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Healthy IAQ in Energy Efficient Buildings

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©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 1 of 65 >

Healthy IAQ in Energy Efficient Buildings
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Purpose and Learning Objectives
Purpose: As we become more aware of the levels of toxins in our environment, we are realizing that the quality of air
inside our homes is just as important as the quality of air outside our homes. This course outlines why indoor air quality is
so important to our health and describes how to improve indoor air quality by using a balanced ventilation system.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
• explain indoor air quality and summarize how poor indoor air quality can negatively effect occupant health
• summarize the three types of home ventilation systems and explain how each impact indoor air quality and energy
efficiency
• describe how a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) or an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) is a cost effective, energy
efficient system that improves the interior comfort levels of a home, and
• summarize how a properly planned balanced ventilation system increases occupant comfort, health, and building
energy efficiency.

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Table of Contents
Need for Ventilation 7
Types of Ventilation 15
Balanced HRV Systems 33
Considerations and Planning 37
Case Studies 53
Summary 61
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Need for Ventilation

Need for Ventilation
In the last couple of decades, houses have become progressively airtight due to energy efficiency and cost concerns.
While air infiltration and exfiltration rates have been significantly reduced, the need for an efficient ventilation system has
become extremely important.
Inadequate ventilation impacts our energy consumption and the air we breathe. Homes are experiencing issues with
moisture and mold control, and air pollution from allergens and chemicals that enter the indoor environment from building
materials, cleaners, furniture, carpets, and other products. The need for a constant supply of fresh air in the indoor spaces
in which we spend more than 70% of our time is vital to our health.
Addressing the need for improved indoor air quality and improved ventilation is becoming part of the international design
conversation, and as a result, building codes are starting to change; now is the time to plan for and address these
changes. The Province of British Columbia now requires whole-house heat recovery ventilation (HRV) in all new homes,
and jurisdictions in the United States are looking to follow suit.

What Is Indoor Air Quality?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) as “the air quality within and around buildings
and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants.” Understanding the common
causes of indoor pollutants will help reduce the health risks of potentially harmful indoor air.
Poor indoor air quality can cause the following short-term side effects: irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat; headaches;
dizziness; and fatigue. Long-term side effects may include respiratory disease, heart disease, and cancer. It is important to
recognize that the length of exposure to poor quality indoor air and its effects on personal health is undetermined. Side
effects may occur immediately or after long periods of time.
Source: “An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality.” Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA, March 16, 2016. Web. Accessed April 2016

Causes of Indoor Air Problems
There are many sources of indoor air pollution. Items that release gasses or particles into the air are the main contributors,
as well as the fact that most homes are not properly ventilated, causing a buildup of pollutants within the home.
Some common sources of pollutants are the following:

• fuel-burning combustion appliances
• tobacco products
• building materials and furnishings:
• deteriorated asbestos-containing insulation
• newly installed flooring, upholstery, or carpet
• cabinetry or furniture made of certain pressed wood products
• products for household cleaning and maintenance, personal care, or hobbies
• central heating and cooling systems and humidification devices
• excess moisture
• increased levels of radon gas
Source: “An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality.” Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA, March 16, 2016. Web. Accessed April 2016

VOCs
VOCs, or volatile organic compounds, are emissions from

household chemicals and furnishings that can become toxic
in high concentrations. Storing chemicals properly and being
conscientious about the VOC emissions from purchased
furnishings and goods is an important way of reducing the
concentration of VOCs in a home. Maintaining adequate
ventilation can help control concentrations of existing VOCs
within a home, as it is nearly impossible to eliminate VOCs
from indoor air.
The chart on the right shows the total percent detections of

common VOCs in background indoor air compiled from 15
studies conducted between 1990 and 2005. The range of
reporting limits is shown in parentheses.
Source: “Background Indoor Air Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in North American Residences (1990–2005): A Compilation of Statistics for Assessing Vapor
Intrusion.” EPA 530-R-10-001. U.S. EPA, June 2011. Web. Accessed April 2016

Radon and External Sources
Radon is a radioactive, colorless, and odorless gas that is the result of the natural decay of uranium. Uranium is found in
nearly all types of soils. The gas moves through the soil, into the air, and into the house through cracks in the foundation.
Once the radon is in the house, it can become trapped and gas levels can increase. The EPA estimates that as many as 8
million homes throughout the country have elevated levels of radon. They also estimate that radon is the second leading
cause of lung cancer in non-smokers.
Outside air entering the home can be a source of pollutants as well. Pesticides and exhaust from nearby traffic and
airports can result in increased levels of contaminants within the home. A recent study in Boston determined that within 8
miles of Logan Airport, pulmonary disease among children is elevated by 30%, likely as a result of elevated fine
particulates from jet exhaust.
Please note: not all locations have increased levels of radon gas. Please consult the EPA for updated information.
Source: “How Does Radon Get Into Your Home?” Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA, n.d. Web. Accessed April 2016
Source: Abel, David. “Lung Illnesses More Likely Near Logan Airport.” Boston Globe. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC, May 29, 2014. Web. Accessed April 2016.

Pacific Northwest Residential Ventilation Effectiveness Study
The “Pacific Northwest Residential Ventilation Effectiveness Study” prepared by the Washington State University
Extension Energy Program reveals that the use of a bathroom exhaust fan does not always provide adequate whole-house
ventilation.
Using an exhaust fan as the sole mechanism for whole-house ventilation did not prove to have a large impact refreshing
the air within the entire home. There are many factors that will influence ventilation, such as air seepage, relative humidity,
indoor and outside temperatures, and the quality of the building envelope; therefore, the use of only an exhaust fan could
create an unbalanced airflow within the house and may not contribute to improved indoor air quality throughout the whole
home.
A balanced system is an effective approach for ventilation that will provide a clean intake of fresh air and distribute it
evenly throughout the home while simultaneously removing stale air in an efficient manner.
Source: Eklund, Ken et al. “Pacific Northwest Residential Ventilation Effectiveness Study.” Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, September 14, 2015. Web. Accessed April 2016

Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation
The EPA states that it is prudent to improve a home’s indoor air quality even if health symptoms are not noticeable. Proper
ventilation within the home can dramatically improve the levels of indoor air quality.
Improved ventilation will improve indoor air quality and benefit homeowners in these ways:
• better breathing
• better sleep
• improved moisture control
• decreased level of allergens
• reduced exposure to VOCs
• possible prevention of asthma triggers
• decreased level of radon gas
• reduced energy costs
There are three different types of home ventilation to consider. They will be discussed in the next section.

Types of Ventilation

Ventilation Requirements
There are several standards that prescribe how much ventilation is needed. The International Mechanical Code (IMC),
and those written by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE,
www.ashrae.org) and the Passive House Institute (PHI) are the three major ones currently in use.

Ventilation Requirements: International Mechanical Code
The IMC is referenced by the International Building Code (IBC) and the International Residential Code (IRC) for the
mechanical systems requirements. This group of codes is widely adopted in most US states. The IMC requires 0.35 air
changes per hour (ACH) out of living spaces but not less than 15 cfm (cubic feet per minute) per person (as measured by
number of bedrooms plus one). The IMC also has prescribed exhaust amounts for kitchens and bathrooms depending on
if the exhausts are continuous or of intermittent operation. For kitchens, the exhaust rate is 100 cfm if intermittent or 25
cfm if continuous. For bathrooms, it is 50 cfm if intermittent and 20 cfm if continuous.
Ventilation rate: 0.35 ACH but not less than 15 cfm per person
Kitchen exhaust: 100 cfm intermittent or 25 cfm continuous
Bathroom exhaust: 50 cfm intermittent or 20 cfm continuous

Ventilation Requirements: ASHRAE Standard 62.2
ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2016, “Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings,” is widely accepted
as an alternative compliance path to the IMC. This standard is also required for projects meeting the LEED ® for Homes
and ENERGY STAR® programs as well as some rebate programs. Standard 62.2 requires 3 cfm per 100 sq ft (square
feet) of occupied space plus an additional 7.5 cfm per occupant (as measured by the number of bedrooms plus one).
Similar to the IMC, there are also requirements for the kitchen and bathroom exhausts. For kitchens, the exhaust rate is
100 cfm intermittent or 5 ACH continuous out of the kitchen volume. For bathrooms, the exhaust rate is 50 cfm intermittent
or 20 cfm continuous.
Ventilation rate: 3 cfm per 100 sq ft plus 7.5 cfm per person
Kitchen exhaust: 100 cfm intermittent or 5 ACH continuous
Bathroom exhaust: 50 cfm intermittent or 20 cfm continuous

Ventilation Requirements: Passive House Institute
Houses being built to the very efficient Passive House building standards must meet the Passive House ventilation
standards. In addition to prescribing ventilation rates, PHI requires a fully distributed ventilation network to ensure good
indoor air quality throughout the house and the use of a balanced ventilation system with heat recovery. Passive House
requires 0.3 ACH for the building but not less than 18 cfm per person (as measured by 1 person for every 420 sq ft of
area). Like the IMC and ASHRAE, there are also specific exhaust requirements. Kitchen exhausts are 35 cfm, bathroom
exhausts are 24 cfm, and half bathrooms and laundry rooms are 12 cfm. All rates are continuous (though they may be
reduced to a lower speed if not in use).
Ventilation rate: 0.3 ACH but not less than 18 cfm per person
Kitchen exhaust: 35 cfm
Bathroom exhaust: 24 cfm
Half bath exhaust: 12 cfm
Laundry exhaust: 12 cfm

Ventilation Options
Many typical American homes use only bath fans and range hoods to meet the ventilation requirements prescribed by the
IMC and ASHRAE Standard 62.2, but other options are available.
In residential homes, three main types of mechanical ventilation systems are possible:
• Exhaust-only ventilation systems
• Supply-only ventilation systems
• Balanced ventilation systems

Exhaust Ventilation
A typical exhaust ventilation system uses bath fans and range hoods to
expel air from spaces that generate humidity. Make-up air enters
through passive trickle vents (somewhat controlled) or simply through
leaks in the building envelope (uncontrolled and unpredictable).
Additionally, make-up air may enter the interior space through cracks
and leaks from crawl spaces or basements at the sill, or from
unconditioned attics. This make-up air may contribute to poor indoor air
quality since radon, dust, and mold may be located at each source.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

Supply Ventilation
Supply ventilation is commonly achieved with a supply duct from the

outside that is tied directly to the return plenum of an air handler.
Outside air is pushed into the home and stale air exits the space
through random leaks in the building envelope.
In some cases, a make-up air duct is controlled with a damper that

opens and closes on a timed schedule. Although the make-up air can
be heated in a furnace/air handler, it requires a lot of energy to heat the
air on cold days.

Balanced Ventilation
A balanced ventilation system typically uses two fans and two duct
systems with exhaust and supply vents in suitable places throughout
the home.
A balanced ventilation system that uses a heat recovery ventilator

(HRV) or an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) is a cost effective, energy
efficient system that improves the interior comfort levels of a home.

A Closer Look at Exhaust Ventilation: A Balanced System
This graph depicts an example of

master bath ventilation with the
HRV running continuously at low
speed (27W). The red line shows
the shower start and stop time. The
blue line represents the humidity
level.
This is a balanced, low flow

exhaust of bathroom air
(approximately 20 cfm continuous).
The relative humidity rises after the
shower. It takes 1.5 hours for the
humidity levels to return to normal
using this system.
Next, we will look at a similar

situation where only an exhaust fan
was used for ventilation.

A Closer Look at Exhaust Ventilation: Exhaust Fan Only
This graph shows the result of using the HRV

running only intermittently (simulating an exhaust-
only bath fan that is turned off after the shower
has ended) at high speed (approximately 50 cfm).
Note that it takes a little over five hours to return
the humidity levels to normal.
When using a non-continuous exhaust fan in a

bathroom, residual moisture on towels or bath
mats, and in shower stalls or bathtubs can linger
for extended periods. Therefore, these surfaces
reach saturation points almost immediately when
additional humidity is introduced during showers,
baths, and washing.
A continuously ventilated bathroom has moisture

removed until relative humidity returns to ambient
levels.

Unventilated Rooms
Mike Duclos of DEAP Energy Group studied his home, which

uses an exhaust-only bath fan, to monitor CO2 levels in his
bedroom. Red lines indicate on/off for the bath fan during
overnight hours. Note that the bath fan has little effect on the
CO2 levels in the bedroom, as the CO2 levels continue to rise
even after the fan is activated. Only after the fan is turned off
and the bedroom door is opened do the levels subside.
This simulates what has been the predominate method for

ventilation in homes for decades. Note that this house is not
particularly tight, with a blower door test indicating 5.0 ACH/50.
The 2012 ICC code requires most jurisdictions in the US to be 3
ACH/50 or better, and Canadian codes to be consistent with this.
House is 5.0 ACH at 50 PA
Bedroom occupied at 11:15 pm with door closed
Exhaust fan turned on at 1:30 am at 88 cfm (ASHRAE 62.2 rate
This test shows that using an exhaust-only fan will not help for house is 62 cfm)
achieve proper ventilation in a home. Only a balanced ventilation Exhaust fan off at 6:00 am
approach will work towards the improvement of indoor air quality. Door open at 6:30 am

ACH Test
The following graphs are dense with information. They are the results of a study of 23 individual homes with different
ventilation strategies. This study is the first in North America to measure a wide range of results with varying occupant
behaviors and varying methods of ventilation. The labeling at the bottom of each graph indicates the ventilation type for
that test house. A “C” type home has an H/ERV that pulls air from and supplies air into a central furnace or air handler for
its distribution. An “E” type home uses bath fans for exhaust-only ventilation. An “H” type home uses an H/ERV with an
independent whole-house air distribution system.
Source: Eklund, Ken et al. “Pacific Northwest Residential Ventilation Effectiveness Study.” Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance. September 14, 2015. Web. Accessed April 2016

ACH Test
In each house the air change rate (ACH—the rate at which the
air in the room is replaced with outside air) was measured in
both the master bedroom (bottom graph) and a second
bedroom (top graph).
Test ACH
This was done in three scenarios: with the ventilation on and
the bedroom door closed (blue bar), with the ventilation on
and the bedroom door open (red bar), and with the ventilation
system off (green bar).
So, each test home has a group of three bars to show these
scenarios. A taller bar means a larger air change rate, and
Test ACH
thus more effective ventilation.
Source: Eklund, Ken et al. “Pacific Northwest Residential Ventilation Effectiveness Study.”
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance. September 14, 2015. Web. Accessed April 2016

ACH Test
While there is variability between the houses in a particular

ventilation category, it is clear that the type “H” houses with the
independent whole-house ventilation systems are far more
effective as a group at ventilating these bedrooms—averaging
Test ACH
about twice the air change per hour rate as either alternative
option.
In which home type would you prefer to have your family live?
Based on this study, recommendations are being made to

implement newly proposed residential ventilation standards for
the building codes.
Test ACH
Source: Eklund, Ken et al. “Pacific Northwest Residential Ventilation Effectiveness Study.”
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance. September 14, 2015. Web. Accessed April 2016

A Balanced Approach
Looking at the previous examples, it has been shown

that the use of a single exhaust fan is insufficient for
providing whole-house ventilation.
While an exhaust fan may be able to remove air from

a nearby room, it does not have the capacity to
remove and replace air within the whole house.
A balanced approached is required to both remove

and replace/refresh air within the home. A balanced
HRV system can create a non-intrusive airflow
throughout the home that will succeed in improving
the air quality within the home itself.
This study reminds us that a balanced system is the

best option for healthy homes.
Source: Offermann, F. J. “Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in New Homes.” PIER Energy‐Related Environmental Research Program Collaborative Report, CEC‐500‐2009‐085.
California Air Resources Board and California Energy Commission, November 2009. Web. Accessed April 2016.

Source Control
If possible, source control can be beneficial in maintaining indoor air quality. This home, the first model for Hayward
Healthy Homes in California, was built with very stringent attention paid to all materials: low/no VOC paints, no carpets,
and formaldehyde-free cabinets. Even with all of those measures, levels of VOCs (green), CO2 (dark blue), CO (light blue),
and fine particulates (tan) were high prior to move-in. Within twelve hours of operating the HRV, levels of all four
contaminants were at low levels. The spike in fine particulates indicates a tour of six people through the house prior to
move-in.

Balanced Ventilation and an HRV
The most efficient and effective whole-house ventilation plans

utilize balanced ventilation HRV systems.
This system will provide fresh air to the bedrooms and living
spaces, and remove stale air from the bathrooms, kitchen, and
other wet rooms.
Basements can be provided with supply and return air vents to

refresh and ventilate the areas where poor quality air tends to
settle.

Balanced HRV Systems

Introduction: HRV Terminology
HRV systems are balanced ventilation systems that provide comfort, health, and energy efficiency.
Balanced ventilation means that pollutants from the kitchen, the bathroom, the toilet(s), and possibly the storage room
are extracted, while the same amount of fresh air is supplied to the bedrooms, other closed off rooms, and possibly other
living spaces as the layout requires. Door undercuts or through-wall overflow grilles ensure a good through-flow of air in
the dwelling. The air circulation is in balance.
Besides ensuring a healthy balance between incoming and outgoing air, the system also provides the benefit of heat
recovery.
Heat recovery means that energy is transferred between stale exhaust air and fresh intake air with the result of the
incoming air temperature being close to the same temperature as the exhaust air.

HRV Systems: Where Are They Used?
HRV systems can be used for single-unit as well as multi-

family homes.
In addition, the systems can be used for small commercial

applications, classrooms, nursery school facilities, and
retirement communities.
The systems are used in both retrofit and new construction

projects.

HRV Ventilation
Fresh air is fed into the HRV system via an external wall vent and
is distributed primarily to bedrooms and living spaces. Stale
exhaust air is removed from bathrooms and kitchen.
High quality HRVs can have recovery efficiencies of over 90%.
The fresh air distribution system channels optimally tempered

fresh air to individual rooms as needed and vents extracted air to
the outside. The air volume can be adjusted individually for each
room.

Considerations and Planning

Key Elements
In order for the house to be properly ventilated, some key elements need to be considered.
Proper planning and design is critical for proper ventilation. The capacity of the HRV must be sized correctly for the square
footage of the home as well as the number of required exhaust vents. The vents for the fresh air intake must be properly
placed in the bedrooms and living spaces, while the exhaust vents must be placed appropriately in the bathrooms,
kitchens, mud rooms, and laundry rooms to ensure sufficient airflow.
Proper installation by trained professionals who follow the design will enable the system to operate in an efficient and
organized manner. There must be clear paths from the intakes to the HRV to the registers and/or the diffusers.
Finally, a commissioning report needs to be presented to the homeowner after the installation. This report is confirmation
of all of the installation details. It states the balancing of airflows and the confirmation of proper ventilation rates. This
report needs to be kept on file by the homeowner in case the flow rates need to be reset or adjusted for any reason.

Planning
By utilizing the cascade approach, the designers are able to assign proper exchange rates for spaces, as well as the
whole structure, and size equipment to meet the ventilation requirements. Using this method, an effective and efficient
system can be planned.
The cascade method assists the designers to provide the optimum levels of ventilation.
Walk-in closet Bedroom Living/Dining Kitchen

Hallway
(if existing) Guest room room Bathroom

Airflow Rate Calculator
An airflow rate calculator assists with planning for supplies such as vents, diffusers, and tubing.

Duct Systems
Trunk-and-branch systems are one method of installation. These systems are often difficult to properly air seal, balance,
and control. Often there is inadequate airflow at the termination points farthest from the HRV, and this presents challenges
during commissioning. For this reason, manufacturers often do not include commissioning for these duct systems, and
refrain from warranting that their units will perform to specifications.

Home Run Systems
Alternatively, home run systems are easy

to balance and control.
Supplies (red) run from bedrooms, under

doors or through transfer grilles, down
hallways and through living spaces, and
then out (yellow) at bathrooms and
kitchen exhaust points.

Installation
Care and attention to following the pre-planned design will result in efficient installation and a system that is easily
commissioned at the end. Small 3″ ducts allow for easy installation, even in 2″x4″ stud walls. Multiple 3″ ventilation ducts
provide consistent flows.

Installation
A good 3″ hole saw is very helpful for drilling through deck plates and I-joists. Ducts are relatively easy to handle and they
can be fed through the home from either end.

Installation
Bends are not a problem, and making them gradual will reduce pressure drops and improve efficiency. The HRVs can
usually be either wall-mounted or set on a floor stand. Vibration is almost non-existent, so vibration dampers are normally
not required. The condensate drain is visible in the right photo, and needs to be plumbed to a drain.

Installation
For large projects, multiple manifolds can be used, with trunks

used to reduce long runs of 3″ ducts and to improve efficiency.

Installation
Either a “Y” or a trunk connection at a manifold is an option for the branch

lines. Shown here are external silencers. Newer versions have the silencers
and distribution boxes integrated into a single unit.

Ground Source Pre-heater or Pre-cooler
The lines on this graph represent the following air

temperatures:
• outside (red)
• between the ground source pre-heater or pre-cooler
and the HRV (blue)
• coming out of the HRV (green)
• room (light blue)
As shown, the lowest outside air temperature (near 0F)

was tempered to nearly 40F by the ground source pre-
heater or pre-cooler. This air was then introduced to the
interior room within a couple of degrees of the inside
temperature.
Source: Peter Schneider, Energy Consultant, Vermont Energy Investment

Corporation, Burlington, VT

Ground Source Pre-heater or Pre-cooler
In the system shown here, the incoming air is delivered straight into the ground source pre-heater or pre-cooler, then into
the HRV, and then distributed through small ducts to and from the rooms in the house.
Please remember the exam password VENTILATE. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the online examination.

Commissioning
Commissioning or QA (quality assurance) is critical. Use of a flow

hood allows for measuring all intakes and exhausts, and then
balancing the flows to balance the entire system.
The process entails measuring each supply and return point, and
then adding the total supply and return flows to get their total.
Balance is determined by these total flows, and can be adjusted by
going in to the controls and adjusting the individual fan motor powers.
Fine-tuning of diffusers is possible. Larger adjustments can be made

by increasing or reducing fan power on individual supply and return
fans at different speeds.
A commissioning report is provided, and should be retained for future

reference should service be needed, or should the settings be lost
due to an extended power outage or disruption.

Filters
Care needs to be taken to use proper grilles for incoming air. If a screen is clogged on the incoming air vent, it can
significantly affect the efficiency and effectiveness of the ventilation system. On the left is a fine screen that was extremely
clogged, resulting in a nearly 50% reduction of flows to the supply side of the system. On the right is a properly sized
screen for an intake grille. This keeps animals out, while avoiding the possibility that the outside screen will get clogged
and result in serious supply issues.

Filters
Filters can be added for enhanced indoor air quality. Filter casings are available for multiple systems, and filter levels are
available for up to a MERV 15 filter, or for an activated charcoal filter. Charcoal filters are utilized in areas where wood
smoke may be prevalent due to wood-burning fireplaces, stoves, or boilers.
Filter Casing MERV 15 Filter Filter Casing Activated Charcoal Filter

Case Studies

Zero-Heating-Energy Dwellings
Pictured here is a “laboratory on a hill” in Wädenswil, overlooking Lake Zurich in Switzerland. In 1990, these five duplex
homes were built to use solar heat and test components of energy efficient home construction—notice the different sizes
of radiant solar panels located on the end of each home. These zero-heating-energy dwellings showed that an airtight and
well-insulated building envelope combined with heat recovery ventilation can reduce the energy demand for space heating
to a very low level at a reasonable cost.
Source: Kriesi, Ruedi, Dr.sc.Tech. “Comfort Ventilation—A Key Factor of the Comfortable, Energy-Efficient Building.” REHVA Journal May 2011: 30–35. Accessed April 2016

Determining Factors for Energy Use in Zero-Energy Homes
This graph identifies the components of construction that contribute to the reduction of energy use in zero-energy homes.
Notice the significant reduction in energy use provided by a high-performance HRV. The “0 ZH” line (highlighted in green)
represents the energy use of a typical Swiss home, and each “Effect of measures” portion represents the reduction in
energy use that this measure provides.
The “Remaining needs” portion

indicates how much reduction each
cumulative step accounts for in the
total reduction in energy use. The
measures used to reduce energy could
include the following: compact building
shape, solar orientation for solar heat
gain, triple-glazed low-E windows,
increased insulation, and air sealing in
walls and roofs. After the building
envelope has been optimized, the next
most valuable system to include is the
use of a high-performance HRV.

Specific Investment: Low for Reduction, High for Solar System
This graph includes the amortized cost of each component. Note that the cost of the first five components is almost zero,
including HRV use. The diminishing returns are in the solar radiant system and the waste water recovery system.

Case Study: HRV Energy Usage
The next few slides demonstrate how efficiency really does matter with regards to heat recovery ventilation.
Assuming a modest-sized home in a northern climate, we can see the savings realized with various ventilation schemes.
Assumptions:
Home: 3 bedrooms, 1 bath, 1500 sq ft, 8′ ceilings
Passive house ventilation: 0.3 ACH = 60 CFM
Outside air temperature: 30°F
Inside air temperature: 70°F
Analysis of comparisons for use of bath fans vs. 75% efficient HRV vs.
90% efficient HRV. High-performance HRV has a very significant impact
on both energy efficiency and comfort.

Case Study: Bath Fan vs. HRV Energy Usage
Stated below is the energy usage for two bath fan options—an intermittent bath fan, and a continuous bath fan. The
continuous bath fan reflects the new ASHRAE 62.2-2013 requirement for residential ventilation.
• Bath Fan Case, 60 cfm continuous

Energy Usage = (1.085)(60 cfm)(70°F - 30°F)(24 hours) = 62,496 Btu/Day
• Bath Fan Case, 120 cfm intermittent (2 hours per day)

Energy Usage = (1.085)(120 cfm)(70°F - 30°F)(2 hours) = 10,416 Btu/Day

When a 75% efficient HRV is used, the amount of energy lost from the home is lower than the amount when the
continuous bath fan is used, but higher than that of the intermittent bath fan use. Notice the temperature of the make-up air
for all three options. On a cold night of 30F, the 75% efficient HRV provides 60F air to the home. It is important to be
aware of stratification—if the incoming air is over ± 5F of the internal temperature, the warmer air will settle at the ceiling
or the cool air will settle on the floor. This results in the indoor air not mixing well with the make-up air.
• 75% Efficient HRV Case, 60 cfm continuous

Energy Usage = (1.085)(60 cfm)(70°F - 30°F)(24 hours)(1 - 0.75) = 15,624 Btu/Day
Make-up air temperature = 30°F + (70°F - 30°F)*(0.75) = 60°F

When a 90% efficient HRV is used, the energy loss is much less, and the incoming air is a full 6F warmer (very close to
the interior air temperature of the home). On a cold night of 30°F, the 75% efficient HRV provides 60°F air to the home.
• 90% Efficient HRV Case, 60 cfm continuous

Energy Usage = (1.085)(60 cfm)(70°F - 30°F)(24 hours)(1 - 0.90) = 6,250 Btu/Day
Make-up air temperature = 30°F + (70°F - 30°F)*(0.90) = 66°F

Summary

Summary
Heat recovery ventilators that are used as part of a balanced whole-house ventilation system make a substantial
improvement to the quality of indoor air. They provide a continuous and uniform distribution of fresh air. HRVs have the
ability to filter outside air, thus preventing pollen, insects, and other allergens from entering the home. As well, HRVs can
filter the inside air, removing odors, smoke, molds and mildew caused by excessive moisture, and harmful VOCs, ensuring
a healthier home. Using a balanced HRV is an effective and energy efficient way to improve indoor air quality.

Resources
Abel, David. “Lung Illnesses More Likely Near Logan Airport.” Boston Globe. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC, May 29,
2014. Web. https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/2014/05/28/childhood-asthma-and-chronic-lung-
disease-elevated-near-logan-airport-state-study-finds/mEnCTG9Ywx3CauOWG9NoqN/story.html Accessed April 2016
ASHRAE. ASHRAE, n.d. Web. https://www.ashrae.org/ Accessed May 2016
“Background Indoor Air Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in North American Residences (1990–2005): A
Compilation of Statistics for Assessing Vapor Intrusion.” EPA 530-R-10-001. U.S. EPA, June 2011. Web.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/oswer-vapor-intrusion-background-report-062411.pdf
Accessed April 2016
Eklund, Ken et al. “Pacific Northwest Residential Ventilation Effectiveness Study.” Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance,
September 14, 2015. Web. http://neea.org/docs/default-source/reports/pacific-northwest-residential-ventilation-
effectiveness-study.pdf?sfvrsn=6 Accessed April 2016
“An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality.” Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA, March 16, 2016. Web.
https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/introduction-indoor-air-quality Accessed April 2016

Resources
“How Does Radon Get Into Your Home” Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA, n.d. Web.
https://iaq.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/211432798-How-does-radon-get-into-your-home-Accessed April 2016
Kriesi, Ruedi, Dr.sc.Tech. “Comfort Ventilation—A Key Factor of the Comfortable, Energy-Efficient Building.” REHVA
Journal May 2011: 30–35. Web. http://www.rehva.eu/fileadmin/hvac-dictio/03-2011/Comfort_ventilation_-
_a_key_factor_of_the_comfortable__energy-efficient_building.pdf Accessed April 2016
Offermann, F. J. “Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in New Homes.” PIER Energy‐Related Environmental Research
Program Collaborative Report, CEC‐500‐2009‐085. California Air Resources Board and California Energy Commission,
November 2009. Web. http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/04-310.pdf Accessed April 2016
Passive House Institute. Passive House Institute, n.d. Web. http://passiv.de/en/ Accessed May 2016

Conclusion
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researched, assembled, and produced by Zehnder America, Inc. and remains its
If you have colleagues that might benefit from this seminar, please let
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• About the Instructor • About the Sponsor • Ask an Expert

Healthy IAQ in Energy Efficient Buildings

Zehnder America, Inc.

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 1 of 65 >

Healthy IAQ in Energy Efficient Buildings

The American Institute of Architects

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 2 of 65 >

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 3 of 65 >

Purpose and Learning Objectives

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 4 of 65 >

How to Use This Online Learning Course

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 5 of 65 >

Need for Ventilation 7

Balanced HRV Systems 33

Considerations and Planning 37

Click on title to view

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 6 of 65 >

Need for Ventilation

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 7 of 65 >

Need for Ventilation

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What Is Indoor Air Quality?

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Causes of Indoor Air Problems

Some common sources of pollutants are the following:

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 10 of 65 >

VOCs, or volatile organic compounds, are emissions from

The chart on the right shows the total percent detections of

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 11 of 65 >

Radon and External Sources

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 12 of 65 >

Pacific Northwest Residential Ventilation Effectiveness Study

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 13 of 65 >

Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 14 of 65 >

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Ventilation Requirements: International Mechanical Code

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Ventilation Requirements: ASHRAE Standard 62.2

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Ventilation Requirements: Passive House Institute

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Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 21 of 65 >

Supply ventilation is commonly achieved with a supply duct from the

In some cases, a make-up air duct is controlled with a damper that

Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 22 of 65 >

A balanced ventilation system that uses a heat recovery ventilator

Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 23 of 65 >

A Closer Look at Exhaust Ventilation: A Balanced System

This graph depicts an example of

This is a balanced, low flow

Next, we will look at a similar

©2016, 2017∙ Table of Contents < Slide 24 of 65 >

A Closer Look at Exhaust Ventilation: Exhaust Fan Only

This graph shows the result of using the HRV

When using a non-continuous exhaust fan in a

A continuously ventilated bathroom has moisture