REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH - DIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

PRESENT SIMPLE (I LAUGH) PAST SIMPLE (I LAUGHED)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( I AM PAST CONTINUOUS (I WAS

LAUGHING) LAUGHING)

PAST SIMPLE (I LAUGHED) PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (I HAVE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

LAUGHED)
WOULD
WILL (I WILL LAUGH)
COULD
CAN (I CAN LAUGH)
HAD TO
MUST (I MUST LAUGH)
(=) (SHE SAID THAT JEN MIGHT WANT
SOME MODALS NOT CHANGE (JEN TO GO
MIGHT WANT TO GO )
(≠) (THEY SAID THAT THEY HAD
PRONOUNS (WE'VE TRIED OUR BEST) TRIED THEIR BEST)

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE (≠) (HE SAID THAT THEY WOULD
(WE'LL STAY HAVE TONIGHT) STAY THERE THAT NIGHT)
 FORMAL LETTER (APPLICATION)
--> IF YOU KNOW THE NAME OF THE PERSON, BEGIN "DEAR MR.SMITH/DEAR MS.JONES".
IF YOU DON'T BEGIN: DEAR SIR/MADAM.

--> SAY WHY YOU'RE WRITING AND WHAT YOU'RE RESPONDING TO (EG: AN ADVERT,
ETC). "I WOULD LIKE TO APPLY FOR ONE OF THE SCHOLARSHIPS, I SAW ADVERTISED IN
YOUR..."

--> IN ONE PARAGRAPH DESCRIBE YOUR SITUATION: WHAT YOU'RE STUDYING AND WHY
THIS IS A GOOD OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU.

--> STYLE HAS TO BE NEUTRAL/FORMAL. NO CONTRACTIONS, NO DIRECT QUESTIONS, NO

EXCLAMATION MARKS.

--> IN THE NEXT PARAGRAPH EXPLAIN WHY YOU ARE SUITABLE FOR THE JOB
(PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS). MAKE SURE YOU COVER ALL THE POINTS IN THE
QUESTION.

--> BE POLITE AND POSITIVE, BUT NOT TOO MUCH ("I WOULD APPRECIATE THE
OPPORTUNITY...") ("I WOULD BE VERY GRATEFUL IF YOU CONSIDERED MY APPLICATION")

--> IF YOU'RE USED THE PERSON'S NAME, END YOURS SINCERELY

IF YOU HAVEN'T, END YOURS FAITHFULLY

--> SIGN YOUR NAME AND THEN PRINT IT CLEARLY UNDEDRNEATH

JAME JONES
JANE JONES
 ESSAY
START WITH A GENERAL STATEMENT ABOUT THE SUBJECT. "MOST PEOPLE THINK THAT..."/"SOME PEOPLE CLAIM..."/"IT IS SAID
THAT..." AND SHOW BOTH SIDES OF THE ARGUMENT "HOWEVER, SOME..."

USE LINKING WORDS TO SHOW THE SEQUENCE OG YOUR IDEAS AND WHEN YOU'RE MAKING AN EXTRA POINT.

-ALTHOUGH/DESPITE/HOWEVER/WHILE, ETC: CONTRAST

-WHAT IS MORE/BESIDES/IN ADDITION: ADDITION
-IN FACT/FOR INSTANCE/FOR EXAMPLE: EXAMPLES
-THEREFORE/AS A RESULT/SO: RESULT
-BECAUSE (OF)/AS/SINCE: REASON

HAVE A SEPARATE PARAGRAPH FOR EACH SIDE OF THE ARGUMENT.

ALWAYS FOLLOW THIS WRITING STRUCTURE:

STATEMENT-->REASON WHY--> SPECIFIC EXAMPLE

"MANY VEGETARIANS BELIEVE EATING MEAT IS WHEDTHY. WE CAN EASILY GROW PLANTS THAT GIVE US ALL WE NEED IN OUR
DIET, AND MEAT CAN GIVE US SERIOUS DISEASES LIKE..."

SUMMARISE YOUR VIEW IN THE CONCLUSION, USING WORDS FROM THE INTRODUCTION AND SOME EXTRA COMMENT. "IN MY
VIEW, THERE ARE STRONG HEALTH REASONGS FOR NOT EATING MEAT. HOWEVER, IF WE BECAME VEGETARIANS FOR MORAL
REASONS, I THINK WE SHOULD ALSO NOT WEAR FUR OR LEATHER.
 ARTICLE
--> INTRODUCE THE TOPIC AND ASK A QUESTION PERSONALLY TO YOUR READERS. ANSWER THAT QUESTION IMMEDIATELY
AFTER BUT ONLY BRIEFLY
"HOW WOULD YOU FEEL ABOUT LIVING ON A DESERT ISLAND? I CAN'T IMAGINE ANYTHING WORSE...!

--> YOUR STYLE HAS TO BE NEUTRAL/INFORMAL SO, USE PRONOUNS THAT "INCLUDE" THE READER IN THE TEXT, SUCH AS WE,
US, YOU, OUR, ETC.

--> YOUR OPINION ABOUT THE SUBJECT IS IMPORTANT SO YOU CAN GIVE YOUR POINT OF VIEW IN EVERY PART OF THE TEXT.

--> WHEN YOU WRITE A SENTENCE/GIVE AN OPINION, ALWAYS FOLLOW THIS STRUCTURE:

STATEMENT/OPINION --> REASON WHY--> SPECIFIC EXAMPLE

"YOU'D THINK OUR HOUSE IS NOTHING SPECIAL, BUT I HAVE LIVED HERE ALL MY LIFE AND ALL MY FRIENDS LIVES NEARLY. IT'S A
HAPPY PLACE!

--> FINISH WITH A SENTENCE THAT SUMMARIZES WHAT YOU HAVE SAID.

"I LOVE TRAVELING AND MEETING NEW PEOPLE, BUT IF I WERE ON A DESERT ISLAND I WOULD BE FOR FROM THE PLACE I LOVE
MOST-MY HOME-AND I WOULD HATE THAT"
 INFORMAL LETTER/EMAIL

. GREET THE READER WITH DEAR+NAME

. ADD A GENERAL COMMENT ABOUT A GENERAL TOPIC . EG:" I HOPE YOU'RE
ENJOYING YOUR NEW JOB"
.. ASK A QUESTION DIRECTLY. "DO YOU REMEMBER IN YOUR LETTER YOU ASKED
ABOUT..."
.START A NEW PARAGRAPH WHEN THE TOPIC/QUESTION CHANGES. USE INFORMAL
LINKERS LIKE "ANYWAY"
.INCLUDE CONTRACTIONS AND EXCLAMATION MARKS TO EXPRESS EMOTIONS
.MAKE AN EXCUSE TO FINISH THE LETTER EG: "MUST GO NOW - I'VE GOT LOTS TO
STUDY. HOPE TO HEAR FROM YOU SOON"
. FINISH WITH AN INFORMAL PHRASE AND SIGN WITH YOUR NAME. "LOVE/BEST
WISHES,
STEVE."
 REPORT (PART 2)

WHO - READ - ASK FOR THE REPORT --> TEACHER/BOSS/TOWN COUNCIL/OFFICIAL BODY
INFORMATION: ESSENTIAL INF. RECOMMANDATIONS. AVOID DETAILS. MAKE A NUMBER OF
POINTS GIVING. SOME DESCRIPTION AND EXPLATATION.
PURPOSE: INFORMATION, EVALUATE, SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
STYLE: FORMAL, IMPERSONAL STYLE

CLEAR HEADINGS / DIVIDE SECTIONS INTO PARAGRAPHS --> INTRODUCTION (THE AIM OF
THIS REPORT IS TO CONSIDER WHAT A GROWN OF EXCHANGE STUDENTS FROM BARNA
COULD DO WHILE THET ARE STAYING IN OUR TOWN).
--> PLACES TO VISIT (SINCE OUR TOWN IS WELL-KNOW AS A CULTURAL CENTRE, MANY
FOREIGN VISITORS FIND THE FOLLOWING INTERESTING PLACES TO VISIT/THE
CATHEDRAL/THE MARKET, WHERE LOCAL CRAFTMEN SELL TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS/THE
PALACE
--> ACTIVITIES (BEFORE, STUDENTS FROM ABROAT HAVE SAID THEY WOULD LIKE TO MEET
AND DO THINGS WITH STUDENTS GERE. FOR THIS REASON, JOINT ACTIVITIES SHOULD BE
CONSIDERED. THE FOLLOWING COULD BE ORGANITED:
-A SPORTS COMPETITION - A PARTY
I SUGGEST A VARIETY OF VISITS AND ACTIVITIES FOR THE VISITIES DURING THEIR STAYING
USE YOUR CONCLUSION TO SUMMARIZE BRIEFLY / EXPRESS
PERSONAL RECOMMENDATION IF ASKED.  MAKE POINTS DEARLY
AND DIRECTLY

--> DURING THEIR FIRST WEEK, THEY COULD VISIT THE CATHEDRAL
AND THE PLACE ANF GO TO THE MARKET, ON SATURDAYS. ALSO, A
BASKETBALL AND FOOTBALL COMPETITION COULD BE HELD
AGAINST STUDENTS AT OUR COLLEGE. AT THE END OF THEIR
SECOND WEEK, WE COULD ORGANIZE A FACE-WALL PARTY AT THE
COLLEGE.
--> CONCLUSION (I AM SURE THAT A COMBINATION OF
SIGHTSEEING, AS SUGGESTED, WOULD GIVE STUDENTS A VERY
POSITIVE EXPERIENCE.

A GROUP OF STUDENTS FROM AUSTRALIA IS COMING TO STAY IN

YOUR TOWN FOR 2 WEEKS. SUGGEST PLACES, ACTIVITIES
 REVIEW (PART 2)
WHO-READ = MAGAZINE/NEWSPAPER
PURPOSE = GIVE INFORMATION --> HELP READER TO DECIDE (CONCERT, FILM, BOOK, ALBUM)
STYLE: HIGHT-HEARTED STYLE
INFORMATION: ESSENTIAL ABOUT.../WHAT YOU LIKE/DIDN'T LIKE. MAKE RECOMMENDATION TO
THE READER.
OF A CONCERT YOU'VE BEEN TO (INF., ATMOSPHERE, RECOMMEND)
STATE THE NAME OF THE FILM, CONCERT... (HAPPY SHOPPERS AT CARDIFF)
INTRODUCE THE TOPIC, IN THE FIRST PARAGRAPH ( HAPPY SHOPPERS ARE FOUR GUYS FROM
BRISTOL. THEY BECAME QUITE FAMOUS LAST YEAR. WHEN ONE OF THEIR SONGS WAS PLAYED
ON A POPULAR TV SHOW. YESTERDAY, I SAW THEM PLAY LIVE TO A BIG AUDIENCE AT
CARDIFF) (ON THE PLUS SIDE, THE MUSIC WAS GREAT. HAPPY SHOPPERS HAVE AN ORIGINAL
SOUND, WITH ELEMNTS OF HIP-HOP AND ROCK. THEIR MUSIC IS CATCHY, AND PEOPLE ENJOYED
DANCING TO IT.)
GIVE THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEATURES IN SEPARATE PARAGRAPHS (ON THE NEGATIVE
SIDE, THE BROAD DIDN'T RALLY ENERTAIN THE AUDIENCE AS MUCH AS THEY COULD HAVE.
THE SINGER NEVER SPOKE BETWEEN SONGS AND DIDN'T ENCOURAGE THE AUDIENCE TO SING
ALONG. ALSO, HIS VOICE WAS POOR. BUT HE APOLOGIZE, SAYING THAT HE HAD A COLD.
FINISH: RECOMMENDATION ( OVERALL, I'D RECOMMEND GOING TO SEE HAPPY SHOPERERS,
ESPECIALLY IF YOU LIKE DANCING. I'M SURE THEY WUILL LEARN HOW TO ENTERTAIN THE
AUDIENCE MORE AS THEY GET MORE EXPERIENCE.