 It played a key role in the development and sustainability oh human civilization from

ancient times to the present. Highway

 It is vital to manufacturing and retail supply chains and distribution systems and serve as
regional and national economic engines. Highway System
 The idea of JIT delivery is that the materials required for production are supplied just
before they are needed. What is JIT? Just in Time
 As a primary consumer of fossil fuels and a major contributor to air-borne pollution,
highway transportation is an obvious target for energy conservation and environmental
impact mitigation efforts. What are VOC emissions? Volatile Organic Compound
 It has been such a dominant choice that travelers have been willing to pay substantial
capital and operating cost, confront high levels of congestion, and struggle with parking-
related problems just to have the flexibility in travel departure time and destination
choice that is uniquely provided by private vehicles. Single-Occupant Private Vehicle
 It involves technical and behavioral components and the complexities of the
human/machine interface. Because of the high costs of highway accidents, efforts to
improve highway safety have been intensified dramatically in recent decades. Highway
Safety
 It also present Engineers with an ever-moving target that further complicates the problem
of providing mobility and safety. Demographic Trends
 It evolved slowly and often in response to mild trends in the vehicle market as opposed
to an underlying trend toward technological development and play a critical role in the
highway system. Vehicle Technologies
 It is a familiar traffic-control technology. At signalized intersections, the trade-off
between mobility and safety is brought into sharp focus. Intersection Traffic Signals
 In addition to traffic signal controls, numerous safety, navigational and congestion-
mitigation technologies are now reaching the market under the broad heading of ITS.
What is ITS? Intelligent Transportation Systems
 It forms the basis for highway design guideline and traffic analysis. Road Vehicle
Performance
 It is simply the force available, at the roadway surface to perform work. Also referred to
as thrust. Tractive Effort
 It is a resistive force that can have significant impacts on vehicle performance.
Aerodynamic Resistance
 It refers to the relationship between the revolutions of the engine’s crankshaft and the
revolutions of the drive wheels. Overall Gear Reduction Ratio
 Engine designs that increase the quantity of air entering the combustion chamber,
improve fuel delivery to the combustion chamber, and decrease internal engine friction
lead to improve Fuel Efficiency.
 Many modern cars have braking systems designed to prevent the wheels from locking during
braking applications. Antilock Braking System
 Is a function of a number of factors, including the driver’s age, physical condition, and
emotional state, as well as the complexity of the situation and the strength of the stimuli
requiring a stopping action. Perception (Reaction) Time
 Highway systems have a direct effect on industries that supply vehicles and equipment to
support highway transportation and the industries that are involved in highway
construction and maintenance. TRUE
 It has long been recognized that highway construction and improvements to the highway
network can negatively influence economic development. FALSE
 The effect that highways can have on economic development is yet another example of
the far-reaching economic influences of highway transportation. TRUE
 As a primary consumer of fossil fuels and a major contributor to air-borne pollution,
highway transportation is an obvious target for energy conservation and environmental
impact mitigation efforts. TRUE
 Given these numbers, the energy and environmental impacts of highway transportation
are clearly substantial, and is not important consideration in the design and maintenance
of highway facilities and the development and implementation of policies affecting
highway transportation. FALSE
 It is important to keep in mind that highway transportation is a part of a larger
transportation system that includes air, rail, water and pipeline transportation. TRUE
 Within the highway transportation system, passenger options include single-occupant
private vehicles, multi-occupant private vehicles, and public transportation modes (such
as bus). TRUE
 Because of the high costs of highway accidents, efforts to improve highway safety have
been intensified dramatically in recent decades. TRUE
 Aerodynamic resistance originates from a number of sources. The primary source
(typically accounting for over 100% of total aerodynamic resistance) is the turbulent flow
of air around the vehicle body. FALSE
 In considering the source of rolling resistance, the rigidity of the tire and the roadway
surface influence the degree of tire traction, surface tension, and tire deflection. FALSE
 No matter how much force a vehicle’s engine makes available at the roadway surface,
there is a point beyond which additional force merely results in the spinning of tires and
does not overcome resistance or accelerate the vehicle. TRUE
 For engine design, critical factors in determining output include the shape of the
combustion chamber, the quantity of air drawn into the combustion chamber during the
induction phase, the type of fuel used and fuel intake design. TRUE
 In highway design and traffic analysis, the braking characteristics of road vehicles are
arguably the single most important aspect of vehicle performance. TRUE