Tambio, Henriel T.

HUM 002 – Logic

1. What is a Non-verbal Fallacy?

Nonverbal fallacy originates in a reasoning error other than a flaw in
the logical form of the argument.  This type of fallacy occurs because of an
error in reasoning. Unlike formal fallacies which are identified through
examining the structure of the argument, nonverbal fallacies are identified
through analysis of the content of the premises. In this group of fallacies,
the premises fail to provide adequate reasons for believing the truth of the
conclusion. 

2. Identify the following types of Non-verbal Fallacy:

Ignoring the Issue
An irrelevant conclusion, also known as ignoratio elenchi (Latin for
''ignoring refutation'') or missing the point, is the informal fallacy of
presenting an argument that may or may not be logically valid and sound,
but (whose conclusion) fails to address the issue in question.

Argument against the Person

Ad Hominem or “Argument against the man/person.” Unfairly
attacking a person instead of the issue. Attacking the character and/or
reputation of a position’s supporters; “Guilt by association”

Argument to People
An argumentum ad populum is a fallacious argument that concludes
that a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it,
often concisely encapsulated as: "If many believe so, it is so".
Argumentum ad Populum (an appeal to popularity, public opinion or
to the majority) is an argument, often emotively laden, for the acceptance of
an unproved conclusion by adducing irrelevant evidence based on the
feelings, prejudices, or beliefs of a large group of people.

Argument to Sympathy
An appeal to pity is a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for
an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or
guilt. It is a specific kind of appeal to emotion. The name "Galileo
argument" refers to the scientist's suffering as a result of his house arrest
by the Inquisition.
Argument to Authority
An argument from authority, also called an appeal to authority, or
argumentum ad verecundiam, is a form of argument in which the opinion of
an authority on a topic is used as evidence to support an argument.

Argument to Force
Argumentum ad baculum is the fallacy committed when one makes
an appeal to force or threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a
conclusion. One participates in argumentum ad baculum when one points
out the negative consequences of holding the contrary position.
An appeal to force fallacy is an argument that relies on negative
consequences if one does not agree with the argument. Often, the person
making the argument will be in a position to impose some form of reprisal
on the listener if he or she disagrees.

Argument to Ignorance
An argument to ignorance (Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), or
appeal to ignorance ('ignorance' stands for "lack of evidence to the
contrary"), is a fallacy in informal logic. It says something is true because it
has not yet been proved false. Or, that something is false if it has not yet
been proved true.

Non-sequitur
Non Sequitur meaning “It does not follow”. It is a type of fallacy in
which argument claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically. 
A non sequitur is a fallacy in which a conclusion does not follow logically
from what preceded it. Also known as irrelevant reason and fallacy of the
consequent.