PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION

All instructions should be carefully graded and arranged in a natural order.

Education must begins with child and must be adapted to the needs of the child and
to his requirements as the child grows. Progressive methods of teaching provide
suitable opportunities for learning by doing, for experimentation for co operation

Programmed instruction or programmed learning is a learning in the student

from the known to unknown, from familiar to unfamiliar. It is planned to control
the students responses and to provide a feedback to the students in a pattern
designed to accomplish maximum transfer of learning.

Attempts were made since Socretes period; there were attempts towards a
systematic involvement of activity on the part of learner in the learning process.
But today the teaching machine focusing so much attention clearly and specifically
on the value of students self activity and on the importance of reinforcement in the
learning process

I. MEANING
Programmed instruction is self sufficient, it is very planned and
organized that when once it is programmed, it takes care of itself and
leads the learner to successful learning without the intervention of the
teacher. Programmed instruction is an instructional technique
designed to suit the changing learning situation
II. DEFINITION
 Programmed instruction is a method of designing a reproducible
sequence of instructional events to produce a measurable and
 consistant effect on behavior of each and every acceptable student.
( Susan Markle )
 Programmed instruction is a planned sequence of experience leading
to proficiency in terms of stimulus response relationship.
( James E Espich and Bill Williams )
 It is a kind of learning in which programme takes the place of a tutor
for the student, and leads him through a set of frames of specified
behaviours designed and sequenced to make it more probable that he
will behave in a given desired way.
( Kochhar S.K 1992 )

TYPES OF PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION

 LINEAR PROGRAMMING/EXTRINSIC PROGRAMMING

Linear programming is based strictly upon a learning theory of conditioning.
The primary objective is to bring the behavior of the learner under the control
of variety of stimuli through the use of easy steps, one at a time. Each step
requires the student to participate actively by making a response.
 BRANCHING PROGRAMMING
It is not committed to any theory of learning. It is considered to be a
technique for preparing written material that will accommodate a wide range
of educational purposes. It is primarily for diagnostic purposes
 THE MATHEMATICS
In mathematics programmes the step size is as big as required. The number of
steps areas few as possible. The learner responds by writing down the answer
or performing the task
 COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION
It facilitates instant access to information with infinite patience, accuracy and
it provides opportunity for systematically organized maximum leaerning for
all learners and provides complete individualizing instruction.
INTRODUCTION
Hans Berger, a German psychiatrist, pioneered the EEG in humans in
1924. The EEG is an electrophysiological technique for the recording of
electrical activity arising from the human brain. EEG is particularly useful
for evaluating patients with suspected seizures, epilepsy, and unusual spells.
The EEG is an electrophysiological technique for the recording of electrical
activity arising from the human brain. Given its exquisite temporal
sensitivity, the main utility of EEG is in the evaluation of dynamic cerebral
functioning. EEG is particularly useful for evaluating patients with
suspected seizures, epilepsy, and unusual spells. With certain exceptions,
practically all patients with epilepsy will demonstrate characteristic EEG
alterations during an epileptic seizure (ictal, or during-seizure, recordings).
Most epilepsy patients also show characteristic interictal (or between-
seizure) epileptiform discharges (IEDs) termed spike (<70 μsec duration),
spike and wave, or sharp-wave (70–200 μsec duration) discharges.
MEDICAL SURGICAL :

FRAME 1

Hans Berger, a German psychiatrist, pioneered the EEG in humans in 1924.

The EEG is an electrophysiological technique for the recording of electrical
activity arising from the human brain. Given its exquisite temporal sensitivity, the
main utility of EEG is in the evaluation of dynamic cerebral functioning. EEG is
particularly useful for evaluating patients with suspected seizures, epilepsy, and
unusual spells. With certain exceptions, practically all patients with epilepsy will
demonstrate characteristic EEG alterations during an epileptic seizure (ictal, or
during-seizure, recordings).

QUESTIONS

1. Electroencephalography first introduced by ---------- HANS

BERGER

2.The main utility of EEG is the evaluation of ---------- Epileptic

seizure

FRAME II
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF EEG

The brain's electrical charge is maintained by billions of neurons. Neurons

are electrically charged (or "polarized") by membrane transport proteins that
pump ions across their membranes. Neurons are constantly exchanging ions with
the extracellular milieu, for example to maintain resting potential and to
propagate action potentials. Ions of similar charge repel

each other, and when many ions are pushed out of many neurons at the same time,
they can push their neighbours, who push their neighbours, and so on, in a wave.
This process is known as volume conduction. When the wave of ions reaches the
electrodes on the scalp, they can push or pull electrons on the metal in the
electrodes. Since metal conducts the push and pull of electrons easily, the
difference in push or pull voltages between any two electrodes can be measured by
a voltmeter. Recording these voltages over time gives us the EEG

QUESTION

1. In EEG, the process of exchanging ions is known as ----- Volume

conduction

FRAME III

Indications of EEG

An EEG is used to detect problems in the electrical activity of the brain that
may be associated with certain brain disorders. The measurements given by an
EEG are used to confirm or rule out various conditions, including: seizure
disorders (such as epilepsy), head injury, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain),
brain tumor, encephalopathy, memory problems, sleep disorders, stroke, dementia
QUESTION

1. EEG mainly used to detect-------- Brain disorders

2. Indications of EEG are -------- seizure,head injury,

Encephalitis,coma

FRAME IV

RISK FOR DOING THE PROCEDURE

The EEG has been used for many years and is considered a safe procedure. The
test causes no discomfort. The electrodes record activity. They do not produce any
sensation. In addition, there is no risk of getting an electric shock. In rare instances,
an EEG can cause seizures in a person with a seizure disorder. This is due to the
flashing lights or the deep breathing that may be involved during the test. Other
risks may be present, depending on your specific medical condition.

Certain factors or conditions may interfere with the reading of an EEG test
includes:

 Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) caused by fasting

 Body or eye movement during the tests (but this will rarely, if ever,
significantly interfere with the interpretation of the test)
 Lights, especially bright or flashing ones
 Certain medicines, such as sedatives
 Drinks containing caffeine, such as coffee, cola, and tea (while these drinks
can occasionally alter the EEG results, this almost never interferes
significantly with the interpretation of the test)
 Oily hair or the presence of hair spray

QUESTION

1. In rare instance EEG can cause ----------- Seizures

 2. Factors interfere in reading EEG ---------- Hypoglycemia,
lights

FRAME V

TYPES OF EEG

Routine EEG
A routine EEG recording lasts for about 20 to 40 minutes. During the test, patient
will be asked to rest quietly and open or close the eyes from time to time. In most
cases, patient have to breathe in and out deeply (called hyperventilation) for a few
minutes.
At the end of the procedure, a flashing light may be placed nearby to see if this
affects your brain activity.

Sleep EEG or sleep-deprived EEG

A sleep EEG is carried out when the patient is asleep. It may be used if a routine
EEG does not give enough information, or to test for sleep disorders.
In some cases, patient may be asked to stay awake the night before the test to help
ensure the sleep while it's carried out. This is called a sleep-deprived EEG.
Ambulatory EEG
An ambulatory EEG is where brain activity is recorded throughout the day and
night over a period of one or more days. The electrodes will be attached to a small
portable EEG recorder that can be clipped onto the clothing.
Patient can continue with most of the normal daily activities while the recording is
being taken, although should avoid getting the equipment wet.
Video telemetry
Video telemetry, also called video EEG, is a special type of EEG where the patient
is filmed while an EEG recording is taken. This can help provide more information
about patient’s brain activity. The test is usually carried out over a few days while
staying in a purpose-built hospital suite. The EEG signals are transmitted
wirelessly to a computer. The video is also recorded by the computer and kept
under regular surveillance by trained staff.

QUESTIONS

1.A routine EEG duration is ----------- 20 to 40 minutes

2.The brain activity is recorded day and night in --------- Ambulatory EEG

CONCLUSION

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test used to evaluate the electrical

activity in the brain. Brain cells communicate with each other through electrical
impulses. An EEG can be used to help detect potential problems associated with
this activity. An EEG tracks and records brain wave patterns. Small flat metal discs
called electrodes are attached to the scalp with wires. The electrodes analyze the
electrical impulses in the brain and send signals to a computer that records the
results. The electrical impulses in an EEG recording look like wavy lines with
peaks and valleys. These lines allow doctors to quickly assess whether there are
abnormal patterns. Any irregularities may be a sign of seizures or other brain
disorders.
 NURSING EDUCATION

Programmed instruction

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Proff.Shakila.K Ms.Krishna Sree G
Vice principal I year MSc (N)
VCON VCON

Submitted on:05/08/2019