ba knee sess noc arcane peak ints than more aon we nnes tae Maney 2013: One ft cn eon phones en ees a Cheese bec mata fewest eens aicoean eno De guarsanso eet pce cre oer Routine aie horton st ite the pols ew bth the ofa an cine esate cat Ane vont te cme whens tal chen bln crc has ond smehng woh stair eonene win iatega seek eke ecassecf dinpied amis vars rns pony anata tae cee “soneniedsegetend cep Teale pt cep tans dash suply Crime fon’ and cine rlescan go op o Sowincepe on ow te se tons Gene ste change } cary change in ocr et = j Sine inhe preven ctl oie \ crime “Take murder for example, The “ J $1 Gots nes ot ns ony 25% of omer mee ewe BY She pe epee 9 SON nd (fe jr & ued 200 Ts theans tha about ne cut ee ‘Eurderers pou cway mth the Une See DOE ver nt Alkaty ofondor | The absence ofa | capable guardian Ata wot | \ Na — (F 10 1960 The clearance rate was ‘een lowe incites wih che highest homicide rates, such es Chicago, wherein 2008 t was 35% fv 286 in New Orleans and jus 21% in Detrolt Hargrove 2010), The esening ably ofthe to actas capable guaran in those cies yield tothe perception that ean ge away i Ifa apparently four out of five meres did Dewot in 2008, The evesincresing prevalence tissgle arent houscholds means more vulnerable women and chien lacking capable usr fans ASwe saw in Chapter 3, single-parent houseiolds also mean highly elevate sof ab fe negle, which ely to emu in more motivated offences as well (Kru 2013, Note thet futof wedlock bins fling mariage rates, and rising divorces rates ae becoming extine” eves in the United States in certain areas, and according to this theory, there is no need to turn inva wats to explain high rime rates existing there, Recurring stations conducive toacquiing resources with minimal fot also emp more individuals o take advantage of them, Evaluation of Rational Choice and Routine Activities Theories ‘atonal colce and souine activites thecries have been tkzed on ny fonts, Both theories srt most with conservaives ocase they aver that offenders rethinking agents who st peed tespansble for teractions. Although this postion grants criminals the dignity of hav tagreascoed coro over thei lives liberals tend not wo like it because the free agent” poston ‘url leads toa retsbuvst ance on punishment (punishment based on ist deste) (lly, Dil, & Ball, 2510, ‘he most glaring crticism, however, isthe assumption of rationality. tis assumed that ‘seeyone agrees that all humans of sound ming are rational inthe cassleal sense of wanting tomaximize thee pleasure and minimize theie pai. Buf everyone is tional, inal is & ‘Snax un cane by elf expan someting os varlable a human behavior. What We ‘eed to adequately explain behavior ae the Faetos that fet offenders rationality ue do nt alfec nonoffenders rationality and vie vrs. Tati, what eads 2 pesson like Chatie Manson ‘odecide, quite rationally, that increasing his pleasure means immediate gratification a drug, ‘ixsow, 4 woman for tnighd) and minimizing his pain boredom, dr craving) is est met by robbery and cher crimes, while a petson ike Bill Gates decides, jst rationally, tha his needs azebest mot by delaying gratification, attending college, geting 2 good jb, getting macred, and Seting down In her word what should iverest criminologists che most are the factors that lead people to exercise de saicnality choy have in common in rally ferent ways Jtwould seem tht che ypkl criminals rationality i severely “bounded” We cotialy see nore than cwo thirds of elease criminals going hack to pison, and thats hardly maximizing plesure and minimizing pain Stohr & Walsh, 2012). As we have see, criminal are rational fom their own lmized point of view, and they do weigh costs and benef But like the rest of 1 ctiminals are not walking calculating machines who routinely take time to weigh the pros and cons of ther every move. As van den Haag (2003 puts, "Law abiding people habitually ‘enor criminal opportunities. aw beakers habitually scour thevskof punishment Nether ‘alelaes (p47). As Jack Katz (1968) explains, "The hardman tummphs afer al by icucing (esto calculate the costs and benef (p, 235, emphasis aed). The bottom Hiei that cen ths and disincentives to aveabiding or criminal behavior are percetved eifferetlybecasse of ingrained bis tithe developmen ofthese habitual ways of respon opportunities that interes mos criminclogsts owtine actives theory sa diferent proposition because rakes 0 expt assumptions about offenders other han that their moves ae (0 "gun quick pleasure an avoid imminent ain’ son, 1998, 25) In ether won, utne actives tei inp agree with Bec ‘Sirah criminals are not fundamentally ifleret from nonecriminals and that everyone may94 [comnts Me sens be motivated to commit crime at some point in his or her life if the benefits are large encxgh and the possible costs are nepligible. Because the theory concentrates on cTime a 4 proces of ‘unfolding evens rather than the mouated offender, it appeals othe who se individual ai ference explanations 2 signatizing and wish to avoid the. On the other hand, these a those ‘who critkize the theory for ignocing the socal cantons they sec as giving ie to motivated fenders. Liberal crits view the theory's focus on nartow crime prevention as ranting society emuission to avo discussing such issues as poverty and inequaly Criminalogsts whe ners Kein clentfc discovery rather than practic crime prevettion also cuz the theory forts narrow focus (aot that they deny the wake of crime prevention, cours) These invcals pone ot that while iste that anjone aay be tempted comma ime if the ratio of benefio eos high, ew people ever commit a seriaus crime. Crminlogis ofthis persuasion poi out that chronic criminals Jo not jst bump into criminal opportent- ties they actively create them, even f the benoit of doing so ae pkey conspared othe pos sible coss (Deis & Cons, 2012), We shoul thusike © know what differentiates ciminals who ‘make a conscious decision to lead fe of crime aod have no intention of pursuing 2 ssh ie fom noncriminals, one tne, shorter criminals. These criminologists ae interested i the dlfzences in the developmental histories (hich inchde al soil, cual, and environmental ‘atabled and dferences in genetics and rain functioning berwees chromic criminal and non criminal (Walsh & Bolen, 2012 Wig & Beaver, 2012, In defense of routine activities theory, we might point ou that once criminal dispositions have been acquired eseems very dificult to change the motivated offender. Likewise, the o- called root causes of povery, as We saw previusly, nave heen impervcus to sokione despite state and feceral programs spending ilions of cola every year battling them Tanner, 2012. ‘hus, st makes sense to focus on sates that make sore dificult commie crimes. Routine sete theres alsa paint outta they are nein compatsion with crimiaalogit who focue cn individ ciferences or on social conditions that pve rie to motivate oles. Tey last ‘that they are simply taking them for granted and have staked out “criminal opporartes ara practical erme prevention strategies as thoi doin of research. > Cultural Criminology CCattural criminology Gometimes called anarchic sindnology) ia relatively new theory that seemingly attracts disenchanted members ofthe radical lets the anaes abeD, This te ‘ony sincuded here fortwo major reasons () it postions itself in direct oppostion to ratinal ‘choice theory, and (it provides an opportunity discuss prime motivator of behavior that isemphasized by cultural criminology but is seriou neglected in mainstream criminology According to Ly, Callen, ane Ball 01D, “The enemy of cultural criminology isthe state nd sn aministative criminology that advocates ronal choke theory" (226), Cura crminolo- sists thus tendo be polially engaged radials who ata theories favored by conservatives ad eral ake and wiio have a epecial distaste for vewing criminals a ational calculators. Ths theory looks at much of modern crime a the result ofthe breakdown of culture inthe conte of a destabilizing ecooeenc globalization @iayward & Young, 2004), They se the old Western culture of stable Families and sooure full employment wt good pay morphing ir the "MeDew ssization” of work and a culture that has become obsessed wth consumerism, heconism, Se, tnd iolence Yeung, 2003) Differences in pop ruse starkly ilstrate what cultural xrsnologits mean about te fle ‘ence between the morality ofthe old and new cultures fa the 19508 we had Put Boone —hand celen renin st ti pal in" Seve every a wing ar th shies fo tos and Es Prey sereaing his in ying Jeri you have made mye cept and ve eosin "eve Me Tener” asa cen Tiyan we ave i Wiyne—hund on esl fpein-bery Gi tone one in parla Tish a fk every el inthe wo ad Peal ark Sruthatis ho ofthe rent ast as ke okey, tha monkey, ck ke King Koni Ke ou Wt Me “To cxlan the kind of paycholog underrng she cabal eration that cual elnino fprcive they inode te concep aot I Grek em meaning "without hope? Hal and ‘now 100 spl stem oder ahi tal unique secon of hua, whid cannot be Seseibed aan ‘underline sacl see fecause their arage needs have been pred ot of the bel mar (p27). The sate o mind fhe tof dered tthe prance fin ta cic and niin vial m0 onion, ttrexiticenpatons na hope andr ear atheey (p. 277 Tsing oF eon Cf ese popnlstions apps in peamanet economies ht hs shandored al pat tern atonal hog and revered oa moe priv ate fein aated pray by tepriv mero athena sg evened ge Gal, 200 Coral ei telat ce ich of criminal and coe tranagresave Blavia rerpts t escape these tate otons and set te han, Fer sie people" ae angresed bees they are there, risk is a challenge, nota deterrent” (Young, 2003, p. 319). onc, ths ew of cra breiown shared by conservative criminologists who see the domininc of bers wew ting in the ate 196s one tha “undermined toto aes and athe. Act hatha emphasized elf contol and sine was Speed bya cubure cumpeing ord ratvian and va insidious permisvenes” len & Ane, 200, <5, Nowe hat wl cultura crimiologstie cour reown 0 exo smi ll zaton and lenin per, we tn proce the snaps mid, ony ‘erie rings ace tothe altel thts cages nua esses of chavior ar the produc of col deeaton. Carl criminologists this epee franc prety aed conservative cininlo erga ors pov. The Relationship of Rationality and Emotion Because both rationality and emotion iat behav, the rlaonship between thom bas long inmrested philosophers. Enlightenment phlosopher Immanuel Kant called te emotions ‘patho: logieal’ and his contemporary Gostired Leib ealled them "confused passions Gn Walsh 2014, p. 85). Cultural criminologists maintain that social science has been so gripped by the Balghtenment’s view of emotions and its emphasis on reason tha it has seriously neglected the role of emions in dzcting humaa behave (Kieman, Live, & Tesch, 2010). But even dur ing the Falightenment there were those such ws philosopher David Hume who believed that {motion drove cur behavior more than sonality. Hume considered eur species tobe Homo femovere ening man”) rather than Homo sapiens wise man, with ove reason providing uta crmnoiogsts exslan modem ermoas he res ofthe ture. THOU trations, Li Wayne becomes a lrg symbol afte anelne cule of ses crus, ana violence,‘only rationales for doing what we fea like doing. For Hume, we perceive a sation, expec «motions, pass jclgment onthe erect based on he emetion tewekes nd hen provide tease forthatjigmert. ferminologists think about he role of emexions a al they tend wo see thea as Kart and lebniz dik—as teas enemies of reason that instigate only negative behav and have no adap tive postive function oftheir own. For instance, the feusaton, envy, and resentment eve ‘when some people observe samcone es’ good fortune (hat cnminedogsts al eats des ‘vation is sat lead to anger and then to simulate eriminal behave to placate those entices ‘nd to obtain what i envied Gra, Petigrew,Pppin,& Bialosiewiz, 2012) To putt anochy ‘way emotion is seen nderening between a perception and an ation as flow relative depevaton ->resentmenvenvy > angee/rine, ‘On the other hand, cultural ciminologsts view emotions as primary causes ofa great deal of erininal Behavior For them, the emodion modating ctme snot a leting perception bat rather permanent fxtre of many criminals’ mental lves, While rime is anutned allots the negative encions constantly et by the ancl, postive emotional satiation fn the foro hel” gainod by transgressng the legal and meal Doom of sock s moe importa Czas ‘imino se the rational calculator view ofthe eximnal as offering sa flawed image of ‘bloodless individuals devoid of passion Ferel, 2004) The primary appeal of eine fo hem {sits iminsic rewards the thls and the roshof taking risks and geting away witht not te frequently nel materialewards ferme Studies of tet criminals by researc sich as Kate 09889 and De Haan and Vos 2003) pant a picture of “unreasonable individual sediced bya lif of action who value thelr "badass" reprstions more than monetary success. According to Jock Kata (1986) the mitre Gnanerary) sie for ciminal att raphael oy mang ciminologits is characerize by an “overwhelmingly inadequacy for grasping the expetiert facts of crime" (9.31) Ror Ka and other cultunicriminologis, tox extn ae purely ‘motivated by shorcrun hedonism, which isexpresve, malicious, and desinuctive rather than the ‘instrument foratalnrg material want, ‘he scanty monetiy gins and dismal ong erm consequences of cximinaliestyle make ‘x difcuit to think of mos crime as simply an alternative way to achive money success 45 some theories maintain, Cultural criminologists reveal rina own account of ci that ell usthere is something that makes crime appealing forts own ske egardes of materi rewatd, ‘Chronic criminal are certainly mosivated by the nee fr fast cash to feed their "every nigh Sacucay nighties, but interviews with criminals ind that he internal rewards of soi Ling expressive crimes are powerful motivations (Wood, Gore, Wis, Cochran, 197) As jock Yourg 003 put, "The sensual rane of crime, the adrenaline rashes of edgar voluniary il isktaking and thedilecc of fear and pleasure. al point toa wide swath of cnx that {sexpressvemther than nartowly instrument! (p. 390, The neuobilogieal detalii“ lecic of ear and plessute" have been revels in terms of complex interplay of brain chesncals before, during an aferthe commission of crime (Gove & Wilmer, 2009, But this "emodional ejgework” snot without considerations of material costs and benefits ‘and thus nt devoid of nsrumentl ronal. Wile Sutton ite bank robber we met in Chapt 1 and featured in the Theonyin Action segment ofthis chapte) plant enjoyed he visceral nash Ferme. When asked why he red hanks be replied: “ecause I enoved i. Iwas ore ave when I vas inside 2 bank, robbing i than at any other ime in my life” Bat a3 we have seen, he would also answer “Because tats whese the money is (Sutton & Linn, 1976p. 120), The meaning of bank rbhey is diferent for Willie, the bank anager, an society t kee. d's the analysis of these difercnces—especally the meaning crime has for he criminal cultura ‘iminclogy emphasizes Evaluating Cultural Criminology Cater 8 & cre a Croce | 37 sal imino has done the dicipine a serie hy empbazing he al of enters int fonson of cts beck enctions have lng been ete nly perperal in cin {gy We ned to undestand the foreground of tie Ge criminals experience fae; What fpeans to him or er atthe momen emphasized by this theory as wel asthe background fie criminal cece placement inthe social onde of crite emphastaed by other hea Athen rtoal choice nd raatne actives heres also emphasize the frend, ca Cionisogy cifersncnpaiing the emstonal er tan the atonal pect of he xe pou Looking crne from offender? subjective pins of vew allows singh into their fheught proces, mies, values, and emotions, This is valsbl a log a8 we dnt find ou tons xan he bela seul exminolgs ae ntined od. The ane iy trie toy pss ise the nt ine rain in const eee te repression {pd opps ad is cals for essanee.“Anacic ciminlgyisthasa mre apt dxepton fer th brand of imiolgy than “aural riinoogy Tel epatve view focal cont tps (pled, probation pari cer, and O, htroften romance ew of {Gul th generals for eral acc postion hated yas etal ice fein cert isi ight pce theory of rim. ‘Neverthe the hor’ foc cn the mpc f economic bls on workplace paces sacha the le of mincing pb inthe Westen we, wel sth reacemert by ee ie and insecure parti c jobs from which workers can be fired "at will” tell us much about the sense of insecurity and hopelessness of many low-ievel workers and provides reasons Why they may well reueat ino the underground econoary. The concept ofthe anelpsthat describes the very lowest members of society whove lives are saturated wth al things that eadional roel Rds ropagodnt 2 useful one The question here whether ths proup' caste *Tupction ofthe effects of globalization on the clture, as cultural criminologists maintain, oF Is colural degradation spawned by the permisive atudes exemplified by the rap music snd ahuvo of performers sich as Lil Wayne end Pull, as conservative criminologists maintain. OF Zouse these hing can, are do, have ecprcal effec on each shes THEORY INACTION: *Slick Willie” Sulton— Where the Money Is ‘Wilke Sutton, aka “Wie the Actor” and “Sick Wille,” ies Arete most plac tank ter fom the tos te 1980s Suton pared hs ncknames ene oh ty dguce heel andi ere "abiy ms tcing bank rotten Dung Ne Oyen Coil core, hese an esta $2 mtn Bit pes fry sendng or ton a ths ea fe pron. Athoug ee wean the gee uke ban te Depressants 8 Capone her many nye th etn ad ae Sie tan mat of them (be hed a me ‘217 Asc of he beaches, 1. Marne ered hate ten Mache un ly en than Prety Boy Foy, more lkabe than Legs Diamond ‘more pesceable than Dutch Schutz, mare romantic than Bonnie and Clyde, Suton saw hank robbery 35 high at and went abut wih an ast’ snl mnded 2aal” He was educates oly tothe eighth-grade lve, bot he was vory wise in the ways of the law, dspens- Ing ga ace fea to fellow prison mates Hs nel ligence was also demertrated in is three succesful prson escepes Witte was bern inthe squad sums of Inshtown, Brockim, into ans Amercanfarly in 1901, He wat the fourth of fe chen born otis impoverished por ents nzhardwocngfamlythetwassinetbutnetabusie (Connie)£2 | comnotan, Da Ete ea er or naglseu. though he endured the hardship of 2 level of poverty ne modern American is allowed to Su {fer athe he nor his equaliyrmpoverished peers who ‘wok to crm fl tothe squalid ott evel exarptiiad by thse described by TEM cual cemnotges Pres 25 anelps Indeed, iene 1 has been claimed Suton that this dapper, well- crassed_man would ever fish rbting © bank when 2 woran screamed of @ baby cred and almays showed deep respect forthe airsex |v many ways Wate Is 2 poster chid for both those ermine sts who emphasize rovonulay snd those ‘who emphssze emo ‘on. He aia legtmate wok fo short eras ong est period lasted 8 months, fanicallyio-@ bank. He chote structuring was very invoNed before making his Clandestine bank “withdrawals” cresed a cop, maln- tenance worker, secunty guard, or window washer. He rarely went othe toler, refering tog fer the mathe lode in the vault Wile clearly planned all his tank hts vory carefully, orl he wes much admin by his underword cohorts for his col planned and execites prison escapes. This side of Wie clear estates the rational corppanent of his exminal acts. Recall that | earier quoted Wiles reply to the queston of why he robbed banks: "Because that’s where the money 6. Go where the money sand go there ofan” Aer A, Wie loved the lcs ac he loved to gamble, and these pusuts cost money. Homevey, there are mary indication tha the tel ot cme, of tanseressing the lw snd geting away wt the euphons of feeling ave and aunt, was peas is primary motnation He was commétng bugles ‘and thes by age Sand wes atacind tothe baw oot requenild by salsa ne autobarapny. pay ‘Brose by Edward Linn, Whee the Money The Memaws of Berk Rotter, Suton aves what he himsof considered the real reaton ne robbed banks "Why di | rob barks? Because | ened ved t |was more alve when | was inside 2 Bank, robbing 6, than at any oer time in my if. | enjoyed evesthing about i so much that ore or wo weeks later I be ‘ut iokig fr the rest 00. But to me the menay was | the chi, thats al." The money being ius chs," of ‘cours, refers ogambing chips tare smal the eos ‘of gambling rtthe rewards per se This al sounds vay ‘uch ikea man essentaly acct tthe adenaing rush of crime and relatively pervious to the negative consequences of 4 Discussion Questions 1. Detomine 2 classmate wing to reveal he or she hes ever commit a crime such a ehopifing and got away wih & Ask hen or her ow they fet betore, during, and after the event Wile and is compattseew up n 2 tne in whieh there were no government programs designed to help the poot ann which poverty cones ware ft rater than they are ody Why do you think tose condtons nover fe 0 the vue, atte, and Dehavors that cutura criminals ato to the anes? 2 Wie, and many oer infamous crack of the epeesson ea hae biographies, mones, and roves featur tor cminal eae ceweurec byte pubic ‘Yet we rey, ever, see the les of people wha cd carrie, veketle, ard phianbwopc thes dures that re features What coos at you ato ran ‘aur are ts tracers? + Emotions and Their Functions ifemetons ae so important, we must undersaud what they ate and how they engage behave. motions ae subjective feeling of varying strength prompled by nervous eystem arousal in sespenseto sme pereived even. They ae stud in:he lib sytem, ase rai traces that predate by atleast milion yeas the evolution ofthe brn uctures wieze our reasoning ris oused (Sua ea, 200), Foomer preset of he American Sociological Association Douglas Massey 2002) put i this wey “Emotional clearly preceded rationality in evolutionary sequence, and as rationality developed t dd noe replace emotionality as the bass for aman feeracton, Rather, ronal abies were gradually added to preexisting and simultaneously developing emosional cpacties"(p, 15) Jonathan Haidt 2002) pot it even more strongly It lentil comes fusn pylogeny the developmental history ofthe specie) emerges fis in snsgeny te developmental history ofthe individual is rggered more quickly in realtime judgments, and itis more powerful and imevocase than raonalty] when the two systems yield ‘onltingfcgments"(p. 819. Modern nearoscience has demonstatd time zd agin that emodon nd rationality ar fom eg atagonist as cften assumed, are wo insepardiylnked components of all that we chink sr do. Brun imaging research has shown that emocon and cognition are uly psa nt pied in an area of the brain caled the kterlprefosal cae that weighs tioal and emsional ‘nfoemation coming in fom thee respocave brain areas to guide hntan actions (Pessoe, 2008, {nis worth noting that a defining characteristic of some of car worst criminal the inability to Ye’ the bens ational and enosioal nexworks tage (icon, 2001; Wiebe, 2010, Conic tials ae perfectly capable of reasoning wainy their poorly developed emotional ystems thareause them to discoun thee knowiedgeof roa norm and wo behave accoring to med Ae sel ratiieason (Walsh & Bolen, 2012. Primary and Secondary Emotions Bychologss distinguish beeen primary emtons (eg, ang, eat digs, op) and second ary emotions. The secondary (often called the soci emetion® ate mixtures of the primary {emotion usa the secondary color are mixtures ofthe primary colors. Far frm being patho gical (shich of course they can bo) the primary emotions ave been enormously useful inthe cchtion of our species, Fear, anger, and digs: ocus ur atention on an immediate problem ‘ad nara responses iowa Some comrective seaegy. Anger crete a ings ay preven ‘lear and disgust motivate escape ad avoidarce The social emotions such as empathy, shame, embarrassment, an gui are revolted to the Primary emotions as a mixture tat broadens ralber than nazrows our fos and are integral 2 tdwloping and suenrheing social bonds reckon, 2003) They evolved as essential pars of ‘usc inteligence and serve as cues aso the kines f relationships (cooperative VS, ncoop tv wear key to have with ethers, Emotions sh 2s empathy and gulk serve to aus our sei bchavior by arusing focusing and ming bain act In ways that ead most people Inbrually choose peosocal rather than antisocial expanses when presented wih "a suabe target “clang a cepable guardian” Taking advantage of a criminal oppornity may be more rational ‘nthe shor term because i gets ene sources th ite effort, butt self-defeating in the kg ‘un Shorten rewards are easier approiae tha longer consequences, ad av criminal hive ie tendency to abandon consideration of xe later when confonted with teptation is the irmedite warnings sounded by the socal entotions that ead eters to sted othe ngtern ‘onsequeanes of theirbehavir despite tempation‘nm 100 |Cimintegs he xsi Important Crime-Preventing Social Emotions Positive emeions that function © prevent criminal behavior have been practically igared in ‘criminology. hardy neods posting ou that empeaty—the cognitive and emotional ably to ‘understand the feelings and distress of ethers—is important to socal fe. Empathy is an ancient ‘capacity predating the emergence ofthe humaa species and evolve eapaly ia the content of parental care de Waal, 2008) Because we feel distress personally when wiessing the distess of others, we alleviate ura dsres if we cn help w alleviate the dsess of shes. Empathy ‘channels helping behavior ia social species beeause it moves ustoeapdlyaccesé a stuation an respond tit without having to rely on time-consuming, conscious reflection to detersine out response (leach & Pease, 2013) "Because individ in social groups react toward others who volte social expectations, is adaptive for humans to have evolved soca emesions such as gu and shame to moni and ‘constrain ngatve impulses, When we do things that have a negative effect on ourselves oon ‘other itis useful o be aware of them and tobe appropriately motivated wo take some remedial ‘action, Gull involves anxiety, remorse, and concern about how one's actions have nezatively Impacted others, and & motivates both avoidance and approach behavior. Because gui 55 chologcally punitive, it motes one nt repeat the ansgression (avoidance), and because x also moves one toward reparative behavioe apologies, estruser motivates approach bebe ior As we might expod, gui sposively related to exipathy since persons are not likely to fee tnd about offending others ithey are lille to them ile & Kis, 207, Gulls other omtered because focuses ou thougits on ecogniing th rights an spect ‘of others and how we have violated them. Sham, onthe other hand, is more self-centered because i involves an appraisal of self-worth in ight of what one has done tobe ashamed of ‘nike gui, shame isa pevate thing with ony the person experiencing it being aware ofthe ‘origin ofthe emotion. The objec of share sus the self ama bad person”) eather than gn ‘event a gull CL aid bad thing”, ‘Emons are this integral o understanding criminal behav: You may bave notice tat the ‘social enesion are part and parcel of what we ell the conscience. The bite of eanscience is Wht Ieeepe many of us onthe sight nd narrow, and ils the lack of hist chat gras cial person to prey on others. Ther are th riminolagiis who consider the lack of functioning Socal emotions be of more concer than te ack of ational Hibbes, 2008; Wiebe, 201). ‘Mra, ven the worst criminals are well aware intllecuall fright and wong; the rouble that thee weak socal emotions allow them wo dscountthat knowledge “Policy and Prevention: Implications of Rational Choice and Routine Activities Theories As we saw inthe previous chaps the assumption of rational offenders is shared by egal 7 tens around the world, The law in Western cexniis lso recognizes that rationality bounded ints acknowledgment of the exisence of mkigating ezcamstances when punishing convicted ‘minal. Although dhe assumption of rationality may be questonable for some, is constered price to abide by itor the preted purposes rane revenion, "The ky to preventing crime fom tiexedheoies is redvcng criminal opportunities by nin rising the ooasons where pote oftenders and sulle targets nersect. This sto be done by arranging the vironment to make it more fcuk and more risky 1 offend. What do We sean by “ara the environment? Well, you were the kind of meted tional emia sssuned by ncoelasscalthooris, what srt of gestions would you asl ye at the pote este before you made you decison on whether to committe crime? Tet that arson them ‘ould be the flowing "s there a quick way ot ofthe area arte jo is done “How ules Fieare the tangs ise car unlock, the doce open, isthe il alone?*"What are ny chances tlbelng sees by people nthe area?“ pcople in this are do sce me, do they look likely do Soretng about 2" These are ational questions potential awlreker ak dernseves all he time. The policy implications of the assumptions of rational riminals bail down 0 tying to erage things in ime and space in sch a way that criminal wl disuadethemscves rom co ting cites by aeximizng the probably thatthe answersto these and other such questions {ial se dherselves wl ead them to concise that comraiting aerial acts 09 sky Ratna choice and routine actives theories thus shit he pokey focus for age ind cosy socal programs suc as anpovery programs to target hardening They shit tention away rom polices designed to change offender atttudes and behavior foward making it more difficult nd more cosy for them to offend, Examples of target hardening include atithet devices on Sviomobiles, home alarms, the use of vandal eitant materals on public property, improved ny lipsing,survellance cameras in stores and at public eathering places, check guarantee cans banning the sale of loool at sporting eves, neghbothood watches, ane curfews for teenagers ‘Neoclassical theorists would be especialy likely o recommend that the police concentrate their fos on so-called hotspots rather than Speading themselves around, As we have soem, his is preci the intcligace-base policing made possible by CompStar programs across the mstion ‘antng 2019. Hot sors ae places identified by rime mapping where not only serious crimes ‘eccur, bt also numerous minor artsocil acts such 2s publc drunkeaness and urination, igs gd vandalism, Neodassicalcheorit argue tha sch ats should net be ignored becave they ‘cousbue to further deceriration ofa neighborhood and invite worse eres. Many ofthe crime prevention recommendations of neoclassical tect revove arcu the ‘emcept of enviconmental design. Environmental design i primarily concerned with Sefer Ile space defined as “2 mode! for residential environments which inhibi crime by creating the physical expression ofa social fabric thar defends self (Newman, 1972.3) Ieendeavors 0 fring people gether ia a tribelke sense of community by designing he physical environment vase ches | 101 a) rel Target hardening suchas instaling steiner systems makes itmore cout focerminas toTey Summarizing Rational Choice, Routine Activities, and Guttral Theories 80, to awaken the human sense of territoriality. The best possible physical vironment for the growth of erie isthe large barracks blocks of apts with few eneances, erate spaces, and demarcation barriers that sty “this space i mine’ Families must be given Dac sense of onmership, for if everyting “owned” in coro (eestor, walkways and tla balconies, grass and shrubiveres then noone takes cae of ard itdeerontes apy. Sues mist be srategically arranged, beh to onerae a sense of belonging tomy special litle igh Dorhood” snd so criminals cannot easy access escape te neighborhood. Policy and Prevention: Implications of Cultural Criminology ‘Asa highly politicized theory disdainfl of al neoclassical assumpons, cultural criminology {end io also discount the crime prevention elo decved from thew assumptions are, 210, ‘When writing about crime prevention, cultural crminologiss are more likey to polnt out he pitfall of stustional rime prevention (uch a ciminals moving fo ess guarded areas—crne Aisplacement—when they perceive crime in one are soo dict and risky) than oof thet ‘own preventive suggestions (Hayward, 2007) act, Farell 200) assets tht cultural ei nology offers “itl, i antnng useful to inform crime reduetor efor (p, 60 Since much of the blame fr predstory criminal i placed atthe door of capitalism Cay ward, 2012 the only soltion othe crime problem for cultural criminclogist ems tbe to eplace the fee market «economy witha more government contcled command econ As mentioned in Chapter , however, its unfur judge a theory soley on its policy recom, smendstions fork ofthe). Curl ceimincegy ict ieee i primary cine pevertion, bt ‘ater in understanding he expressive meshes ofa crain css of fender those who suppose have given up hope af ever efecvely pasting succesflly in maunsuesm sock, While cl {url criminologists seem unable draw any practical applications fom thertheory. understanding, ‘the minds and moves of motivated oenders, ever offenders primary moved by emtions and “damn the consequences ruher ban rtlnaly aay ead thesia cvs ways cctv dealing wih these offender the ure. “Table 5 summarizes the key concepts ofeach ofthe thos presente inthis chapter, as we as hei strengths and weaknesses. Ty Cone coo Weta Incase thay Alpi, Binge bockihe deol rneuingcamrsl, ese ici pry Grants bred but res he eesidpenans seeking! crmabthe dary ot egy fat We mol ee oe tonnes peste an mince spdoes rot aow er wciea yy sumetng eon! or fan Betseexperainany tak Even fh he Stepern ent erate Behavor people we the asumpon et atensly maybe Sesres hte ces cae end berets Base Sunes questmabi tayo, oes reas have age hey ae be pao ta ace ttrtoral appeal of cme ‘rai te pune ecordgy Reon toate FS co = oo iyo ames cars ora SV Ie ee Hees Saoomrinore non rhantaongbacsun ose sd de rtty ‘nest crm ccere ne riot teeny rare uence» moat fener moana utele ‘ce nereee oe cetesea n ‘ey are matt Accounts tere normal aces (fers recent cms preven ents Sccurt or ham pete what fore cir ote ome suche poy vain 98 el be eral tate bats fargttttbessacep Srnges Cutulor ——Ofpexes one cata sate aponshehctne aes more Amparo be mor poe frache” —sidiceas con orders thom sore Ssaovaraged an SO ets Cimnceey —Ghtatenhor a These pose te mbts t muh eect coeentns ‘feempension senna! Sxhaveramcon Bars Pray cco ferme arene res he erated by rela a Se rary panes ane Crrmntcrme ty amaton, Oath gree globe orabeart. cormadod toget rd reat emai pn ony ral sant nin mos mary [Neoclassical theoues reemenged nthe form of tallonal chotce and routine acavsesthectles the 1970s These theoves assume tht humans are Favlonal and self-eeking, although rauonaly 1s Tounded by knowledge levels and thinking abe ties They downplay pesonal and background fc tors iflvencing choices in vor of analyzing the proneses leading to offenders choicest offend Rational choice theory concentrates on how offenders snictare their chores when making Aecssons about whether or not to offend, and outine activites theory looks sta exminal event 348 mouvated offender meeting a sutable target lacking « capable guardian “These ideas show how crime rites can go up or down without a change in the prevalence of motnated offenders by increasing or decreasing sutable anges and ‘capable guardians, Cultural cnminology shares wen eanonal chowe And routine activites theowies ts erophasis on the foreyround of cume rather dan the background These expan cael Srstoochoe is Mees! Senksoan However, cull cnmnologsts disdain the pet- specuve and ideology f rational osc and routine cure theores, Cultural cumnology emphasize) the power of emouons (the tl and the rash of evdgevont) to sumulate came as opposed to biood- Jess rational cod/benefitcaleulanons ‘The concept of anelps san umporant one fn cal ‘ural eaminolegy Ain a cert meaning "vi ‘out bope" and applied by cultural camacloists to descbe the lowes segment of sciety marked by eymeessm and alm, no wali expectations, 19 hope, and no fear of athonsy who are tuk [pomaniy by their emoxons Evolutionary bilogsts inform us that emotions hhave been tremendous useful as the basis for social imeracuon for hondkeds of chowsands of years, and acuroseiensts tellus that raucoalisy and emotioa are two inseparable componeats of all we say and do. When our emotions and our fatlonality are sn oppostion, emouoas tend tothn Socal emesions suchas empathy. sui and shame down to making it more lifficult and thas are powerful evo! devices that fancion © mink: rewarding. for eriminas to corm 2 crue By Inge cess of hurl steal behavx Ty hankring ages Tat aang the la a pe of wot we cll or caacene, winch einen such «wat the tenet ‘at pretend cronic enna kek hey sive lender an stable ges cee oeorack scm ings ew ely The ature of ear cmd) ‘= The pole and prevention srtges dened fom uch at ef mo ern paca a Istoral ace and one sci feomes bod erator or edn cave Ducuss the notion that criminal behavior pat as 5 Who are the anepis, and how do you think onal 35 nonerinal behavior became the way they ar? In other words. ‘Why are ratonal choice and routine acuiwestheo- _TRIMAC power’ a8 cultural criminologists conte res broadly considered conservative? (rs moral poverty as comservativ c 5. Ge example of me oui sto ht pat Syme cine © Why Cor why nb sae Haden ef 1 ceneeeos ver soady cremate == She mien 6 wre FoR ‘more important n undestaading cominal Peace Caturalcrminoloys: wo albany d/o! Rounne activites theory. wanchildren. gown caf vos2/colurshaml hidies/ingshtopiesyouthanckelaw/roots/ Maton chace hea wewansed-bek/20/ volumeschaptew ratonal_choice aspx BiapterO Social Structural Hheories ‘0p lne 15,1975, 12 eoroid Kody Scot graduated fom elementary school n Les Angeles During the ceremony, his ‘houghts were on "the hood and hs one ambition i i whch wast onthe Eight Toy Caps become a “gheto stan” nd major in murder robbery. ond genera! mayhem He went stoight fom the graduation to hs iniaton into the gang, which mole taking portin th qunring down of 15 members oF@nva focuon of LA'S other notorious gan, the Bloods Tio eos later, uring @ robbery in which the vc tned torn, Kody eat ond stomped the man into a coma A police fice othe sane said that "whoever dd ths 0 morste” a name Kody proudly took as Ws tet moniker. Monster did timein joven detsrton and then zed several pan tee. Durng ene of tee tas he converted to Afocetic lor tnd changed hs ane te Sanya Shakur He aso wrote Monster. The Autobiography of an LA. Gang Member, which Bonds 0 Mghtering portrayal ofthe vlence of ghetto life Shatur was parled in 1995; retumed to pnson on poole Volatons in 1996, 1997, and 1998, and agan was incarcerated fora shooting in 2000, Paced agan sometime ltr, he “hs marsted in 2004 fr “hairy with great bodily horn" and again sent opnson. After being paced fortis offense, eas crest n 2008 fr canactng and robbery and sentenced a6 years and was paroled (et again!) in 2012 Shakur vas olegedy te legtinate son ofan exfeothal player named Dick Bass. His mothe subsequenty maried trctar man and fed four more chien She dvoced the father when Sholur was 6 years old ard had to ras the Childen alone. Sholur was misveated by hs stepfether ond never include infamy outings. He spent amet all his Childhood i the wild and chaotic sets, which he says was the anything that realy ntaeted him. As you rad this Chapter about dsorganzed neighborhoods, backed opportunites to legitimate sucess, and lower class valves ty to (noone Shakur a the center ofall and how these things may have shaped is ite * Understand the basic premise ofthe soa stuctual tradition + Bo.able to explain the assumptions of human ecology theory ts major finding, an exticss aimed a + Be able to descrbe the evolution of the anomie tradition ard how the various versions cfr * Undestand how many of thse theories, whle remaining structural, mplicty appeal to psychological constructs » act ave eas of aul honesty fm nd te tas cones foun mals a ret in Sese subcultures “+ ow wry gangs at Formed, what ther functon is, ard how they relate to social structure