A Study of the Initial Surge Distribution in
Concentric Transformer Windings
G. JI. Stein, Fellow IEEE
Summary: Certain properties of transformer windings in their
response to lightning surges are investigated by a systematic
study of the initial surge distribution, that is, by excluding the
time effect. The investigation is further confined to stresses
between layers or pancakes and between turns of concentric
windings and to the voltage distribution between such windings
and grounded parts. Insulation grading is considered. The
influence of static shields at the line ends is given special con-
sideration based on a new analysis of the series capacitance.
By comparing the calculations with measurements of the electric
field distribution on resistance paper, some limitations in re-
placing the actual field problem by circuit problems are un-
covered and suitable approximations are developed for obtaining
a practical solution.
The insulation of transformer windings has to be dimensioned
to withstand lightning surges. This is an important problem,
because most of the winding space is not copper, but insula-
tion, so that the answer largely determines the size of the
apparatus.
Lightning striking a transmission line creates traveling waves
which may enter equipment such as transformers and gen-
erate voltage stresses in the windings. As illustrated in Fig.
1, these waves appear at the terminals in form of full waves, or,
if cut off by arresters, as chopped waves which may have a
very steep front if the lightning strikes close to the unit.
The voltage stresses are the result of electric and magnetic
fields which appear in a winding under surge conditions and
thus become functions of location and time. This field prob-
lem has been converted into a circuit problem in which the
response to the surge is replaced by that in a continuous
network of inductances and capacitances.1 By using this
method, manv attempts have been made with varying success
to predetermine the voltage transients by the help of computers
or models.2-5
As a, first stelp for a fundamental study, this paper will neglect
i §
FRONT
E FRONT E
TIME A TIME
FULL WAVE CHOPPED WAVE WITH STEEP FRONT
Fig. 1. Surge voltage waves
Paper 64-19, recommended by the IEEE Transformers Committee
presentatioxn at the IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, N. Y.,
February 2-7, 1964. M\anuscript submitted July 29, 1963; made,
available for printing December 5, 1963.
G. M. STEIN iS wth the W0estinghouse Electric (Corporation, Sharon,
Pa.
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of the field mea-
surements made by L. E. Sauer wTith results shown in Figs. 16-21.
SEPTEMBER 1964 Stein-Sutrqe Distribution in Concentric Tranwsformer Wiindinlgs
any transient phenomena beyond cases where the timue from
the start of the applied wave and the consequent current flow
for charging the capacitances are short enough so that no sub-
.
stantial magnetizing currents can develop along the conduc-
tors of the winding. According to K. W. Wagner' the wind-
ing voltages form, under this condition, a so-called initial
surge distribution for which only the electric field with its
equvalent capacitance network remais to be analyzed by
reducing the winding to an electrostatic model. Then the
highest stresses will appear inside the coil at the same time
that the applied voltage reaches its maximum. Experience
shows that the above approximation is frequently valid only
within about 0.1 microsecond. This is a much shorter
time than normally encountered in commercial tests and actual
field service at the peak of the applied voltage. However,
the initial distribution is indicative of the effect of the coil
size and shape on the voltage stresses under steep front waves
and on the amplitude of the voltage oscillations at longer
times.6 The analysis made will also furnish the lumped
capacitances to be used in computer calculations where coil
inductances are included.
The discussion will be further confined to the concentric
layer and pancake windings illustrated in Fig. 2. When the
analysis of the two types of windings becomes different, special
consideration will be given to pancake windings. Since the
individual layers and pancakes correspond to each other in
surge calculations, they shall be both referred to as winding
elements.
The problem is to find the voltage stresses between each
CORE
LV. LINE /
SHIELD
LAY ERL A
W NDING _ - 1. _ .. . <
H.V LINE
_ _ ll
PANCAKE
WINDING
.,. _ I
DUCTS >. ,
DG
LAYER/
INUATO
ISLTO
Fig. 2. Concentric transformer windings
877v
 element and ground as well as between elements and between L-
-1
turns, particularly at the line end. These stresses depend on
the distribution of the continuous electric fields outside the
x AX-I GROUND
conductors. In accordance with previous practice, and as an 1 I Cg'- T 1r T 1
approximation, which will turn out to have its limitations, this A B
field problem is converted into a circuit problem by the intro- LINE Ve I
duction of lumped capacitances. In general, the lumped ca-
pacitance networks thus obtained are in turn assumed to be (A)
subdivided finely enough to be treated as continuous so thatl
the stresses can be associated with individual winding points
and represented by analytic functions.
This procedure requires that the actual windings have to (B) E K GROUND
be replaced first by a system of capacitances which has the 1
same dielectric properties under the condition of an initial LINE
voltage distribution. Since the actual response of the winding E I K K GROUND
(0)
K
to the applied impulse voltage is a transient phenomenon T T
from the beginning, for which the electrostatic treatment is LINE A K5 B
only an approximation, the metallic connections between the
ends of the individual elements remain an important part of Fig. 3. Major capacitance network of a winding with uniform
any equivalent capacitance network. According to Fig. 2, insulation
windings only will be considered where adjacent ends of
elements are alternately connected together. A-Lumped ground capacitances from each element to ground
.. . . ~~~~and
The analysis of these structures is simplified by distingushing lumped series capacitances between
adjacent elements
the ends of
between the major voltage distribution, representing the volt- B-Single lumped capacitance
age levels at the connections between adjacent elements, Fig. C-Equivalent 7r, consisting of capacitances Kg, K,, Kg
2, and the minor voltage distribution indicating the voltage
changes over the surface of a single element. These two
problems require different capacitance networks. The first
or major network consists of the lumped ground capacitances static shields. Certain properties of the voltage distribution
from each element to ground and of the lumped series capaci- in such a network are known.1 6,7 Others have not been men-
tances between the ends of adjacent elements, as shown in tioned yet, so that a detailed discussion shall be included in
Figs. 3(A) and 7(A). These series capacitances will be ob- this analysis.
tained from a solution of the second problem where the ground For this purpose, consider a winding of the length L and the
capacitances are omitted and each element is represented by total number of elements N. Let a surge voltage E1 be ap-
a minor capacitance network consisting of lumped capacitances plied at the coil end A and distinguish between the two funda-
between turns of adjacent elements and between consecutive mental cases that the other end B is either grounded (E=E-,
turns, as shown in Fig. 10. A solution to problem 1 will e=e-) or open (E=E°, e=e°). The voltage E to ground at
furnish the voltages to ground at the junction points between any distance x from the line end A and for a coil length L is
elements and the element-to-element voltages between ad- then given by6'7
jacent junction points. The turn-to-turn stresses will appear E sinh a(l-x/L) cosh a(l-x/L)
in an analysis of problem 2, but will actually depend on both I- sink a coshaa Na NVc/c,
E'

E = (1)
voltage distributions. El sinh a El cosh oe
Windings with uniform insulation and with an insulation Of particular importance is the element-to-element stress
graded according to the voltage distribution are considered. e between adjacent junction points since its value is also a
This will include also the effect of shielding the first line ele- measure for the turn-to-turn stress, and sufficient insulation
ment. has to be provided between elements and between turns to
withstand these stresses. At point x obtain either by the
The Major Voltage Distribution chord or difference of E(x) or, for sufficiently small values of the
For computing the major voltage distribution, distinguish space Ax occupied by an element and its insulation, approxi-
between the fields outside and inside the winding. As shown mately by the slope or gradient of E(x):
in Fig. 3(A), the outside field is represented by the voltages E
and ground capacitances cg from individual elements to ground
e=E(x-,Ax)-E(x+fAx)
dE L dE
by chord of E(x)
while the inside field corresponds to the voltages e and es-2,Ax =-2 \- dx by slope of E(x) (2)
series capacitances cs between adjacent junction points of dx N b o
elements. The ground surface appears in Fig. 3(A) as a Ax = L/IN
straight line and represents the equal potential surfaces of the Repeatedly throughout this paper, several equations
core, the tank wall, and other grounded parts including neigh- will have common factors. This will be shown as one equa-
boring windings. tion, and the factors which are different will be distinguished
UNIFORM INSULATION by brackets { }. By using this symbolism, derive with equa-
tion 1,
All elements of a uniformly insulated major network, Fig. e cs ( xL
3(A), have the same ground and series capacitances ca, and c,. e- =2coho1/L
This includes the elements at the end points A and B. The El sinh a ( sinh 13 by chord of E(x))i (3
condition proves true in a wnigweealdcsoalatr- e° _ sinh a(1 -x/L) ( 13 by slope of E(x) (3)
nate ducts between elements are alike and the coil ends have E, cosh ax
878 Stein-Surge Distribution in Concentric Traneformer Windings SEPTEMBERI 19fi4
 where sinh a as well as a can be a factor in the equation for e' E°/el' eo el E\ r
eA/El or e0/E1. EX EK$KAX=L/N)J e KEl E)(x =ELN)
The quantities /3 and a shall be referred to as major distribu- Since the distribution of E and c in equation 6 is independent
tion constants and
and become
become
tion_constants /3=VVc/cs = a/N of / according to equation 1, it may be studied by plotting
a=fCD/CSl (4) the voltage ratios against x/L for different values of a, as
if CQ = N c. and Cs = cs/A represent the total ground and series shown in Fig. 4. Because of
capacitance of the winding. Note that d depends only on the E_E' =2 sinh ax/L (9)
size of the individual elements and their clearance to ground El El sinh 2a
while a = Nol is determined by the dimensions of the whole
coil. For sufficiently small values of :, the chord and slope the stresses for an open and grounded coil end B practically
coincide in Fig. 4 for large values of a, for instance for a =5 or
forms of equation 3 become alike. For larger values of / they 10.
differ in both cases, that is, for grounded and open coil end B, In order to examine the conditions near the line end (x/LK<
by the same factor 1 /3/sinh j3.0.85 for 0 /3.1 where 1), develop equation 1 and the chord form of equation 3 into
is a somewhat extreme value.
The maximum value of e appears at the line end A.. Dis-
tinguish between the actual value e1=e(x=L/N) which ap-
E/EIE{
EO/E(l =
a/L+21 1 HesT}l' sinh oax/L
pears between the first two elements and a fictitious value eo = e /E_ (10)
e(x = 0) which represents an extrapolation of e(x) to point A. e5/lE =
2 sinh /3[a-r-!L2 1 Tea
}z cosh ax/LI
By equation 3 obtain then
and, at x =LIN between the first two elements,
es-/E, =2 cosh (ax-/3)/siah ag
es'/Es= 2 sinh ( a-,s)/cosh a 3sinh by chord of E(x)
<xsah(5) IEs
cA/ (211
)
=1_
11=E1 - ih2
eoe/Es=2 ctnh a l 3 by slope of E(x) /Ei = 21
eo0/Es= 2 tanh a where 'the minus sign in the bracket | J belongs to the calcula-
When combined with equation 3 and compared with equation tion of E- and e- and the plus sign is to be used for E° and e°.
1, these quantities furnish for the chord and slope form of Near the line end, that is, for x<<1, and for sufficiently large
e the identities values of a =N/, that is, for a relatively long winding, the
stresses obtained for an open and grounded end B are reduced
-/ /c =E°/E,, e5/e00=E /El (6) to the same values.
and E e E
sE -2---- sinhf, for a>>1 and x/L<<1 (12)
e E0 cosh a(l-x/L) El el El
eA E(zx=L/N) cosh (a -fl) Let eo represent the value of eo for an infinitely long coil and
e° E- sinh a(1-x/L) (7) find also
ei5 E*(x=L/N) sinh (a-) co

Consequently, the distribution of the initial stresses e between El El

- 2sinhfl, I=1--'_ cU
fo: a»1 (13)
EEEl
elements can be obtained by a test of the initial stresses E to
ground which can be read with greater accuracy. In this tech- Consequently, these voltages become independent of the con-
nique, the distribution E(x) and only one value of , prefer- nectlon at B and of the length L of the coil or its number
ably its maximum e=e (x=L/N) across the first duct, are
measured in per unit of E1 and furnish for any other point x ei eo 2
(see equation 8): El E 2 N

where el/El becomes proportional to a.

As a result, an increase of the winding length makes the rela-
tive stresses eEs near the line end larger as compared with a
linear distribution eEs = 2/N while the actual stress e remains
a-o
=o
1.0 -'--r-. . approximately the same. This effect can be described by a
K __ ;nonlinearity factor R=Nc/(2El). Its value Ro at x=0 for a
foe tS>l ]grounded (Ro=Ro') and open (Rof=Ro°) coil end B is obtained
by the chord form of equation 5 as
0,06 4 <- R -o a{ctnha} '--Nsinh/fora>>1 (15)
< 0.4 \\\9
| - ~~~~~~~wherethe plus and minus signs in the exponent of the bracket
Lv g \ A L-9j24=2 {} ~~~~~~~areto
be associated withRBo andRo°00respectively. These
0.2 XL 39_' j\ > <
sO 1>> ! \ > 1
~~~~~values Ro% arewith
of
~~~~~~~proportionally
plotted against a in Fig. 5 where they increase
N or ae for large values of a. The intro-
A L , 21 B Fig 4 Ma- r ~~~~~duction of Ro0 also permits the calculation of the stresses c
JFigan xaccording t
point
0.-4.
0x C 0.4
0. 0.6 8 10 ' voltage dis-
surge
CE;E = e/°tribution
0 awind-
ing with inuniform e=2(Es/N)Rs(c/eo) (16)
____E/ELL e0e% insulation where c/co and Ro0 are given by equations 1, 6, and 15 or can be

SEPTEMBER 1964 Stein-Surge Distribution in Concentric Transformner Windings 879

 6 r Fig. 5. Non- e cosha(l- /L)-(E2/El)coshax/L

5
1
_
-
_ XA°
_ 1<
..........
linearity
~~~~~~~~~a
factor of
major su rge
El2 sinh a
s 0
voltage distribu- sin / by chord of E(x)
L - 1+ at
tion t /line
-- the 1/ by slope of E(x )
4 end of a winding
t t wnith ufnaifoWrmn iin-9 For E2=E, these equations go over into the case that the
i3 LX__.T l_sulation same surge voltage is applied simultaneously to both ends of
_ '7/1 _ the winding.6
In other conditions encountered later in this analysis, the
z 2- --------- coil end B is grounded through a capacitance. In such prob-
_i;' + q z lems the voltage across the coil will be determined first and
+L_4_-t
F
4' the corresponding voltages E1and E2at the coil ends A and B
_ _ "I -_t_- will be used for computing the voltage distribution inside the
0 i Ii winding
voltage according to equations 19 and 20. If the applied
O 2
a
3 4 5 El given, E2maybefoundby
is replacinganetworkof
R° elements, Fig. 3(A), with a single lumped or entrance capaci-
R°' R° tance K, Fig. 3(B), normally obtained if the network is
grounded or open, or in general with an equivalent -r consisting
of the capacitances K,, KS, K0; see Fig. 3(C). These lumped
capacitances are also useful in circuit calculations involving
taken from Figs. 4 and 5. According to these figures, note series and regulating transformers.
e>e° so that the initial stresses e for a grounded coil end B are For finding these lumped capacitances, consider the wind-
generally more severe than for an open end. ing as divided into many small elements with c6<<c, so that at
In the particular caseen/Ep of , equation 1 c:an be con- the line end A their voltage e can be computed by the gradient
v-erted into the nomographic form :8 form eo/El of equation 5, the current in c6 may be neglected,
z1(e1/E,) f(13)-Fs(a) q(/3) = D w(/3) (17) and the current in c, becomes identical with the line current I,.
Since the same current I, flows into either kind of network,
w-ith Fig. 3(A) or 3(B), obtain
D D 11 = pEIK = peocs/2 (21)
1±(b/a)
(ei'/E,),
sinh 2/ 1 + (a/b)csch 23 where p = d/dt is the operator for the differentiation against the
time t. Distinguish also K K for infinitely long coils and
u s (18)
22
12aU1
=
a 2,3
=- E W = find7 for a grounded (K=K-) and open (K= K) coil end B
u°1a (e1/E,), s
b Wa±b sinh 2-3 by equations 5 and 21:

as shown in Fig. 6. The values of u-, s-, and u°, s° correspond K- = K ctnh Y = >Cs
to a grounded and open coil end B respectively. Thev repre-
tanh a
(22)
sent straight scales of the variables e1/E and a with constant K° = K tanh a = C,, <C6
spacing D and scale factors a and b, while w is a curved scale a
of the variable ,B with variable distances f and g from the s
and u scales.
While this nomograph, Fig. 6, has been primarily designed 0
for computing the voltage el between the first two elements, it z0 -
may be used also for finding the voltage across any other num- 0 -
ber Al of elements next to the line end by substituting MO1/2
for ,B. In this way, also, the voltage e between any two ad- 0.40 0.5 2
jacent elements inside of the winding can be able to be , 0z
obtained as the difference of two voltages towards the
line end.
0.35-
0.2
03 - 1.0 .
52
The two fundamental cases of a grounded and open coil end I0.30 os F °
B in Fig. 3(A) can be used for deriving the voltage distribution _2.0
also for other conditions at B. As an example, two separate 0.25- _ 10
Then
j

voltages
voltages E1 E2are
E, and E2 applied ~ at A and ~ B. any vltae
enan voltage 0.08 09
0.
E to ground inside the coil is the sum of E(x) resulting from a 0.20- 0.06 / 08
source El at A with B grounded and of E(y=L-x) obtained c,) t
07-°7
in a distance y from B for a source at B with A grounded. 0.15 0.04
Consequently, write / '-.
F E-(Z) E2E(y=L-z) 0.10 ?02 &/tX t055 oj
E2 El ElEl
0~~~~~~~~~~B
<'
'75 0 D 45
and find by equation 1 L 00 z
F sinlh a( 1-x/L)+(F2/Ei ) sinh ax/L -0.4
F, = sinh a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~(
19)
Fig. 6. Nomograph for computing surge voltage stresses in
ByE equation 2 find then between elemzents a winding
880 Shein-Surge Distribution in? Concentric Transformer Windings SEPTEMBER 1964
 which folr a>>1 in both cases reduces to H PART ---PART 2-
__ IE GROUND
K=K=V\CCs,= +\c5c, for a=N3>>l
element N, theentranc capactance Kbecomesindepenent
(23)
LIE
Ef 1 fP7EIIT
-~cS±
Consequently, in relatively long coils with a large number of (A)A - P i BB
of the coil length L like the voltage distribution of equation 12
near the line end.
For obtaining the equivalent w- of Fig. 3(C) change this net- I_x __
Xwork into Fig. 3(B) according to L -_- X- L2 =--_
K ==Kg+K8, KK=Ke+KOK, (24) PART t PART 2 GROUND
a ,-, I~~~~~~
K II

anid find by equation 22 (B) E K9g Kgi 2

K2=KU tanh =-Ca a 1
-
tanh a/2 1
< - Cg A kSi P K2
2 2 a/2 2 -PART I GROUND
(25) PART 2 PART 3
Ks= . =Cs < Cs E K KIPAT E 2 K9 E3
sinh a sinh a I g)
GRADED INSULATION
A
K51 P K~03
Kg2
According to Fig. 4, the stresses E and e decrease rapidly Fig. 7. Major capacitance network of a winding with graded
from the line end A, particularly in pancake coils with a large insulation
distribution constant a. This suggests an investigation of the A-Sectionalized network
effect of reducing the insulation clearances in a certain dis- B-Lumped capacitances of a 2-part network
tance from the line end. If the capacitances c0 and c. have to C-Lumped capacitances of a 3-part network
be changed for this purpose to any extent, the voltage dis-
tribution may be materially altered in the whole winding. insulation shall, therefore, be referred to the maximum stress
This distribution shall, therefore, be analyzed for the condi- e0 at x 0 in a corresponding winding with uniform insulation
tions that ci, and c, and the corresponding quantities of N, L,
CS, C5, K, K~, KS, K,, a, and: have different values distin-
(c=cacx
, c3i
= , ,B=ing).For pnancake
a construction, the
winding is usuallv long enough (a=0lN>>1) to permit the
guished by subscripts 1, 2, 3 in different parts 1, 2, 3 of the approximation eI EI eo@/E1, which is independent of the
winding, as indicated in Fig. 7, and that cg and c, are uniformly
distributed in each part. Likewise, voltages El, E2, E3 to
winding length L. Thus develop = e/eoi (epEn) (En/e'o),
and find for part 1 by equations 13 and 2Q
ground shall appear at the start (A, P, Q) of each coil part
while N=N1+.±N2±+ N3 and L=L,+L2+L3 remain the total e -= l1 E2 cosha1xx/L,
cosha1vlf1-x/L1)--El L in part 1 ((28)
wiinding values. eoo sinh a, _
Two COIL PARTS where E2/E, assumes the values E2
equation 27 for a grounded and open/E2
and E20/EI given
coil end B. For part in2
In the case of two coil parts illustrated in Figs. 7(A) and obtained by equations 3 and 13
(13) obtain with equation 24
e E2' cosh (1-x/LL)a2L/L2
F= K (26)
(26)
E, sinh a_ sinh 02
El K,-+K2 F, K,+K2 e° E2' (1-x/L),X2L/L t X sinh #1 in part 2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~eo-x/L)a2L/L2
sinh (1
E2° sinh (29)
where K2 may assume the values K2 or K2', depending eo' E cosh a2
on whether the coil end B is open or grounded. Equations
19. 22, and 25 furnish then
As a numerical example, e/e0
is plotted in 8 against Fig.
x/L for N=50, Nil/N=L1/L=0.1, C1 = C02, in and a number of
E,2 E =
E.F =[eosh[ohEi a+
K s
K2sinh h a2}l]
a,tnh (27) values of c,,Ic,,= ((/(X//3)2=
(K,'IK2 )2 and of /3 correspond-
ing to a, = 3, = 032V/ = 2 or 10 in a uniformly insulated winding.
This shows that the stress e between elements is increased in the
aWi P of the two coil parts, the voltage distribution within alreadv high-stressed part 1 and loweired in the low-stressed
ean paof
each can wou
part the claby s,tevtge
be found considering itdistributionpwith
to be a complete part 2 if a reduction of the clearances in part 2 is accompanied
byainrseoc2.Lgrclrnesnprt2hvte
. l. n
winding by itself with.1 voltages
. l . at the ends of
E and E2 applied ~~~~~~~~by
an increase of C12. Larger clearaiices in part 2 have the
opposite effect. These conditions are also illustrated in 9 Fig.
part. I and with E2 applied on one end of part 2 while its other byplottn e/eat. Thest cofparts 1nando2iagainstedincFi.
enid is grounded or open. The values of EE/ and ejE, in part by plotting eel at the start of parts eand 2 against CmaCy2
I are then found by equations 19, 20, and 27 if a, , and L As a result, insulationerading isf of lrnitted votaline sitress
are replaced by a1, /3i, and L,. In part 2 first compute E/E2
anld e/E2 according to equation 1 by substituting ai2, /32, X-L,
incraetearayeitn differente patsothe winding.rsse
FurthSerevidencesof thiseffc isfondinthdscntnut
.and L2 for a,J /3, x, and L. This givtes (E/E1) = (E,/E2) (E2 F1) apptearin eintefncfthion e(f)eat pintPon in Fig.di8.oThisudis-
and elF, = (e/,) (E,/E,). containuit is the reulctiofn abrupat changePin the. valueisofic-
In a practical application, part 1, located next to the line adcnatiut pinth Peu infig and abeutcmnes for /3evande of<by
enld, may represent the fully insulated portion of a winding eqations 27tpoin 29n:i.7adbcme o B n <Ib
whose insulation clearances would have to be used uniformly eutos2 o2
in the whole coil if they were not reduced in part 2. :For coma- e(x=L, -0) K2' sinh,13 __Cefs? 3 adIIK1(0
l)arison purposes, the stresses e in the winding with graded e(x L-f-O+) - K, sinh fl ¢cl o 3 al <
.SEPTElMBER 1964 Stein--S urge Distribntion in Concenltric TIransformner Winzdinegs 881
 PART PART 2 Fig. 8. Major dis- 2.0 , I0.04 -
tribution of the ele- 1.8 02_
1.4 - 1-LAX L ment-to-element volt- T.6
12 -L CsifcSI/CS2
|
0.5
, ages inawinding
graded insulationwith
of 4 e(V0le_ i
2.0
1.0__
10_2 two coilparts
200
I8
1.2
1.0° 1 -. _'-X
0.4~~~~.
eL0 _
A- - 2.0.2-
-
~0 W
t - ------
0lC 5 -i-

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 .0

XXL -e

howevrer, part 3 normally lies far away from the line end A so
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~that
only a small fraction of the applied surge voltage El will
penetrate to this part unless the distribution constants °al
for either an open or grounded coil end B. In addition to and Ca2 are relatively small. This is somewhat illustrated in
qcreating this unfavorable initial voltage distribution, this Fig. 8. If, therefore, the value of Cai is relatively large, the
-discontinuity may
COll~
~ ~~ trigger
also ~ ~extra~ voltage
~ ~ oscillations later
~ ~~~~~hwvr distribution
parts 3e e constant /33 may
normally lie befarreplaced by /32
awayl from a calculation
theinline endAll
on in time. of the stresses in part.s 1 and 2 so that the structure is reduced
parts,~
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~pnert 7(A),
to Figs. 7(A) parfor unles
to and (B) corepoam
two distribution constant a,
coil parts.
THREE COIL PARTS
The Minor Voltage Distribution
The analysis of the effect of a graded insulation with three
coi pat beoe simla to th anlyi mad fo tw col In order to make minor networks accessible to an analytic
parts, Fig. 7(A),if the corresponding capacitance network is treatment the calculation will be confined to the conditions
forei*t1here :
1 .an oenor groundrkcoiln were arseprate n oan be associ ated each ele-
-creacenb the lumpdcapc
Equation 24 furnishes then iitian esh n Fig. 7C t ment, thl purpose
as shown inefi. 10. For s with
an equipotential
surface appearing as a straight line in Fig. 1O, has to be estab-
E3 Ki 2 E2 Kof Et ( \/'E3\ lished between adjacent elements, similar to the ground in a
i2 K2-+K3 h, K,'+K2 -K82(E3/E2) E1 - \Egs\E2)7(31) major network, Fig. 3(A). However, while the ground is
whih bcoms
b eqatins 2 ad 2 fo K3= o K3 always an equipotential surface of known physical dimensions
which usually can be approximated by a straight line in a 2-
E3/E2) rs Kh . a sl dimensional analysis, a corresponding surface in the duct be-
prLt
E3o/E20 K 2 I tween the elements can only be found under special condi-
prs Fli K27 sinh a (cos h EAn-n (2 ) tions. Examples are cases of symmetry, as, for instance, a
relcd=
L bya1tK X sinh a2 show i2 uniformly insulated winding where all ducts or all alternate
ducts are alike. Equal alternate ducts appear, for instance,
By again referring the voltages e between elements to a if the space on one side of each element is filled with insulation
common value e0O at point A in part 1, their ratio e/eOO is and becomes a cooling duct on the other side, as shown in the
given in part 1 by the same equation 28 as in the case of two inner coil of Fig . Further examples of equal potential
coil parts. For part 2 find, according to equations 13 and 20, boundaries are metallic surfaces introduced as static shields or
e /E2A
EOO tE2 sinh 2 2sinh1 condition where the surface of an element itself is approxi-
atweenth
o
mately at a constant potential.
\E1/ sinh sinh a, o
EsThese various cases can be cosered by the analysis of the
sn
( x-L )-E cosh 2e Lb x eninpart
. model, Fig. 10, with equal alternate ducts so that, for reasons
{cosh r gain 2 of symmetry, the centerlines a'a" and b'bi between adjacent
(33)
aiend fo part 3,Iaccoding t equatons 3 nd 13,tion elements are at
between a constant potential equal to that of the june-
them. The capacitance network of one element
e _E_ sinh (3 cosh (1-x/L)a3L/L a
extends then from a'a" to b'b" with voltage distributions of V
eo, El! sinh I sinhaa ) and V-V which assume the same maximum value V at each
e° hi30X sink ,% sinh(1-x/L)a3L/L3 in part (34) end. Then the analysis of the minor vyoltage distribution in
eO El J sink (3, cosh a3 s Fig.1O becomes similar to that of the majorsoltage distribu-
/2 E2 tion in :Fig. 3 by letting the individual elements in the minor
where EpEt3EE2, and E3/E maybecomputedbyequations network be equivalent to the whole winding in the major
31 and 32 by introducing E,,/E2- or E30/E20, depending network and also by letting the individual turn in the minor
on whether the coil end B is open or grounded. network correspond to the single element in the major
A graded insulation with three coil parts could be applied to network.
a delta-connected 3-phase winding in which both coil ends have Similar to the fields outside and inside the windings repre-
to be heavily insulated and any reduced insulation has to be sented by the major network, Fig. 3, distinguish in the minor
confined to the center section of the winding. In this case, network, Fig. 10, between the outside field in the space be-
882 Stein-Surge Distribution in Concentric Transformer Windings SEPTEMBER 1964
 tween elements and the inside field between turns. These Fig. 10. Minor x -Cs
fields are described by the external voltages V and V-V at capa c i t a n c e e
capacitances ka and kb per-unit element length and by v and kT networks
between adjacent turns respectively. Only single conductor e t
turns will be considered. The discussion shall be further con- rb a
fined to uniformly insulated minor networks. These are net- 1
works of elements where all conductors and their insulation are - I
IL
the same and the fringing effect at the ends is neglected. For 'n N fn
this reason, the specific capacitances ka are equal as well as kb c
and kT and can be able to be replaced by total capacitances
Ca, Cb, and CT between elements and between turns re- I ciz N V-v
TH H-

Under these conditions the voltages V and v at a distance z k

I I
+
from the element end b' in Fig. 10 actually become functions of
the two variables z and x. However, in each element, that is, j T1- t- --- -+--9
in each minor network, consider x =constant so that V and v
can be treated here as functions of z only. The introduction tb +- I
of a dependence on x may, therefore, be confined to the maxi-l
mum V= V(z=0). The corresponding function V(x) is then v
obtained from the calculation already made for the major
network by substituting //2 for /3 and V for e in equations 3,
5, 10 to 18, and 20, and in the nomograph, Fig. 6.
As function of z in the minor network, Fig. 10, of elements
with the height H and n+ I turns each, the distribution of V The corresponding extrapolation v0 to z = 0 may be written
is shown in the Appendix to be
VO2 sih Cb/CaCt Cb/CaC(40)
V l-Cb/Ca sinh (1-~~~z/H)Y± V=2 sinh e/(2n)[l+ / ctnh e+ ctnh- /2] (40)
V l+Cb/Ca sinh ey For y>>] and y/n<<1 these values are reduced to
CbICa Fl1+ sinhsinh
Ce/Ca (1 -2z/H)'y/21
y/2 -3vv
(35) V=% =-Y/n for Y>>1 and T/n<<1
l±+Cb/ca
L sinh -y/2 jvv (41)
with a minor distribution constant y and its normalized form Because of the similarity of equation 39 and equation 5 for
7Ya given by e'/Ei, the value of v_/V can be computed by the nomograph,
Fig. 6, for the grounded nonline end B. For this purpose the
y= \/2(ca+cb)/cT=2X7a, Ya= V\Ca/CT, X= V\(1+Cb/ca)/2 (36) quantity -y/2n is replaced in equation 39 by / in both terms,
where X iS introduced as a measure for the dissymmetry of while a term.
second is substituted for y in the first term and for y/2 in the
Ca and Cb. For reason of symmetry, only values 0 < Cb < Ca will In the extreme case Ca = Cb, that is when the element is sym-
have to be considered.
The turn-to-turn stress v is obtained either by the chord or metrically insulated, the first term in equations 35 to 40 dis-
difference of V(z) or, for sufficiently small values of the turn appears so that the second term is reduced to
thickness Az= H/n, by the slope or gradient of V(z) in the
form
V
V 2L
i1F
sinh -Ya(l -2z/H)] v cosh -Ya(l -2z/H)
sinh -Y J vO cosh -Ya
v=V(z- Az/2)-V(z+ Az/2) by the chord of V(z) v cosh ya(l-2z/H)
(37) V sinh Ya
H dV
n-n dz-bdhz lpeo ()-
bytheslopeofV(z) v cosh (Ya -yan) x
Z sinh Ya
sinh -
n by chord of V(z)

which becomes, by equation 34, =cnYa/n by slope of V(z)

____l_a cosh(1- z/H),y Cb/Ca cosh(1 -2z/H)-y/21
VLl+Cb/ca sinh-y +Cb/Ca sinh y/2 ForC=Ca (y2ya)
In the other extreme case Cb = 0, that is, when one of the two
2 sinh 2 by chord of V(z) element surfaces is open, the second term vanishes from equa-
2n
{ y/n
>(38) tions 35 to 40 and the first term is reduced to
by slope of V(z) V
V sinh-v(1-z/H) v oh (-zH
This result is similar to equation 3 for the stress e between ends V sinh -e vo cosh -a
of elemnents in a major network. ___cosh______________l
For Cb _ Ca the maximum value vi of v appears at z = H/2n and V sih-2sn
becomes, by the chord form of equation 38, csln 7 by chr fVz (43)
[lCb/Ca cosh(-y--y/2n) --
he-/2) J2snh-bcodfVz|
8=2sin +2.)
Li Cb/Ca cohee2) 0sinhe |Voh i/n by slope of V(z)|
si=
Cb/acoshQ(y--y/n )/21 VJ
l+Ct/Ca sinh-y/2 L (39) For Cb=O ('y=V>2ya)
SEPTEMBER 1964 Stein-Surge Distribution in Concentric Transformer Windings 883
 1.0 Fig. 11 (left). Minor Fig.13(right). Non-
distribution of ele- linearity factor of 4 --
ment-to-element volt- the minor voltage i -
ages distribution at the
A 0.6 @
end of an element

_0+. \O1

0
0 L___ S _ __L_ t _--0.8---1. CbC0-O
0.2 0.4 0.6
CENTER LINE BT'WEEN
AT EQUAL POTEN-`IAL
ElEMEN-S

b a b Cb=O ADJACENT
POTENTIAL
ELEMENT AT E0QI&L

the values of ro and Ro increase proportionally to yYa and a for

-Y"'0 Fig. 12. Minor dis- large values of tya and a respectively.
1a=° Flg._
tribution nofturnto-
> IIIA trution ofturn-to-
The difference between the extreme conditions Cb =Ca, when
the element is symmetrically insulated, and cb=O, when one
- - - -
0j8 Itt
/ < li
turn voltages
|
element surface is open, can also be illustrated by deriving
from equations 42 and 43 the ratio
0.6 3t
|- -3 /| V/ V(c5=0)-2 sinh V2y\/2n/ c.tnlh Vs2h\a-tannh (ta/O)/V'2a
°04 W 0 bl-l V/ (Cb=Ca) sinh 2-y/n ctnh -ya-tanh a/fl/n
0>
5

45`:
plotted against ai/n for different values of ya in Fig. 14.
0.2 The actual amount of the turn-to-turn stress v may be
computed for any values of z and x according to
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 /l V\(4
z/H 1I1?ra (46)
Cb = Ca CbO nN Vo\v/
The quantities V/Vo and Ro are found by equations 1. 6, and
15 bv substituting ,/2 for d. The values of vrvo and ro are
given for Cb = 0 and ce = ca by equations 42 to 44.
The maximum values vom and Vm of v appear at the line
For c0 = Ca the values of V and v of equation 42 and also the end (x = 0, z = 0) where equation 46 reduces to
second terIn of equations 35 and 38 show a certain symmetry
with respect to z = H/2. This also becomes apparent if VIV t V sY for a>>l; f<<1; -y>>l; y/n<<1 (47)
and V/vo are plotted against z/H, as shown in Figs. 11 and 12 E, Ei nAl\
for several values of -Ya Consequently, the maximum turn-to-turn stress v,, increases
For cb =0 the voltages V, v, v-, and vo in equations 43 for the approximately with the product of the two distribution con-
minor network and also the functions in the first term of equa- stants a and ey in contradistinction to the maximium element-
tions 35 and 38 to 40 can be made identical to equations 1, 3, to-element stress el which, as shown by equation 12, increases
and 5 for the corresponding voltages E-, e-, el,, and eo0 in the with only the one distribution constant a.
major network. For this purpose z/H, -y and y/(2n) are re- Bv using the voltage distribution of V and v in equations 35
placed by xj'L, a, and jB respectively. This shows that for and 38 the lumped series capacitance c8 associated with each
Cb =0 the minor network, Fig. 10, is reduced to the shape of element may be computed in terms of the sum of the total
the major network, Fig. 3, and the curves of V/V and vlvo in capacitance c, between two adjacent elements and CT betwveen
Figs. 11 and 12 assume the same form as E-/E, and e'leo in all turns of an element. This lumped capacitance c8 is a
Fig. 4. Note also that analogous to e/eo, as given by equations function of =f a and cbl/ca and replaces the minor network, Fig.
1 and 6, the chord and slope forms of v/vo become identical in 10, in the major network, Fig. 3. Under these conditions oh-
equations 42 and 43. tam, as shown in the Appendix
Fig. 12 shows also that for Cb = Ca the turn-to-turn stresses v
at both ends of the element are much greater than in its cS /aa
center, and that for cb = 0 these stresses are highest at one end. Ca+CT 1 + Ya2
This effect can be studied more in detail by introducing a non- -I / i\/ 1 \ /i \ 2
linearity factor r = n v/ V with r = r0 for z =0O which for the slope \ K2-2VJ~ Ya+RXctnhE XTQ)I+V X21) 2X ctlh 2X-i 0

frm= of(Viya
eqainctnh =Ya
42 an
434 for ce = Ca R
becme
etab V2a
(<>a+ ctnh =ya)
Cc=O or X=1/___'
for co =Ca or x =l
for
V2ya ctnh
V2=ya for Cb 0
~ Fig.
~If plotted against ya for different values of oya/fl, as shown inl
When plotted against oYa in Fig. 13, the quantity r0 of the 15, the quantity C0/(C0+ CT) reaches a maximum of 1.212
minor network exhibits properties similar to Ro of the major at Cb = Ca and nfa = 2.414, assumnes its lowest values at Cb = 0, and
network in equation 15 and :Fig;. 5. Thus, in both networks v-aries within a ratio
884 SteiXn-Surge Distribu>tion in Concentric Transformer Windings SEPTEMIBER 1904
 Cs(c= Ca) _ a+ctnhtna If, therefore, the analysis presented in the previous section
Cs(C& 0) V2 etnh V9Ya is to be used for investigating the shielding effect, an approxi-
mation has to be introduced for the unshielded or nonuniform
wvhich is included in Fig. 15. condition. In order to find this approximation and, at the
The Effect of Shielding at the Line End same time, to check also the accuracy of the calculations for a
The major network, Fig. 3, has been analyzed under the shielded winding, a model of the minor voltage distribution
condition that the insulation is uniform throughout the whole was simulated on resistance paper,' as shown in Fig. 16.
winding, that is, that all ducts or all alternate ducts between The paper itself took care of the field between elements.
elemuents are alike. Then each centerline between two ad- Resistance paint was added to simulate the turn-to-turn field.
>Metallic plates wvere used to
jacent elements is at an equal potential and the series capaci- .tolth dimes chosen to represent
to th iesoscoe,ti
the turns. . According
represente
oe ersne
Acorit
olwt
tacec
tance cs c n beecopue,
can computed, ass shown in the Appendilx.
hwninte ppnix Hw
ever, the elements at coil ends A and B have an open surface
how- distance S =2.10 cm (centimeters) betwveen
adjacent elemnents,
a turn width W = 1.90 cm, a turn thickness TC= 0.31 cm, an
on one side so that here the uniformity of the insulation is insulation thickness Ti-0.16 cm between adjacent turns, an
discontinued. This nonuniformity of the coil ends penetrates element height H= 14.1 cm, and with n=29 insulation spaces
to a certain degree into the winding and, exactly speaking, only
the centerline between the two elements in the middle of the between the turns of each element. The ratio chosen for the
.
coil is also an equipotential line.
The uniformity of the coil insulation could be restored bv in the space between the two ssmulated
elements
en the sa betweTe the twot simulate elements waTbequiv
equiva- uras
extending the coil uniformly up to infinity beyond each line lent a ri between
element. This condition is frequently simulated
a metallic surface, commonly referred to l by. providing . 1
as a static shield, or
Tu~~~~Thea corresponding
betwen elements.
voltage distribution was studied on a
just as a shield, on the centerline between the ...line element 2
Fig. 16(B),mand with w t
the .tisecnc e
only one shield, Fig. 16(C). The meas-
ured equipotential lines are plotted in these models for differ-
Fig. 2. fictitioushiendextconsuthiv
and.2the A winding shielded in this elemn as s ilustratd
way assumes inl
in principle enfrcisEE5othapldvlagE.
the same properties as a uniformly insulated coil.
In an unshielded winding the outside surfaces of the end Except for the fringing effect at the element ends z = 0 and
elements are boundaries of an outside field to ground which z H t-he field of the shielded winding, Fig.
z=H it 16(A)j is quite
could be represented by a certain capacitance network to svmmetrical
e and
a t the centerline between elements becomes the
*d thisepotential line EIEl = 0.05. Consequently, equation 42 for
ground. In an unshielded layer wound coil,
In unshielded
an layer wound
capacitance is significant, as compared with the minor inside v Cgb=Ca
with
d the curves
a tshown in Fig. 11 will applv to the
capacitance network, Fig. 10, and the shield has the double Inlthe
I t
unshieddinding .
purpose of eliminating this end ground capacitance and to
convert the rest of the winding into a uniform network. In a certain symmetry since, within the limits of the test ac-
an unshielded pancake winding, however, the end ground curacy, the potential line E/E1 = 0.5 continues to coincide with
capacitance becomes very small, as compared with the
the
t 4 f t between the two elements. Therefore, equa-
centerline
capacitance ca between the end element and the next inside t
element. For this reason approximate the other capacitance shown in Fig. 11 will describe the voltage distribution at the
Cb towards the outside by Cb=0 in an end element when cal- turns.
culating its minor voltage distribution. This dissymmetry If, however, only one end is shielded, as shown in Fig.
will have a profound effect on the series capacitances and volt-
ages at the line end of an unshielded winding, particularly in
its first two elements.
1.4- 1tT-Iti1
1.s Fig. 14 (left). Comparison of the 1.2 1
1 ___ + - _ [O
3.0
relative maximum turn-to-turn
1.7 L
2-5
_~1--
30voltages
J --+ in
a symmetrically in- 1.0 _
- -
sulated element and in an ele-
ment with an open surface and
F +- $comparison of these voltages in C
1.5 /f C 7<s 2 D a shielded and unshielded end \t
___-
; - z 25 element 06 0 3
1.4 :G-1X- -v ;
2.0

o ~K a ;><;S25 01 LiIL9 W i
2)
.O

0.204c 0.6 08 .o .2FOR EQUAL POTENTIAL BOUNDARY l .Cs/(Ca + CT)

_____>
FOR EQUAL POTENTIAL BOUNDARY MIDWAY
Fig. 15 (right). Relative lumped
.
MIDWAY BETWEEN ELEMENTS IF CsCcb)
BETWEEN ELEMENTS IF c% = AND series capacitances of individual b c0ADC
bsc°I_aADC
CsCC=0b)
0_______
-FOR EQUAL POTENTIAL BOUNIXRY MIDWAY elements and the effect of FOR EQUAL POTENTIAL BOUNDARY l__.C9/C +Cr)
AT ADJACENT ELEMENT IF Cb ISI-RELDING
O shielding upnthis seisc- Cb = C0 AND AT ADJACENT ELEMENT|-_5c=
EFFECTI
~~~pacitanlce IF Cb = 0 (SHIELDING EFFECT ) Cs(Cb =0)
SEPTEMB}.RI 19t4 AStein-Surge Distribultion in Concentric Transformer Windings 885E
 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Fig. 16. Measured field dis-
E=D \0.2 0230405 607 08 tribution in a 2-element
0.8 pancake winding
01 0.9 0.7 0X6

0.
1 1 , , , ,1 r, , , ] \\ J, , X X ,, ,.
\,\ |,
/ / L
s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1.1.
\\' f{/ ft// / /// \ 0.3 fZ.. r/// 0.7 j t//2 \
\ /f
// SI F Z/ A X /X r , ,.\,4,,f
Iv,,
___ r,Z SHIELD ____> IT/1c \ 031l \/Z

\_ | ELEMENT z ? XA .I
/Z1TI ____Z1\[ fS

2
____f/ I
2~~~~~~~~
0 ____2 /l___ 02

/1.0 004 05 0607 09 -W wS tWjS2S

.

l0lS S \ .1
(A) 0.2 02 (B) (C)

16(C), the shape of the potential line E/E1 =0.5 is funda-
mentally changed. Then neither this line nor the center-
line between the elements remains suitable as an equipotential
boundary of the fields associated with each element. As com-
pared with a voltage drop of 0.5 El in each element of a coil,Sufc
Fig. 16(A), with both ends shielded, the voltage E in the
shielded elemzent of Fig. 16(C) varies only between 0 and 0.12.
Consequently, in the field of the unshielded element, Fig.
16(C), the surface of the shielded element practically replaces
the centerline between elements as a constant potential bound-
ary. If zero voltage is used for this potential, the voltage dis-
tribution on the surface of the unshielded element continues
to correspond to thle condition C8 =0 in Fig. 11, but with the
modification that ca/2 and tyaJV2 are substituted respectively
for Ca and Y, in equations 43 to 45, 48, and 49, and that oy be-
comes identical with zYa. Then the nonlinearity factor r0 in
equation 44 goes over into
rO=no/V= Ta ctnh TYa for Cb=O° (50) capacitance Cs in Figs. 16(A) to (C) are then computed as:
This value of r0 derived from C = 0, when the equipotential
boundary of the first element lies at the nlext elemnent, is
identical with the result alreadyr obtained for Cb = Ca and
plotted in Fig. 13 for the condition tbat the centerline between
boundary.
elementsisthe
For the same cases C8 =0O and Cb = Ca find in place of equation
45
0/V(C8=O) 1 ctnh Pya-tanhQ(ya/2n) (5)
V/i7(C8 Ca) cosh Ta/fl ctnh era-tanhyea/n
which is added to the curves in Fig. 14 and illustrates the
shielding effect upon the relative maximum tur n-to-turn volt-
age. Note that in Fig. 14 both sets of curves reach a maxi-
mum as a function of Ta/fl which is the value where the shield
has its greatest effect as far as the voltage distribution in the
minor network is concerned.
Shifting the equipotential boundary of the first element to
the surface of the second element for C8 =0 also changes equa-
tions 48 and 49 into)
Ca+CT l±Ta2cn Ta 1orc8U|
These values are included in the curves of Fig. 15 and illus-
trated the shielding effect on the series capacitance.
In order to apply these curves to the conditions in Fig.
16, calculate from the given dimensions and
Capaitac Contant (ufca or T) (53)
Spacing
the quantities
(Ca/CT) = (H/S)( Tifl/W)(Ca/CT) = 8.63, oYa = 2.94, Pya/n = 0.101,
and write
cs ( CTi cs
-= 1+ Ca, Ca+CT (54)
5(Cb=O) v3/I(CV=O) V/EL(CbO=)
iI(Cb Ca) - / f(C = Ca) iV/E1(c= Ca) (5
The relative values of the turn-to-turn voltage v and series
(I). For Cb ~Ca In a winding, Fig. 16(A), with both ends
shielded, identify CS=CSI so that Fig. 15 and equation 54
furnish CsS/(Ca±CT) = 1.202 and Css/Ca = 1.340. Note also
V/El (C8 = Ca) = 0.5.
~~~~(II) . For Cb= 0 in a winding, Fig. 16(B3) with both ends un-
shedd idntfC. = Ls htFg 1 n qain5
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~furnish
CsIi/(Ca+CT)=0.422 and Csss/Ca=O.471. Because of
/El (co-0)=0.5, obtain by equation 55 and Fig. 14
v [Fig- 16(B)] 0(c =0) _ /V(c = 0)_1 3
0[Fig. 16(A)] 0(C8=ca) 0/7(C8=Ca)=1.3
(III). For Cb = 0 in the unshielded end of the winding in Fig.
16(C) with the other end shielded, identify C5=c5iis so that
Fig. 15 and equation 54 furnish CSIsI/(Ca+CT) = 0.310 and
CsisI/Ca=0.346. Because of V/E1(C =0) =0.88 in the un-
shielded elemnent and of i,/V(c = 0)/i3/ (C8= Ca) =1.048 ob-
tamned from Fig. 14, find by equation 55
0[Fig. 16(C)] 13(c8=O)
X[Fig. 16(A)] 7I(CbCa)
52 and herewith also

Cs(Cb=Ca ) Ta ia [Fig. 16(B) = 1-285

8g6 -Stein-Surge Distribution in Concentric Transformer Windings SEPTE;MBnR 1964
 I,---.-
1-
+. ~~~~~ELEMENT~
.0 .--- - Al 1.0

0.9 0.9 ... 0.9

V -.ED- _ MU _ _
0 ~ +,
ELEMENS R E1WT
H 0/ E l
0.8

0
)08O02040.6 10 / _ TESTED7IWITH-UT+ --- T 0.7
0.7- ~~~~~~ - - - ~~~~~0.7 +EMNTA2 -++ 06

0.6 --- - _ - +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-J+I2 0.5W
o
5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+1
0.5
04

O L
+

+__I
. _
0~~~~~~~0- 0.4
--A LOAINI+AC LMN
-3-_ -__04

Z
increase4 Ad34 -cm als - w d
_- . I_ I_ X_ -
0.3

LOCAION OF EAC ELEEN Z/ O I +ACLTDSILS °°°CLU ED

V=E,/2 ul~~~~~ t03
by6e ~ sa~ 0.2
ad 0.4 3. . t- . -

0.0._~~~~~~~~~~~LCTO IN EAG
06 08 .0- HLMN -LTSE iT
0 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
show ninFig. 1.2 0.4 0.6 1

ment~~~~~~~~~o
>oeinoarfmn nhedd idn.Ti s F 9( ,1114

0--ec 0.f
+h LOCATs elcdbya xenino he2bA IO IN EAC ELMN z/H I1.5

E/2e plotdSin Fig. 17 for1t m s F F 1

tribution agrees quit o se wita calultion CALCULATED
of++++ V/VHforDdistribUTi n
rendpincreaseswhiendsproacedn fnhromFi.16Autl6()andtotaedistributino
increased by equationsa42 andel43
Exampshas theshapealry trbto in
4ementpancake---A
AX4 . ||.l o
E!16()
wtincesnt shsi lonfired in Fi.1,thes filtguesba dcorraespodn
in th rwingsoite feldeline and becoassmes
tindincrase2element pan+k
alsompancak winding + a
LOCATION X-
vK1 - -
-3
IN EACH -ELEMENT w/hH 0.9
th Iin eleen ha,teeoe0ee
appaerent byachanger ino the slope of the..6t
b sitn
v1oltag ditiutifonmyA etrsut sotie in Fig. TETE fWTo shele UT WleetHcil
TETE

i.16(A and 16(B).lEcepratefr smal thes varhiations thisdisecener)Voltageditbu LI TEED 1

itionsan fgroms
20drivedio intsd au6-elemntfeld
eemen with onclyuatone
man turn-to-turn as shIelded.
mtagesend awoil
sriuio i
Fistridbuiong
ThepoEnial2 euthen
In0 corriespfondin
ndiienccaresa in 4econdelement
Ther 6fromessing
evalatint Fowi iih
from
h Fig.1nl
o field
the linpe variesd
Fig.a6unifor
1oA2for i n
mTe distribex
thielshilds.
16(C)
lmn pnaeA
alshree case (Figs1. 18ion2)ibnonyw1ito19%ofthe0ota
mhen modenil int ahwdimens
4-cndelement
ofo ueacnsiede winding Thriesalsisn- test --
theBcy
linleae elemespntdhas
in the teefautore,f been computed
fieldemend byishifting
bthecsme paFi.k2 rignhit)
riesltsisobandiFg.1frasheed6-lmnco.
Figar.en 16 the gengera
acomplisedro by addwas character
ingte lmaentin of theunltladed
ofThe distribu-
2-elementfieldbuio with Fig. TETE
inieeeet iia 0.1m
ofomtoftecIuainb
thaetis,
wiEn byesubsitutin
waotted
f und to hereplace
mitained eqanetenion
1 w n 43ofV/V
the nmbders asle in
as. ihewoeidn
to n byasmigalnermjrotg
rhespoetilbudr
mequtimonsl
capacitances.
50nto 52fo
to
sil the
Te results
thelmnturn-to-turn
surface.
In
involtage
voltangesan Tisvltant distribution ofn rigt) Voltaged bis eqato
resulmet,
the Thseries ditbuon
E/Ei, plote susinuFing. 18,m the Fgs. 18dereseton vareheDi
20 cnform
and quite
increases Th comarionvihtseeut anb xeddth
incrMasEd
acloselyioshed 1i6nBadditn
tes valuesgfor ianeoamlltest
odes. unhi2eldmed t seitionf
wiedig sx
re-h ieleen
wicentding palewncake
whoute
caclto0fteeuvln by asumn
02 0 a_iermjootg
eiscpctnec,a lte
grdessec tof the numbeldsrofacelement,ithe calcultantedidisribu-io inFi.f5 b AuiG isvleoidnhaootg
tIon islrfered toFi.8the totltmasuedevoltages adro inctheae distribtioan.chshsbensuidfokhexmpeo
SEPtEMBER nsdeeemn1964tein-assurges Dstribu atioinCwetirnfre inding a-
 element winding with grounded surfaces in a distance G from
both ends of the elements and with one winding end grounded,
as illustrated in Fig. 21 for G = 3.49 cm. By making the size
of the individual elements the same as in Fig. 16, the total
winding length became L = 24 cm.
The dielectric constant between elements and ground
was chosen to have the same value Ea as between elements.
The test results for the corresponding voltage distribution
E'IIE, are found in Fig. 21 for the shielded and unshielded
condition. The voltage drop V1 in these curves becomes
about 29%o of the applied voltage El in a shielded line element,
but rises to nearly 87%o if the shield is removed. On the other
hand, the tested voltages in the inside elements nos. 3 and 5
for the shielded condition and nos. 2 and 4 for the unshielded
case show a rise rather than a drop when proceeding from line
to ground. Since the analysis made furnishes instead a steady
drop from line to ground in all elements according to Figs. 4
and 11, this analysis appears inadequate to find the voltage
drop V/ in individual elements under the influence of a nearby
ground or the voltage distribution V/V in any inside element,
no matter whether a shield is used or not.
However, the formulas derived for the minor voltage dis-
tribution V/V are in fair agreement with the test results in
Fig. 21 if the calculation is confined to the line element only
and referred to the total tested element voltage. The values
of V/V were computed by equation 42 for the shielded con-
dition and by equation 43 for -y = ya in the unshielded case.
Likewise, a comparison between test and calculation of the
major voltage distribution E-/E1 had to be limited to those
junction points between elements which face the line end side.
This comparison has to be made by using the equations de-
rived for the series capacitance C8 and willtheherefore, be a
check for their validity.
In order to compute the major voltage distribution in Fig.
21, first find by equation 53 cg/c,=2 (S/H)(W+S)/G=0.342
and introduce
Cg/Cs = (Co/cs)(Ca/cs)
In the shielded case, that is, for caCIl = 0.746, then obtain
cgcs1=0.255, 3= VNc8,/c8 =0.504,' a=6=3.024. The dis-
tribution of E-/E1 was calculated for these values by equation
1 for a continuous network and marked on the ordinate of Fig.
21 in comparison with the test results.
In a corresponding calculation of the unshielded case, the
equivalent series capacitances of the individual elements are
too much different from each other to form a continuous net-
work. By considering the second elements on both wiinding
ends to be approximately at equal potential, these elements
will not contribute any series capacitance to the network so
that it assurnes the form shown in Fig. 22. In each end ele-
ment (nos. 1 and 6) the capacitance cs = CsIIi has already been
found under this condition with CaCc811I = 2.89. By equation
56 then compute c/csI1i =0.985. In each center element (nos.
3 and 4), C3 becomes a quantity c,iv obtained from Fig. 15
for CbCa = 0.5 and -y = 1.94 in the form CSIV/(Ca+CT) = 0.882.
Equations 54 and 56 then furnish Ca/Csiv= 1.018 and Cp,/csiv=
0.348.
If these values are used first to obtain the voltage dis-
tribution in the circuit, Fig. 21, without any grounided sur-
faces, find
E Ca/Csii i 0j370
E1 2[(Ca/CsIII)+(Ca/CsIV)=
and, for reasons of symmetry, E21E = I - (E3/EI) = 0.630.
These values are marked on the ordinate of Fig. 19 where
they are in close agreement with test results. For a corre-
sponding analysis of the network, Fig. 22, with ground sur-
faces, apply a number of delta-Y transformations and ob-
tam the distribution of E/E1 marked on the ordinate of Fig.
21 for a comparison with test values.
The system used in Fig. 22 for developing a capacitance net-
work for a 6-element unshielded coil can be extended to a
larger number of elements, as illustrated in Fig. 23(A) for
the example of a 12-element coil. This is accomplished by
approximating c8 by c,jii
and csiv in the first three and last
(56) three elements (nos. 1 to 3 and 10 to 12) while the symmetrical
value CSi is used for each of the six center elements (nos. 4 to 9).
Without any grounded surfaces, obtain the relative voltages

Fig. 21 (left). Voltage Fig. 22 (right). GROUND

Al
I LINEFi

_G=G 1.0
distribution in a 6-
._
Equivalent circuit c Sc
Isc ci I.5 c9 cg
element pancake of a 6-element T
Fitt tJ t| winding with one end grounded pancake Al InI cSM sWv sim
GROND 0.9 grounded winding without LINE
L ELMENT I' I shields 6
2 'o.r.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
0.8

_ X7 -- I0.6z0
Q9 ' < OGROUND
< +
/-F<e 3149 )0.50 Ci L5cg ci ci ci ci c9 ci- cit 11.5c Icl

A2~ +A~
/
A2- +I tC52
4 w 04G O.4j
I C~~~~~~~~SE
LI Al
SHE~
M5
A2
cST 'cST- !CIT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
cSST ~cS T c.,c.,|
A'4 - - -A50. A6
c1~
ST cs
cIHiz
A
CSsm
B

ADX - - alentcircuiltofa12-t1;
17~~~~~~~~~~~ I;0.2( element A3E7grounded A3I!e
IaE A 6 _
A3t-- 6 !pancake winding (A) E r-/4 e __
A3X -t without sihields
O 0.2 0O 0.6 08 10 WOrk El gIC91 0.5C K91j
°c1 1K91 iT InSCg II.SCg 1C9 GROUND
LOCATION EACH ELEMENT z/H -
IN iIiTLT[TiT T TiI T
MASURED IWITHOUT --MEASURED 1 WITH B-Network of LtN
(B) AlC11 1 AD A3. KIT A7 C|
% AB B1
+++CALCULATEDI SHIELDS °°CALCULATED J SHIELDS lumped capacitances ()LN ls 2CAA 7C1
8CB S
888 Stein-Surge lDistribution in Concentric Transformer Windings SEPTEMBER 1964
 Ca Table 1. Tested Line End Voltages in a 6-Element Coil
= 0.235____________________________________________
E8/E1) F / Ca Ca Ca CsIII Voltage Voltage Voltage Linear Linear
E6/E,1t=12 CSILI + CsiV +3-
X Across Across Across Volts Per Volts
Csi ( ( Ca Ca Ca 0378 First First First Element Per Turn
C1ij Csiv C+'ICSIII CSIV C-I End
Shields
Outside
Ground
Duct,
e1/El
Element, Tu rn,
V,/E, Vm/E; 1/N 1/(nN)
and, for reasons of symmetry, E51E =0.5, E4/E1 = 1 -E6/E1 = Yes None 0.330 0.188 0.016
0.622, E2/E,=1-E8/E1=0.765. Their comparison with None
Yes Yes 0.368
0.402 0.395
0.291 0.048
0.037 0.167 0.0057
test results is made on the ordinate of Fig. 20 and becomes a None 0.770 0.868 0.175
measure for the accuracy of the approximations introduced
for the series capacitance cs.
If a ground is added in Fig. 23(A), the uniformly insulated
section between the points A3 and A7 with ground and series 2. Insulation grading has its liritations since a lreduction of
capacitances cg and cSI in each element may be treated as a the insulation clearances inside the coil raises its initial volt-
continuous network which in turn is replaced by an equivalent age stresses at the line erd. This is experienced in addition to
7rof capacitances K,1 and K,i according to equation 25. The any possible voltage oscillations caused by the insulation
distribution of e and E is then computed in a network consist- grading.
ing of this equiivalent 7r and of CSII, and csiv, as shown in Fig. 3. As a function of the capacitance ratio in consecuitive
23(B). Afterwards, the eontinuous network is reintroduced spaces between elements, the series capacitance has a maxi-
between A3 and A7 in place of the equivalent ir in order to mum which is 22% larger than the sum of the corresponding
find the distributionl of E and e in this center part of the wind- capacitances bet2een elements and between turns.
ing.
As a study of the results obtained in Figs. 17 to 21 for the 4. The voltage distribution inside an element is not linear
voltag,e distribution in a shielded and unshielded winding, the since its own distribution constant enters the stress calcula-
effect of the shield in obtaining a reduction of the line end tion. As a result, shielding of the line element has the double
stresses can be summarized as follows: effect of improving the voltage distribution on the coil surface
The mnaximnum element voltages VI and e1 in a major net- by increasing the series capacitance of this element, and of
work are decreased because the addition of a shield raises the improving the distribution inside the element. Thus, the
series capacitance of the line element from the condition Cb = 0 stresses between turns benefit more than stresses between
to the condition Cb=CCa. The relative nature of these two elements.
cases is shown in Fig. 15. The corresponding effect on the 5. The relative initial voltage distribution between elemeints
maximum turn-to-turn voltage um is twofold, a reduction of of a uniformly insulated winding is identical with the distri-
V1 in the major network, and a decrease of I/V in the minor bution of the corresponding voltages to ground. Since these
network. Fig. 14 shows this second phenomenon for various ground voltages can be read more accurately, their test may
parameters. These results are further illustrated in Table be substituted for measurements of the element voltages
I by a summary of the line end voltages taken from the test except for their value at the line end.
values of Figs. 19 and 21 for a 6-element model. While the
addition of a shield reduces the voltage V7 across the first
element next to the line to about one-half in the absence of Appendix. Analysis of the Minor Capacitance
any ground surface, and to one-third in the presence of a Network
voltage vim
ground, the corresponding voltage across the first turn is
decreased toground.theorrespondin firstturnFor
. acros the computing the voltages V from the turnFig.
approximately one-third and one-fifth respec- line a'a" in the minor capacitance network, at z to10,theintroduce
center-
tively. This makes vm without a shield and without a ground the capacitance currents ia and i5 from this particular turn to
about eight times as high and with a ground about 30 times the two adjacent elements on either side as well as the corre-
as high as in a linear distribution. sponding current iT between turns. Then find at point z for
p = d/dt:
C rT(Z+ Az/2) -iT(Z-Az/2 ) =jb-ia, irT -pvkT/AZ
Conclusions
The study made of the initial impulse voltages reveals that ia=pVkaAz, ib=p( V-V)k5Az
the method of converting the actual field problem into a cir- By eliminating ia, 4, iT, and p and by substituting v = AV, obtain
c .itproblem has considerable limitations. A rigorous anal- for sufficiently small values of AV and Az
ysis of a surge distribution in transformer windings appears, kTd2 V(k±k)17k (57)
therefore, to become a formidable task even without con- dz2
sidering coil inductance and a corresponding variation with Introduce the general solution in the form
time-
However, as far as the initial voltage distribution is con- V = a, sinh 3z+a2 cosh az+a3 (58)
cerned, the following general conclusions can be drawn from with unknown constants al, a2, a3, and obtain
the circuit analysis presented in this paper and from the type
of approximations which had to be made. aJka+k -
____V _ 59
1 . For sufficiently long pancake coils, the actual length of the =rT +
winding and its connection on the nonline end has little effect The constant a may be replaced by the minor distribution
on the initialstresses at th. line end, where the surge is applied, constant er= V'2(Ca+Co)/CT because of
and on the value of the entrance capacitance replacing the ka= 2Ca/H, k = 2c5/H k;= crH, a= y/H (60)
capacitance network. If, however, the coil length becomes
significant, the initial stresses in an open coil are smaller than Consequently, the boundary conditions
in a grounded coil. V(z=0)=JV, V(z=H)=0 furnish
SEPTEMBER 1964 Stein-Surge Distribution in Concentric Transformer Windings 889
 - sinh /
V Ca co\ - Ca E =voltage to ground at point x
y Ca±Cb
7inh
cosh 7±+ Ca+Cb/
c a2= V
Ca+Cb El, E2= voltages to ground at coil ends A(x=0) and B(x=L) in
a winding with uniform insulation
so that the equation 58 can be brought into the form El, E2, E3= voltages to ground at the starts A, P, Q of each coil
part in a winding with graded insulation, Fig. 7
V= Ca sinh -y(l-zlH) + Cb 1sinh YzIH (61) El tio E8= voltages from ends of elements (AI to AS) to coil end
Ca+Cb sinh-y(1- +cb sinh z/H ( ) B in a 6- or 12-element winding, Figs. 22 and 23
e =voltage at x between ends of adjacent elements, Fig. 3
and, by the slope form of equation 36, into R = Ne/(2E) = nonlinearity factor of E(x)
v ly FCa
arcacoscosh y(1-z/H)
a ci cosh aH
H+ Ca+Cb
Cb
(62)
yz/H_ eo, Ro= values of e and R at line end A extrapolated to x = 0
el=e(x=L/N)=value of e between the first two elements next
V n LCa+Cb sinh a sinh ry to the line end A
which may be also transformed into 35 and 38 respectively. ci = line current
For finding the equivalent series capacitance cs of each element, c8 = series capacitance of each element
consider its definition as a lumped capacitance which is sub- C=rci/c=ptota
Cg=cN, Ctac ground and series capacitances of
stituted for the network between the lines a'a' and b'b" in Fig. winding
10. Consequently, the power consumed in c, has to be equal to i =a j ta
the power consumed in this network if the applied voltage has K = etaCe capciace o wIN mapprentrlumped
= c apai
the same valie V in either case. In each section Az of this K=entrance capacitance of winding=apparent lumped capaci-
tance to ground at line end A, Fig. 3
network fndc th
newr fii the poe
power
eon, K- = values of eo and K for an infinitely long winding
1/2(k8Az)V8 between a'a' and the element E- e' R, K- v
E°7e°R' K° values of E, e, R, K for a grounded (-)
1/2(kbAz)( V- V)2 between b'b" and the element or open (o) nonline end B, Fig. 3
1/2(kT/AZ)V2 between adjacent turns of the element Kg, Ks = capacitances of the equivalent ir of a major network
1, 2, 3=subscripts distinguishing quantities in different parts
so that, for a per-unit applied voltage, for Az = H/n, and by equa- (1, 2, 3) of a winding with graded insulation
tion 60, the total power in the network becomes Minor Network
r r-J
CbJ /v\2 \2
+b1/2cTy 1n v V \21dj H=height of each element
l/2C8=j" [Ca z (H) n+ 1= total number of turns ineachelement
z =distance from element end b', Fig. 10
(63) Az = H/n = space taken by one turn
Introduce equations 61 and 62 and S=distance between adjacent elements
W =width of turn
2CaCb TG= turn thickness
/2CTy2=Ca+Cb, Cr=-
Ca -t-Cth
(64) Ti=insulation thickness between adjacent turns
V=outside voltage between point z and element end a', Fig. 10
and obtain V= V(x)= value of V at element end b'(z=0), Fig. 10
Is|> ( 1 rca / Z \ e z V, = (x= L2N) = values of V at line end A, Fig. 3, corre-
Ca__ cosh 2-yz-+ CbVo =J(x 0)
-= 1+ s5i2
CS
-cosh2-y t1-Hy
inh2Y [~cosh2 ( H-)+ Cosh2aj1+vC=
sponding to el and eo
turn-to-turn voltage at point z
\
2 cosh -y 1-2
l/z
d
iv=v(z=H/(2n))=value of v between
element end b', Fig. 10
the first two turns at
r = nv/ V= nonlinearity factor of V(z)
with a solution vO, ro = values of v and r at element end b' extrapolated to z = 0
vm, vom =values of v and vo at line end A
C-=1
Cr
1(Ca+ C
l Cb Ca'sinh
tnh y+ 1
T
ia, ib=capacitance currents between one turn at elements point
z and the two adjacent elements, Fig. 3
which may be transformed into iT= capacitance turn-to-turn current at z
ca, cb=total element-to-element capacitances on either side of
C, / 2 ctnh Y~~~~~~ ICa Ci 2~~~~ 1 ~an element (O._5Cb._<Ca
-= 1+-
Cr \
-tnh2 J+1\Cb ± Ca
ctnh -y 2
(65) CT=total turn-to-turn capacitance of an element
-2/
y ka, kb, kT =values of Ca, Cb, CT per-unit element height
Cr
Cbe = 2CaCb/(Ca+Cb) =resultant element-to-element
etesenterlines ndb"oneeithecapacitance
sidecofanc
For a numerical evaluation of this equation substitute
r the nor-
~~~~~~~between the centerlines a'a" and b'b" on either side of an
malized minor distribution constant 7a V%ICa/CT and the dis-
= element
symetry = V(lC/Ca)/2 of C and C according to equation X = V(1 +cb/ca)/2 = dissymetry of the capacitances Ca and Cb
a

3y=V/2(ca+ci)/cT=minor distribution constant

X I/Cb
Cb =X2-1 TYa = VCa/CT = normalized minor distribution constant
Cry C( - (66) General
Cr ( 1 7Ya8 Ca Cb [2(X2-1)]2 'CT = dielectric constant of the insulation between turns
Ca TCT 2_ \Xi 2 1 -Ya72 C/ -
-+CCa -2 2X2 -1 /from
= dielectric constant of the insulation between elements and
winding to ground
Then equation 65 can be changed into equation 48 which fur- t = time, p = d/dt
nishes C/(Ca+CT), as plotted in Fig. 15. E=2.718=basis of the natural logarithm
u, s; w =ordinates of three nomographic scales
Nomenclature f,a, 9,b =nomographic
D =abscissa values
scale locating
constantsthree nomographic scales
Major Network a,, a2, a3, 6= constants appearing in the solution equation 58 of
N =total number of winding elements tedfeeta qain5
M=number of winding elements next to the line end A
L =length of winding Rfrne
x =distance from line end A of winding, Fig. 3 Rfrne
y = distance from nonline end B of winding, Fig. 3 1. DAS EINDE}INGEN EINER ELEKTEOMAGNETISCHEN WELLE IN
Ax =L/N =space taken by one winding element EINE SPULE MIT WINDUNGSKAPAZITXT, Karl Willy Wagner. Elektro-
G =distance between ends of elements and ground technik und Maschinenbau, Vienna, Austria, 1915, pp. 89-92.
890 Stein-Surge Distribution in Concentric Transformer Windings SEPTEMBER 1964
 2. D ETERMINATION OF IMPULSE STRESSES WITHIN TRANSFORMER
WINDINGS BY COMPUTERS, J. H. McWhirter, C. D. Fahrnkopf,
J. H. Steele. AIEE Transactions, pt. III (Power Apparatuts and
Systemrs), vol. 75, 1956, pp. 1267-73.
3. PREDETERMINATION BY CALCULATION OF THE ELECTRIC STRESSES
IN A WINDING SUBJECTED TO A SURGE VOLTAGE, P. Waldvogel,
Rouxel. Paper No. 125, CIGRE, Paris, France, pp. 1-16 (in French).
4. METHODES POUR L'fITUDE DES TENSIONS ANORMALES DANS LES
TRANSFORMATEURS, P. A. Abetti. Memoire couronne au Concours
de Fondation George Montefiore, Session 1955, Section scientifique
et technique, vol. 70, 1957, pp. 851-904.
5. VORAUSBESTIMMUNG DER STOSSBEANSPRUCHUNGEN IN TRANS-
FORMATOREN MIT HILFE VON WICKLUNGSMODELL,EN, Klaus Gadek,
Reinhold Nitsche. Elektrotechnische Zeitschritt, Berlin, Ger-
many, edition A, vol. 83, no. 21/22, 1962, pp. 728-35.
6. DIE TRANSFORMATOREN (book), Rudolf Kiuchler. Julius Springer
Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1956, pp. 126-28.
7. STOSSERSCHEINUNGEN IN ELEKTRISCHEN M\IASCHINEN, B. Heller,
A. Veverka. VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, Germany, 1957, pp. 31-39.
S. NOMOGRAPHY AND EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS, Dale S. Davis.
Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, N. Y., 1955, pp.
173-74.
9. USE AND THEORY OF THE ANALOG FIELD PLOTTER (book).
Instruction Manual 1M24, Sunshine Scientific Instruments, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Discussion
J. H. McWhirter (Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Sharon,
Pa.): Dr. Stein has presented very interesting as well as useful
information. He has very wisely chosen a limited aspect of the
subject of impulse voltage distribution and made a thorough
study of it. As he has said, this is a formidable task without
considering the complexities resulting from introducing the
induetances and the transient variation of the voltages.
To emphasize one of the difficulties, let us consider the very
basic one of defining initial distribution. We may define this in
terms of an experiment which we can perform in our mind, even
though we may have some difficulty actually performing the ex-
periment. Consider that we apply a voltage which rises to a crest
value of unity in time At. At this time, 'At, we measure the volt-
ages within the winding. These measured voltages are defined
as a function V(x, y, z, At), where x, y, and z are the space co-
ordinates of the various points within the winding. The initial
distribution is the limit of this function as At approaches zero.
This implies no charge flow through inductive elements. All
charge on capacitive elements within the winding must then come
from the voltage source through other capacitive elements.
It seems to me, the initial distribution function as defined in
this manner is very near zero everywhere within the winding since
there are series inductances involved which are paralleled by ex-
tremely small capacitances. To attain voltages which are an
appreciable fraction of the applied voltage requires charge flow
through these inductances. Examples of these inductances are
the leads, the individual turns, and the static shields and the con-
nections between coils which all have inductances even though
they may be small.
This definition of initial distribution leads to confusion and to
trivial and not very useful answers. Let us try to arrive at an-
other definition of initial distribution which may be more useful
and will more nearly correspond to our usual ideas. In order to
arrive at this, consider the voltage at a particular point in the
winding at time At where the applied voltage has a rise time
at.
The insert in Fig. 24 shows the applied voltage which rises to
unity in time at. We can plot a curve of the winding voltage at
time At versus at. We know several points on this curve. When
A\t is very large (say, greater than several hundred microseconds),
the distribution will be essentially according to the winding in-
ductances. According to the previous argument, the distribution
at At equals zero is fairly close to zero. What shape does the
curve have at intermediate times? If the initial distribution,
as we use it, is something special, the curve should have a fairly
SEPTEMBER 1964 Stein-Surge Distribution in Concentric Transformer Windings
INWCTANCE
IDUTIN___
DISTRIBUTIN
0
INITIAL >-
DISTRIBUTION /
D
/
0 d
It =Microseconds(Log scale)
l
D
_
1
0..
<I
t
>
0
Period- 2-TT (Loq scale)
Fig. 24
broad plateau in the vicinity of one microsecond. (There will
be other plateaus but they are not of interest at the moment.)
Now consider a graph of the relative amplitudes of the responses
to an applied step function. In order to afford a comparison with
the top curve, this is plotted below as a function of the oscillation
period of 2ir/co. The shape of this curve is not to be taken too
seriously except that the plateau in the top curve around 1
microsecond corresponds to a deficiency in the winding response
of components with periods of around 1 microsecond. When the
"valley" between the two parts of this curve is less deep and less
broad and as its center deviates significantly from 1 microsecond,
our usual concept of initial distribution is less meaningful and
useful.
Evidently, the oscillations associated with leads, connections
between coils, and static plates are usually to the left in the bot-
tom curve and these elements can be considered as presenting no
impedance to the flow of initial charge. Other elements with less
rapid oscillations are to the right and the physical elements pro-
ducing these oscillations can be considered as presenting infinite
impedance to the flow of initial charge.
Through experience we have learned which winding elements
can be assumed to be equipotential connections and which can be
assumed to be open circuits for the various types of windings.
This experience is unsatisfactory for determining the limitations
of these assumptions and it does not tell us what assumptions to
make in analyzing a new type of winding.
Does Dr. Stein have any comments on this discussion of a
definition of initial distribution and how it applies to the work
reported in his paper?
In Fig. 14, it is difficult to readily see the effect of the shielding
upon the maximum turn-to-turn voltage. Perhaps if the informa-
tion were to be plotted in a diferent manner, the results would be
more useful.
G. M. Stein: This is a reply to Mr. McWhirter's discussion.
Mr. McWhirter is concerned about the conditions under which
the actual transient phenomena in a winding can be approxi-
mated by an electrostatic voltage distribution and particularly
at what times. A similar question has been raised in the review
of the paper with an objection to the metallic links which ap-
pear in the circuits between adjacent elements and force their
ends to be on the same potential.
891
 oLEpS A j Z:EL ELEVATION P
CONDUCTOR --I
M |=n
i /1 \ 'I I'
I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~nm $ //| I~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2 E -E
1
>'
/ rT~~~~~T-I
/~~~~~~-- ii ~.7
PLAN EQUIPOTENTIAL -

5
4 5~~~~~
I>1> -- -
~~~~1>1 >
f~~t-<TT-F .4-
5 0~ ~ ~~~~~~. 4

DEVELOPMENT 1.3 V0
L-

Fig. 25. Gteneral inside network of single elements ____ 2

20

An attempt shall be made to answer these questions by using - - X n=aX I

the example, Fig. 25, of a 2-element pancake winding with three 1.O0
turns per element. The numerals 0 to 6 designate turn ends. 0 2 3 4 5 6
The elements are also shown in a plan view side by side and are Ta
finally replaced by a developed mashed network of capacitances
and inductances.
A voltage applied between 0 and 6 generates electric fields be- Fig. 26. Shielding effect on the relative maximum turn-to-turn
tween the turns and a voltage difference from turn to turn in any voltage for different numbers of element turns
section of the winding. Consequently, the voltage changes
steadily along the conductor of each turn. Therefore, the space
between consecutive turns contains closed equipotential surfaces
which are distinguished by dotted lines and intersect the conduc-
tors at the turn ends 1, 2, 4, and 5. As shown in the network de- For an analysis and numnerical evaluation of a corresponding
velopment, these equipotential surfaces can be used to divide formula for u, in which n is one of the variables, the equation 51 of
the total network into sub-networks associated with each turn. the paper is changed into
In particular, the first and last turns in each element, for instance
from 0 to 1 and from 2 to 3, become meshed inductance and IV(cC = 0) 1 cosh -ya(l- 1/2n) (67)
capacitance networks which have the same shape as used in the 7=(cb=ca) cosh (-ya/2n)
P

P cosh -y,,( 1- 1/n)

surge analysis of a single transmission line facing a ground surface.
This delays the generation of an electrostatic voltage distribution This may also be written:
inside the winding, as Mr. McWhirter has pointed out; because a
charging current flowing from the line into the capacitance of the
2 1 2i(-1/2nl) ±e-
line element, as indicated by arrows, will have to pass through
p_ 1+e a
1+e- a/1 ±e-Tai(1 i/n) (68)
such an inductive-capacitive network between 0 and 1 in form of
a traveling wave of very high frequencies. However, from 1 to and becomes for sufficiently large values of Ya
2, this current may find its way through the capacitances without 2
using the path through the conductor and its inductances. From p= /n for -ya>>]
e (69)
2 the current may reach the end 4 in the other element by way 1 ±e f
of the two transmission lines from 2 to 3 and from 3 * to 4 and Consequently, the stress ratio p varies between 1 and 2, as illus-
of the normally very short and, therefore, relatively low
inductive interelement connection from 3 to P. It is true that trated by the plot of p against -ya for different
1 values of n in Fig.
26. The value of p = 1 appears for n = and - while p =2 is
this circuit from 2 to 4 may be bypassed through the interelement reached for -y, = - and 1 <n< cc If, instead of this, p would be
capacitances which are not shown. However, the presence of a plotted against n for a constant oya, this stress curve would assume
low inductive link from 3 to 3 * will confine the voltage drop across
the winding to its elements, and thus produce the highest stresses.
It will, therefore, be conservative to include the interelement con-
apaxmu Pm at svalues
sponds to the crest values of p =/ V(Cb=m.= Timamu Pm corre-
)/u (c = ca appearing
Cb

nections into the capacitance networks until the relative re- in Fig. 14 of the paper as
apligp/(y/)=0toeuin67 Thnbanfunction of -y,/n and is determined by
luctances of the two current paths from 2 to 4 are better known. apyn pbe/)Ot qao 7 hnotl
Mr. McWhirter further would like to see a more practical repre- ( 1 \ ( 2 ihY (0
sentation of the shielding effect upon the maximum tuarn-to-turn 0= cosh oYa 1- )sinh Tya (1- -1/2 ih5 (0
voltage v3 tha;n given in Fig. 14 of the paper. This stress is shown 2nm / \ 2flm/ t
in Fig. 14 as a function of two variables which are the normalized which may also be written
minor distriboution constant TYa and the ratio of Tra/fl if n +1 repre-
sents the total number of turns in each element. It becomes in- -
2/1 I\02sm
deed revealing if v is evaluated in terms of n in place of plotting its 0=snhTa t1 nm, -2 snh (71)
change against Ta/fl.- This shall be carried through for the condi-
tion that the equal potential boundary in the field of anunshielded Consequently, n?m can be computed as function of aYa by the
line element, that is for cb =0O, coincides with the next element. parameter form
892 Stein-Surge Distribution in Concentric Transformer Windinlgs SECPTEMIBER 1964
 1 r 1
nm=I+1/2 sinh'- 2sinh J; a=1m- (Ya ) (72)
the influence of shielding upon the turin-to-turn stress u for a con-
stant element voltage V, is quite moderate in size. On the
'Ya/n,m _ n nin hand, the shielding effect on the series capacitance cs of theother
line
with Ta/n. as parameter so that pm may be found by equation 68 element and thus on its voltage V= V1 itself is very profound,
or 69. As illustrated in Fig. 26, the values of n-m vary between as shown in Figs. 15 to 21 of the paper. This means that the
nm 2 for -yq= 0 and nm= 1.5 for Ta = m while the amounts of influence of a shield upon the maximumn turn-to-turn stress i
Pm lie slightly above the values of p obtained for n = 2. at the line end is rather indirect since a reduction of this
Since in nmost practical cases the number of conductors n-1 is mnostly due to a decrease in the voltage V1 across thestress line
in each winding element is fairly large, for instance n>10, and Tya element rather than due to a redistribution of voltages within this
becom-ies usually smaller than 6, the quantity p in Fig. 26, and thus element.

Loading Guide for 65 C Rise

Distribution Transformers
C. R. Acker, Senior Member IELLE

Summary: Transfornmer loss of life calcutlations are made
based on a normal transformer life expectancy of 30 years at a
continuously sustained hot-spot temperature of 120 C (degrees
centigrade). Computer-derived equations are applied to a
generalized hypothetical 65 C rise distribution transformer.
Hot-spot temperature curves, including the heating and cooling
portions of the curve, are calculated for loads from 90% to 280%
in ambient temperatures from 0 C to 50 C. The change in
transformer time constant with changing loads is considered.
The hot-spot temperature curves are converted to aging factor
curves. The area under the aging factor curve is compared
with a standard area representing a hot-spot temperature of
120 C continuously sustained for 24 hours. A transformer
load capability table is presented.
The surprisingly long life enjoyed by distribution trans-
formers, as compared with the old loading guide predictions,
coupled with modern chemically modified thermally uprated
cellulosic materials demands that the old loading guides be
abandoned. The modern approach to transformer economics
and the possibility of obsolescence dictate that loading
guides be based on modern, realistic principles. The loading
guide should have a firm basis of reference for transformer
life expectancy. Loss-of-life predictions should be realistic
and compatible with the life expectancy evaluation based
on the aging of complete apparatus.',2
It is the purpose of this paper to propose a generalized load-
ing guide which meets all of the above requirements and which
will allow the transformer user to realize the maximum eco-
nomic return on his investment.
Discussion
SLOPE OF AGING LINE
(American Standards Associationi) loading guide line, the more
recently published loading guide lines for chemically
v modified
and thermallyJ improved cellulosic materials, the proposed 65
C loading guide line based upon the preliminary test results
obtained from functional life testing of transformers, etc.
The relation between the slope of the aging line and the dhem-
ical rate phenomenon which characterizes the line has been
well rate
well 3
discussed.3
VERIFICATION OF SLOPE OF AGING LINE
The basic "system" test work performed on unmodified and
chemically mnodified cellulosic insulation was accomplished
at the Thomas A. Edison Research Laboratories.4 The aging
of test samples was carried out at temperatures of 125, 150,
and 170 C. The change in expected life for the unmodified
control samples was obtained for end-of-life criteria values of
20, 50, and 75%O burst retention; and for the modified,
thermally uprated samples at 50 and 75% burst retention. A
calculated curve for the modified material for 20% burst re-
tention was also determined. The test results and the calcu-
lated curve are shown in Fig. 1. On the basis of the plot of
the results obtained for the "system" samples, the slope of the
expected life versus reciprocal of absolute temperature line
was reaffirmed. The value of the slope b of the modified
insulation, based on the 20% burst retention curve for the
temperature intereepts 0 and 02,5 is approximately 15,000.
'oq °1 -
7

As a result of the vast amount of aging work which has

been done by various laboratories on cellulosic insulation, a
general slope of the life versus reciprocal of absolute tempera- 0,0ooo UPRATE KRAFT 2O7o
UPRATED ASRAFT 50so
ture line has been fairly well established. The slope of the UPRATED KRAFT 0
aging line is described by the straight portion of the old ASA U) K~~~URATECONFTRO75%O
50%
lKRAFT CONTROL 75So%
Paper 64-20, recommendedl by the IEEE Transformers Committee
and approved by the IEEE Technical Operations Committee for \\ \
presentation at the IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, N. Y., \ \\
February 2-7, 1964. MIanuscript submitted May 22, 1963; made \\ \
Fig. 1. "System" 0 \+
available for printing October 24, 1963. test results ob- \ \
C. R. ACKER is with Line Material Industries, a Division of the fained cluosiinmd-
McGraw-Edison Company, Zanesville, Ohio. \\\
The author expresses his appreciation to Fred Hatfield of Line
fe ellsci-\\\
sulation (per-cent
MVaterial Industries, McGraw-Edison Company, for his interest I0X||S|\\J
burst strength _
and assistancee in computerizing this study. retained) TEMPERATURE-DEGREES; C
SEPTEMBECR 1964 Acker-Loading Guide for 65i C Rsse Distribution Transeformers 893