PCM Sampling: Click To Edit Master Title Style

Click to edit Master title style
PCM SAMPLING
1
Click to
Types ofedit
Sampling
MasterTechniques
title style
Natural Sampling
• Tops of the sample pulses retain
their natural shape during the sample
interval
Flat Top Sampling

• Converts the samples to a series of
constant-amplitude PAM voltage levels
2 2
Click to Sampling
Natural edit Master title style
• Difficult for an ADC to convert the sample to a

PCM code
• The frequency spectrum of the sampled output is

different from that of an ideal sample
• This alters the information frequency spectrum

requiring the use of frequency equalizers before
recovery by a low-pass filter
3 3
ClickTop
Flat to edit
Sampling
Master title style
• The most common method used for sampling

voice signals in PCM systems
• Accomplished in a sample-and-hold circuit
4 4
5 5
Click to edit
Aperture Error
Master title style
Sampling process alters the frequency spectrum and

introduces an error called aperture error.
The magnitude of error depends on how much the

analog signal voltage changes while the sample is
being taken and the width (duration) of the sample
pulse.
6 6
Sampling Rate
7 7
Click to sampling
Nyquist edit Master
theorem
title style
A bandlimited continuous-time signal can be sampled

and perfectly reconstructed from its samples if the
waveform is sampled over twice as fast as it's highest
frequency component.
fs≥2fa
fs = minimum sample rate
Fa = maximum analog input frequency
8 8
ALIASING
If fs is less than
two times fa,
an impairment
called alias or
foldover
distortion
occurs.
9 9
Click to editor
Antialiasing Master
antifoldover
title style
filter
A bandpass filter is added is added so no

frequency greater than one-half the sampling
rate is allowed to enter the sample-and-hold
circuit
1010
Quantization
and
the Folded Binary Code
1111
Quantization
The process
of converting
an infinite
number of
possibilities to
a finite
number of
conditions
1212
Quantization is the process of rounding off the amplitudes of flat-

top samples to a manageable number of levels
The left most bit is the sign bit and the two rightmost bits
represent magnitude. This type of code is called a folded binary
code
1313
If the magnitude of the sample exceeds the

highest quantization interval, overload
distortion(also called peak limiting) occurs.
1414
Resolution
The magnitude of a quantum is also called the

resolution. The resolution is equal to the voltage of the
minimum step size, which is equal to the voltage of the
least significant bit
The smaller the magnitude of a quantum, the better
(smaller) the resolution and the more accurately the
quantized signal will resemble the original analog
sample
1515
Click to edit Master
Quantization Error title style
The quantization error is equivalent to additive

white noise as it alters the signal amplitude.
Consequently, quantization error is also called
quantization noise(Qn). The maximum
magnitude for the quantization error is equal to
one-half a quantum
1616
1717
Dynamic Range
&
Coding Efficiency
1818
Click to edit
Dynamic Range
Master title style
The number of PCM bits transmitted per sample is

determined by several variables, including maximum
allowable input amplitude, resolution, and dynamic
range.
Dynamic range (DR) is the ratio of the largest possible
magnitude to the smallest possible magnitude(other
than 0 V) that can be decoded by the digital-to-analog
converter in the receiver
1919
Click to edit
Dynamic Range
Master title style
Dynamic range can be Dynamic range is generally

mathematically expressed with: expressed as a dB value:
DR = Dynamic Range The relationship between dynamic

Resolution = minimum voltage range and the number of bits in a
PCM code is:
Vmax = maximum voltage magnitude
n = number of bits excluding sign bit.
2020
2121
Coding efficiency is a numerical indication of how efficiently a

PCM code is utilized
Coding efficiency is the ratio of the minimum number of bits

required to achieve a certain dynamic range to the actual
number of PCM bits used
2222
COMPANDING
23
Click to edit
Definition of Master
Companding
title style
The process of compressing and sampling.
It is a means of improving the dynamic range of a

communications system.
Can be accomplished using analog or digital

techniques.
• Early PCM systems used analog companding
• Modern PCM systems use digital companding
2424
Click toCompanding
Analog edit Master title style
Analog compression was implemented using specially

designed diodes inserted before the sample and hold
circuit.
Expansion was also implemented with diode that were
placed after the low pass filter in the receiver.
2525
Different signal distributions require different companding

characteristics. For in-stance, voice-quality telephone signals require a
relatively constant SQR performance over a wide dynamic range, which
means that the distortion must be proportional to signal amplitude for all
input signal levels
This requires a logarithmic compression ratio, which re-quires an infinite
dynamic range and an infinite number of PCM codes
The two methods are μ-law and the A-law companding
2626
2727
In the United States and Japan, μ-law companding is

used. The compression characteristics for μ-law is:
2828
In Europe, the ITU-T has established A-law companding to be

used to approximate true logarithmic companding.
For an intended dynamic range, A-law companding has a
slightly flatter SQR than μ-law.
A-law companding however, is inferior to μ-law in terms of
small signal quality
2929
Click toCompanding
Digital edit Master title style
Digital companding involves compression in the

transmitter after the input sample has been
converted to a linear PCM code and then
expansion in the receiver prior to PCM decoding.
The most recent digitally compressed PCM

systems use a 12-bit linear PCM code and an
eight-bit compressed PCM code.
3030
The compression and expansion curves closely

resemble the analog μ-law curves with a μ 255
The slope of each successive segment is exactly
one-half that of the previous segment
The eight-bit compressed code consists of a sign
bit, a three-bit segment identifier, and a 10-bit
magnitude code that specifies the quantization
interval within the specified segment
3131
3232
3333
Click toCompression
Digital edit Master title
Errorstyle
The magnitude of the compression error is

not the same for all samples. However, the
maximum percentage error is the same in
each segment
3434

PCM Sampling: Click To Edit Master Title Style

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PCM Sampling: Click To Edit Master Title Style

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Click to edit Master title style

Flat Top Sampling

• Difficult for an ADC to convert the sample to a

• The frequency spectrum of the sampled output is

• This alters the information frequency spectrum

• The most common method used for sampling

• Accomplished in a sample-and-hold circuit

Sampling process alters the frequency spectrum and

The magnitude of error depends on how much the

A bandlimited continuous-time signal can be sampled

A bandpass filter is added is added so no

Quantization is the process of rounding off the amplitudes of flat-

If the magnitude of the sample exceeds the

The magnitude of a quantum is also called the

The quantization error is equivalent to additive

The number of PCM bits transmitted per sample is

Dynamic range can be Dynamic range is generally

DR = Dynamic Range The relationship between dynamic

n = number of bits excluding sign bit.

Coding efficiency is a numerical indication of how efficiently a

Coding efficiency is the ratio of the minimum number of bits

The process of compressing and sampling.

It is a means of improving the dynamic range of a

Can be accomplished using analog or digital

Analog compression was implemented using specially

Different signal distributions require different companding

In the United States and Japan, μ-law companding is

In Europe, the ITU-T has established A-law companding to be

Digital companding involves compression in the

The most recent digitally compressed PCM

The compression and expansion curves closely

The magnitude of the compression error is

You might also like