Chapter 11
Process and Equipment Controls
Control and Verification of
Equipment Functions
The magnetic particle testing process is not reliable if
the equipment or other parts of the process are not
adequately maintained, monitored and controlled.
The process can be broken down into variables of
the system and each evaluated separately. These vari-
ables are:
1. electrical system and controls,
2. mechanical components,
3. instrumentation,
4. suspension vehicle,
5. magnetic particles and bath, and
6. ultraviolet lights.
All equipment checks, suspension checks and cal-
ibrations shall be conducted in accordance with and
at intervals specified in ASTM E 1444 / E 1444 M, or
as specified in the contract or purchase order. Evalu-
ation of the data received from magnetic particle
testing checks and calibrations should be made at
regular intervals to observe trends and ensure that
data are being properly collected and recorded when
recording is required by customer specification.
Strict adherence to a quality program is the only way
to maintain an inspection system’s reliability. All cali-
brations shall be traceable to National Institute of
Standards and Technology and the certification of
calibration must be available for review. All calibra-
tions are conducted in accordance with a nationally
recognized calibration specification such as ANSI
Z540 or ISO 10012.
Electrical System and Controls
The electrical system and controls consist of maxi-
mum unit output, short test, ammeter check, quick
break test, shot timer check, system performance
check and other machine checks.
Maximum Unit Output
The maximum output of the unit’s electrical system
is checked by placing a copper or aluminum bar
between the contacts with the current control set at
maximum output and the function switch set at con-
tact. When the magnetize switch is pressed, the
ammeter should show the maximum amperes capa-
ble of being produced by the unit.
This test should be performed daily and the
results should be compared to the certified/calibrated
output of the unit and the actual ammeter reading.
The ASNT NDT Level III should be notified of a
gradual decay in the maximum output of the unit.
The results may require recording.
Short Test
With either nothing or a nonconductor clamped
between the heads of the unit, and with the function
switch set at contact, the ammeter should read 0
when the magnetize switch is pressed. Any move-
ment of the ammeter pointer indicates a shorted
electrical system. This test should be performed daily
and the results may require recording.
Ammeter Check
The ammeter should be calibrated periodically to
ensure that readings are accurate. The direct current
ammeter of a bench machine is checked for accuracy
by clamping a calibrated shunt/ammeter combina-
tion between the contact heads. The readings of the
ammeter connected to the shunt are compared with
the ammeter on the machine. The two readings
should be within ±10 percent or other contractually
specified values. Purchasing a spare analog ammeter
from the manufacturer of the equipment is recom-
mended. Analog ammeters are designed with very
little damping in the movement, which allows them
to react to the short rise time of a magnetizing shot.
The ammeter of a portable or mobile power sup-
ply is checked by connecting the shunt to the end of
a 6 m (20 ft) length of cable from each of the direct
current and common terminals.
The shunt/ammeter and the unit ammeter should
be calibrated at least every six months or as other-
wise specified, and both the unit and shunt meter
readings must be recorded.
Quick Break Test
This test is used to determine if the quick break cir-
cuit on the coil is functioning properly. The test is
performed with a quick break tester and should be
conducted at least once every six months.
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Magnetic Particle Testing l Chapter 11
Shot Timer Check
This test is performed with a calibrated timing device
and should be conducted at least once every six
months. The timer should be calibrated at least every
six months with a calibrated timing device that
measures to at least ±0.1 s accuracy. The duration of
current flow for each magnetizing shot must be at
least 0.5 s, with a maximum of 1 s to prevent parts
from burning. Because the timing device accuracy is
± 0.1 s, the unit timer should be set to at least 0.6 s to
ensure at least 0.5 s unit on-time.
System Performance Check
Another quick way to show that the system is func-
tioning properly and suspension has sufficient sensi-
tivity is to use a Ketos ring test. This test, first
required by MIL-I-6868 in 1972, requires that a non-
ferromagnetic central conductor with a diameter
between 25.4 mm (1 in.) and 31.75 mm (1.25 in.) be
placed through the center hole and centered in the
demagnetized Ketos ring. The bar is clamped
between the contacts of the machine. The ring is cir-
cularly magnetized at current levels specified in
ASTM E 1444 / E 1444 M, or other contractual doc-
uments, and suspension is applied using the continu-
ous method. The ring is examined within 1 min after
current application. Lighting requirements are based
on the use of fluorescent or nonfluorescent baths.
Particles should show a minimum number of holes
on the outside edge of the ring depending on the
current used.
The steel used is Ketos tool steel, a common tool
steel that is heat treated to a Rockwell B-90 to B-95
hardness as specified in AS 5282. The type of steel,
its hardness, and the type of annealing process are
critical for reproducible results. The Ketos ring test
should be performed daily and the results may
require recording.
Other Machine Checks
Other components of the machine should also be
checked for proper operation. Accumulations of parti-
cles should be cleaned off the track and other areas of
the unit. The entire tank should be thoroughly cleaned
each time the bath is changed and the inlet screen of
the pump should be checked for clogs and holes.
Suspension Control Test
Oils used as the carrier vehicle for magnetic particles
should be procured in accordance with AMS 2641,
Type I. Type II materials may be used, but are not
recommended and may not be permitted by some
specifications. The difference between Type I and
80
Type II is the flashpoint, with Type II having the
lower flashpoint. If there is a question as to whether
the oil is the proper kind or not, a sample of the new
oil should be sent to a chemical laboratory for analy-
sis. Tests for suspension control are required by
ASTM E 1444 / E 1444 M. When initially charging
or replacing the suspension, a sample of the new sus-
pension must be saved for later comparison during
suspension tests. These checks are not required for
aerosol can solutions.
Water may be used as the carrier when permitted
by the customer. There are advantages and disadvan-
tages to using water instead of oil. Water is cleaner to
work with, is readily available and is less expensive
than oil.
The following tests are conducted for both water
and oil: particle concentration, particle condition,
particle contamination, vehicle (carrier) contamina-
tion, particle brightness and magnetic properties.
Water also requires a pH check and water break test,
whereas oils may require a viscosity check.
Particle Concentration Check
The concentration of particles in the suspension is
critical and must be controlled closely. For fluores-
cent particles, the concentration shall be between
0.1 mL and 0.4 mL/100 mL, inclusive. For nonfluo-
rescent particles, the concentration shall be between
1.2 mL and 2.4 mL/100 mL, inclusive.
The following procedure is used to test the con-
centration of particles in a suspension bath:
1. Agitate the solution for a minimum of 30 min.
2. Take a 100 mL sample of the suspension from the
hose or tank in a 100 mL pear-shaped centrifuge
tube.
3. Demagnetize the solution.
4. Place the tube in a tube holder and allow it to
settle for a minimum of 30 min for water
suspension and 60 min for oil suspension.
5. Read the amount of settled particles in the stem
of the tube.
Particle Condition Check
After the particles have settled in the centrifuge tube,
they should be evaluated for agglomeration and
brightness. Fluorescent solutions are evaluated under
ultraviolet light and visible solutions are evaluated
under visible light. Solutions are compared to the
sample saved when the suspension was initially
mixed. The particles should be loose and not lumpy,
and the brightness of the two samples should be rela-
tively the same. If not, either further evaluation
should be conducted or the suspension should be
changed.

Particle Contamination Check
This test is to ensure that foreign particles, dirt and
other contaminants do not exceed 30 percent of the
solids in the graduated portion of the tube. Look
for striations or bands and differences in color or
appearance of the particles. If contamination exceeds
30 percent, the suspension should be changed. This
test should be performed weekly and the results may
require recording.
Vehicle (Carrier) Contamination Check for
Fluorescent Baths
Contamination changes the color of the suspension
and may mask or prevent indications from forming.
This test is performed by examining the liquid above
the precipitate with ultraviolet light. If the liquid sig-
nificantly fluoresces, the suspension should be
changed. This test should be performed weekly and
the results may require recording
Particle Brightness Check
Brightness of the particles is evaluated by compar-
ing the in-use particles that have settled out in the
centrifuge tube to those in the unused suspension
saved when the solution was mixed. This test
should be performed weekly and the results may
require recording.
Magnetic Properties Check
The magnetic properties of the particles are deter-
mined by a test part or the Ketos ring (AS 5282).
Sensitivity is checked on a test part that has a
representative fine crack. The part is magnetized
to a specific technique for each test. If the Ketos
ring is used instead, the number of holes observed
for three or more amperages is recorded. The
Ketos ring and the test part must be periodically
cleaned to remove surface contamination that may
interfere with the test.
Water Break Check
A water break test should be performed to determine
if the water suspension will wet parts properly. The
test is performed by laying a flat sheet of polished
metal on the bench of the magnetizing equipment
and running a stream of suspension over it. The sur-
face of the plate should be covered from edge to
edge. The suspension should not roll up like water on
a waxed surface, but should be even and in a contin-
uous layer. This test should be performed daily and
the results recorded.
Process and Equipment Controls
Viscosity Check
The viscosity check, if required, should be performed
in accordance with AMS 2641. The viscosity should
be no greater than 5 mm/s2 (5 centistokes) at room
temperature or 3 mm/s2 (3 centistokes) at 38 °C
(100 °F). This test should be performed monthly and
the actual viscosity value recorded.
Light Intensity and Integrity
Ultraviolet, visible and ambient light are all used in
the evaluation of magnetic particle testing indications.
Measurement of Ultraviolet Light
The intensity and integrity of ultraviolet lights shall
be checked with an ultraviolet meter that measures
light in the range of 320 nm to 380 nm. The normal-
ly accepted intensity is 1000 µW/cm2 at the test sur-
face. Measurement is normally conducted at 381 mm
(15 in.) because most inspections are conducted with
the light closer than 381 mm (15 in.) to the surface
being evaluated. This measurement is made daily
and the actual intensity value may require recording.
Lenses or filters are checked visually to ensure
they are free from dirt, oils and other contaminants
that may inhibit light transmission. Also, they are
checked for cracks or chips that may allow visible
light to interfere with the evaluation process. Some
specifications require the measurement of visible
light emitted by the ultraviolet light. This test should
be conducted daily and recording of the value may
be required.
Measurement of Visible Light
For adequate evaluation, light intensity should be
1076 lx (100 ftc) at the test surface when inspecting
with visible magnetic particles. Some specifications
require 1076 lx (100 ftc) to be available when evalu-
ating indications detected by fluorescent particles.
Intensity of the visible light should be checked week-
ly and recording of the intensity value may be
required.
Measurement of Ambient Light
The maximum ambient light (background visible
light) permitted is 22 lx (2 ftc). Measurements are
made in the area where ultraviolet light is used to
evaluate the part. This measurement should be per-
formed weekly or when lighting conditions are
changed. The actual intensity may require recording.
The enclosed or darkened area must be free of extra-
neous light that may be distracting to the inspector
or that may affect adapted vision.
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Magnetic Particle Testing l Chapter 11

Review Questions

1. The ammeter should be checked against a calibrated 4. Which of the following is not a means of verifying the
shunt/ammeter: correct operation of the magnetic particle testing
process?
a. at the start of each shift.
b. daily. a. Checking the ultraviolet light intensity.
c. weekly. b. Checking the water washability of the emulsifier.
d. at least every six months or as otherwise c. Calibrating the ammeter with a master ammeter
specified. and shunt.
d. Checking the magnetic properties of the particles
2. The magnetizing current ammeter should be with a Ketos ring.
calibrated by:
5. The Ketos ring test will provide a complete functional
a. a field strength meter. check of the magnetic particle testing process. It is a
b. nothing — installed ammeters are considered to quick, simple test that should be used:
be accurate unless damaged by overload or
accident. a. daily.
c. a calibrated ammeter and master shunt placed b. hourly.
between the machine’s current contacts. c. each shift.
d. a calibrated galvanometer and bridge d. whenever the manager requires it.
circuit connected across the installed ammeter.
6. The Ketos ring test provides information about the:
3. The alternating current ammeter should be checked:
a. hardness of the piece being inspected.
a. with a shunt and a master alternating current b. system sensitivity.
ammeter. c. intensity and integrity of ultraviolet lights.
b. with an impedance bridge and an oscilloscope. d. concentration of particles in suspension.
c. with a master current transformer and a
calibrated alternating current ammeter.
d. only if it is damaged.

82
 Process and Equipment Controls

7. A settling test shows that the magnetic particle bath is 8. The test used to check the strength or concentration of
too high in particle content. To correct the situation: the wet method is called the:

a. turn off the circulating pump for 30 min and a. hardness test.
recheck; continue this procedure until the bath b. sensitivity test.
concentration is within limits. c. settling test.
b. demagnetize the bath sample in the centrifuge d. hydrometer test.
tube and recheck.
c. add suspension vehicle or solvent, as appropriate, 9. The magnetic particle bath concentration should be
to achieve an allowable particle content. checked:
d. continue to circulate the bath until an allowable
concentration is achieved. a. daily.
b. weekly.
c. monthly.
d. in accordance with the applicable procedures and
specifications.

ANSWERS
1d 2c 3a 4b 5a 6b 7c 8c 9d

83
Chapter 12
Specifications, Procedures, Techniques and
Standards
Introduction
The inspector must be thoroughly familiar with the
governing specifications, procedures and techniques
before performing any testing or inspection. Gener-
ally, specifications establish the parameters control-
ling the process. Procedures are the detailed how-to
documents that delineate how the specification is to
be applied within the parameters specified in the
control document. Techniques are instructions for
inspecting a specific part or group of similar parts.
Specifications
Specifications are contractual documents that estab-
lish the parameters for the process and are used by
engineering, management and purchasing personnel.
The edition of a specification that is current at the
time a contract is signed and dated is the applicable
revision unless otherwise specified in the contract, an
amendment to the contract or a deviation. The main
purpose of a specification is to convey the limitations
of perfection or imperfection of the object being
described. In most cases, specifications are restricted
to only the quantitative features of the object or
process. Between buyers and sellers, the specification
quantitatively describes the object or the process that
the buyer is willing to accept from the seller. Any
deviation from the limits of the specification requires
the written consent of the purchaser.
Specifications may be general for the process or
describe a specific product and its quality or per-
formance requirements. They may also contain
acceptance criteria or the acceptance criteria may be
in a separate specification, on the drawing or in
another purchase order document.
Specifications should provide sufficient detail so
an engineer can develop fabrication, processing,
inspecting and testing procedures to ensure the part
will meet its structural and functional requirements.
It should also contain enough information so a fabri-
cator or inspection facility can prepare quality con-
trol procedures to ensure integrity of the product.
However, the customer must also be satisfied that the
fabrication or inspection facility has an adequate
quality control system and qualified personnel to
produce or test the product.
Specifications establish the parameters for con-
trolling specific processes — in this case, they are
details of the magnetic particle testing process.
1. The scope should establish the limits of
applicability of the document or special
conditions that make the preparation of the
standard necessary.
2. The applicable documents are company or
industry documents that are referenced.
3. Materials and other expendable supplies are listed
with their trade name and source.
4. Equipment to be used is listed.
5. Requirements are presented. These state the
acceptable ranges of the factors being measured
and controlled as well as the frequency that they
should be measured.
6. Procedures detail the manner and means of
obtaining the desired measurements.
7. Safety requirements are presented where
applicable.
8. Notes may be included regarding items of advice
or of caution.
9. Reference documents are sometimes listed to
provide background information for the user.
Acceptance Criteria
Acceptance criteria is specified by the cognizant
engineering organization and may or may not be the
company requesting the inspection; however, the
cognizant engineering organization’s specifications
are applicable. The acceptance criteria may be on the
drawing, in the process specification or a separate
specification, or may be in a third-party document
(ASTM, SAE, etc.).
Acceptance criteria are included in some specifi-
cations to provide ranges, classes and grades of quali-
ty that are acceptable. An example of this is found in
85
Magnetic Particle Testing l Chapter 12
SAE AMS 2175 Castings, Classification and Inspec-
tion of. This document was developed for aerospace
castings, but its scope is broad enough to be used
for almost any type of casting that will be inspect-
ed. This particular document rates castings
according to class and grade. Functionally, a cast-
ing could be in Class A, B or C with subgrades
within each class.
Class A is a high-reliability casting that
requires complete inspection by both radiographic
testing and either magnetic particle testing or liq-
uid penetrant testing. Classes B and C have lower
reliability requirements and require full magnetic
particle testing and a sampling plan for radi-
ographic testing. The grade of the material deter-
mines its acceptability. The grade is based on the
design and structural requirements of the casting.
There is a tabulation in the document of the
quantitative ranges and limits of acceptable dis-
continuities. A component specification referenc-
ing this particular document must specify both
the class and grade of casting required.
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code also
provides similar data. Welds in pressure vessels are
loaded differently, depending on their locations. As a
consequence, the acceptance criteria can be different.
For example, the configuration of the head provides
different types of loads on the welds. A hemispheric
head may have primarily tensile loads if the plates
match perfectly with no offset. A vessel with a flatter
head could experience tensile loads but also a bend-
ing stress. These different load factors can result in
the need to apply different acceptance criteria from
one location to another.
Documents containing acceptance criteria pres-
ent a technique of grading certain types of materials
or products. Certain variables are categorized, such
as the alloy, type of fabrication, finish, coating,
strength, safety and function. These factors should be
considered in the design analysis before assigning a
class or grade to the product. The acceptance criteria
state the size and type of discontinuities acceptable in
a specified area. The product can be zoned to allow
different grade levels in different locations on the
product, if so desired. However, in some cases,
acceptance criteria may have only one discontinuity
size above which it must be removed, removed and
repaired, or scrapped.
Procedures
The scope of a procedure is intended to cover a sin-
gle process, complex or critical component, or a
group of similar items. Procedures contain the
86
requirements, limitations and criteria set forth by the
engineering, management and quality departments
of the purchaser and supplier. The procedure should
present everything an inspector needs to know to
apply the process and test the parts to the intended
specification. Though procedures are frequently
developed in laboratory conditions on special test
objects, they should be tried under production
conditions by production personnel before actual
implementation.
Procedures establish the details for controlling
specific processes.
1. The scope should establish the limits of
applicability of the document or special
conditions that make the preparation of the
standard necessary.
2. The applicable documents are company
documents that are referenced.
3. Materials and other expendable supplies are
occasionally listed with their trade names and
sources.
4. Equipment to be used is listed.
5. Requirements are presented. These state the
acceptable ranges of the factors being measured
and controlled as well as the frequency that they
should be measured.
6. Procedures detail the manner and means of
obtaining the desired measurements.
7. Safety requirements are presented where
applicable.
8. Notes may be included regarding items of advice
or of caution.
9. Reference documents are sometimes listed to
provide background information for the user.
A procedure should detail at least the following
items:
1. Materials, shapes or sizes to which the procedure
is specifically applicable.
2. The type of magnetization to be used.
3. The equipment to be used for magnetization.
4. Surface preparation (finishing and cleaning).
5. The ferromagnetic particles to be used
(manufacturer, color, type).
6. Magnetization current and time involved.
7. Sketches or charts indicating the location, type
and amperage of each test area and, if necessary,
the sequence of tests.
For more specific information on the content of
procedures, reference ASTM E 1444 / E 1444 M.
Occasionally, procedures contain the accept-
ance criteria from the specification that relates to
 Specifications, Procedures, Techniques and Standardss
the specific part. This would present the exact
procedure and acceptance criteria for each specif-
ic part as stated in the specification or the engineer-
ing drawing. The procedure should be retained and
filed by number in the magnetic particle testing area
and it should be referred to each time a batch of
parts is to be inspected.
Sample Magnetic Particle Testing Procedure
A sample magnetic particle testing procedure can be
found in Appendix 1.
Techniques
Techniques are much more specific than procedures
and often require no more than one page. These doc-
uments outline the very basic requirements, such as
specific equipment, solutions, magnetization amper-
ages, magnetization direction, specific method of
application of the solution, how the part is to be
mounted in head or coil, etc. Techniques meet the
requirements of the applicable specifications and
procedures. The contract may require techniques be
approved by the customer.
Techniques do not normally contain any how-to
information. Most contracts require that specifica-
tions, procedures and techniques be prepared and/or
signed by an ASNT NDT Level III in the applicable
method.
Other Types of Controlling
Documents
There are many types of controlling documents used
in industry. They include:
1. Handbooks — books of basic data on a specific
subject with references to literature to support the
handbook data.
2. Recommended practices — uniform practices
that, with reasonable compliance, produce desired
results.
3. Reference photographs — a presentation of
different types of discontinuities of certain sizes
that can be used as acceptance criteria if
referenced by a specification or contract.
4. Maintenance manuals — explain how to set up
and maintain magnetic particle testing equipment.
5. Operation manuals — contain instructions
about the operation of magnetic particle testing
equipment.
6. Overhaul manuals — explain how to
disassemble, repair and reassemble magnetic
particle testing equipment.
7. Drawings — the designs of a machine or part
that show the material, dimensions, processing
and other pertinent data.
8. Process records — records that accompany parts
during their manufacture to show the proper
sequence of each operation and the responsibility
of workmanship.
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Magnetic Particle Testing l Chapter 12

Review Questions

1. On a daily basis, NDT Level I personnel normally use: 5. The controlling document(s) that would be most likely
to contain acceptance criteria for discontinuities
a. the model specification. indicated by a magnetic particle test on a particular
b. component quality specification. casting is a:
c. the AWS Structural Welding Code.
d. magnetic particle testing procedures. a. standard.
b. component specification.
2. A document in widespread use by large segments of c. code.
industry is titled Recommended Practice for d. process specification.
Measurement and Control of Magnetic Particle
Materials Used in Magnetic Particle Inspection. This 6. One step in a procedure makes reference to a
document is most probably a: sequence of steps contained in another document
without reproducing them in the procedure being
a. code. used. Which of the following statements is true?
b. standard.
c. process specification. a. The referenced document is for advisory use
d. maintenance manual. only; it is not necessary to perform the steps
included in the referenced document.
3. The organization that most probably developed and b. It is improper to reference one procedure in
issued the document referenced in question 2 is: another. The referenced document steps need not
be performed unless they are reproduced in the
a. a large corporation. document being used.
b. an industry association representing a number of c. The referenced document steps should be
corporations that all produce the same type of performed. The inspector must be familiar with
product. the referenced document and the referenced
c. a technical or professional society representing document must be available for reference.
design engineers. d. The referenced document steps should be
d. a national or international consensus standards performed, but only if the inspector is familiar
writing organization. with the referenced document and can perform
the steps without having the document in hand.
4. Small parts are sometimes fabricated from engineering
drawings that contain acceptance criteria in the notes
on the face of the drawing. In such cases, the drawing
most nearly represents a:

a. code.
b. standard.
c. specification.
d. procedure.

88
 Specifications, Procedures, Techniques and Standards
7. A customer’s specification for a particular part
includes a detailed procedure for magnetic particle
testing. The inspection facility does not have
equipment of the specific type that the customer has
required. However, the ASNT NDT Level III is
familiar with the customer’s equipment and can verify
that the inspection facility’s equipment is at least as
effective. The ASNT NDT Level III is asked to
comment on the customer’s procedure because the
company wishes to bid competitively. The
recommendation should be that:
a. management should be informed that the facility’s
equipment, while different, has equal capabilities
on the equipment specified and that the ASNT
NDT Level III will prepare a procedure based on
the equipment that can be sent to the customer
for approval along with the bid.
b. because this situation represents an opportunity
for the facility to get additional equipment, the
ASNT NDT Level III should inform management
that the only safe way to bid on this job is to
promise to purchase the customer specified
equipment.
c. the ASNT NDT Level III should recommend that
the company not bid on the job because the
inspection facility does not have the proper
equipment.
d. the ASNT NDT Level III should inform
management that after the inspection facility gets
the job, the details can be worked out with the
customer.
The following questions refer to the procedure P-3650, Steel
Cleanliness by the Magnetic Particle Method, found in
Appendix 1.
8. Which of the following inspection personnel should
perform the magnetic particle testing to P-3650?
a. A certified Level I working under the supervision
of a certified Level II.
b. A certified Level II working under the
supervision of a certified ASNT NDT Level III.
c. A certified Level I should perform the
magnetizing procedure and a certified Level II
should count the indications and record the
results.
d. A Level II or ASNT NDT Level III should
perform the test because this procedure is
complex.
9. Procedure P-2468 provides for step-down specimens
that have various step lengths. If specimens were
received for testing under P-3650 that had step
diameters of 25.4 mm (1 in.), 50.8 mm (2 in.) and
76.2 mm (3 in.) and step lengths of 76.2 (3 in.), the
areas of the survey surfaces for each step would be, for
the 25.4- (1-inch), 50.8- (2-inch) and 76.2-millimeter
(3-inch) diameter steps, respectively:
a. 239.27 mm2, 68.07 mm2, and 79.76 mm2
(9.42 in.2, 6.28 in.2, and 3.14 in.2).
b. 79.76 mm2, 68.07 mm2, and 239.27 mm2
(3.14 in.2, 6.28 in.2, and 9.42 in.2).
c. 6077 mm2, 12 155 mm2, 18 232 mm2
(9.42 in.2, 18.84 in.2, and 28.26 in.2).
d. 18 232 mm2, 12 155 mm2, and 6077 mm2
(28.26 in.2, 18.84 in.2, and 9.42 in.2).
10. Fluorescent particles are not readily available for these
tests. Per P-3650, it is permissible to use visible
magnetic particles:
a. under no condition.
b. if the concentration as measured in the centrifuge
tube ranges between 1.0 and 1.2.
c. if the slurry sensitivity test produces indications
of at least four holes in the Ketos ring.
d. with any technique because the procedure does
not specify the use of either fluorescent or visible
particles.
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Magnetic Particle Testing l Chapter 12

11. To reveal all of the inclusions of interest, the specimens 13. For the specimen in Question 12, the area of the
should be magnetized by: survey section is:

a. alternating current longitudinal a. 184 mm2 (7.26 in.2).

magnetization. b. 238 mm2 (9.38 in.2).
b. direct current circular magnetization. c. 307 mm2 (12.08 in.2).
c. direct current circular magnetization followed by d. 749 mm2 (29.48 in.2).
three fast alternating current circular shots.
d. alternating current circular magnetization.

12. A specimen was received for testing in

accordance with P-3650. The specimen was
31 mm ¥ 60 mm (1.25 in. ¥ 2.38 in.) cross section and
103 mm (4.06 in.) long. The minimum magnetizing
current that should be used is:

a. 1156 A.
b. 2311 A.
c. 4691 A.
d. 7260 A.

ANSWERS
1d 2b 3d 4c 5b 6c 7a 8a 9c 10a 11b 12b 13d

90