Recidivism:

1.​https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=o7QwDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=re
cidivism+in+america&ots=HfYWr-CifX&sig=duDTLofMoBg1IvxYMIffGi-FQcU#v=onepage
&q&f=false

2. ​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LL_-iXq9C0Y

- Prison earns 60,000 dollars per inmate per year

- 6 out of 10 former inmates recidivate within 3 years in California
- Finding a job is the key to breaking recidivism rates
- Prisoners earn 17 dollars an hour. This helps them have a financial start once they leave
prison.
- It also gives them job experience to put on their resume.
- Software programming is in high demand as a job.

3.​https://tlmworks.org/about-us/#:~:text=We%20are%20a%20501​(c,providing%20opport
unities%20for%20incarcerated%20individuals.

- The Last Mile Works is a non-profit organization that helps inmates learn soft
programing skills. The proceeds are directed towards the prison education system.

4. ​https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-48885846

- This article takes place in Halden prison

- In the early 1990’s, the Norwegian Correctional Service reformed their prisons to focus
more on the rehabilitation of inmates.
- The program focuses on the inmate to become a better person.
- Are Hoidal, the governor of Halden Prison explained that they take away the liberty of a
person, but not their freedom.
- "In Norway, the punishment is just to take away someone's liberty. The other rights stay.
Prisoners can vote, they can have access to school, to health care; they have the same
rights as any Norwegian citizen. Because inmates are human beings. They have done
wrong, they must be punished, but they are still human beings."
- No life sentences
- Most inmates become mechanics, caperenters and chefs.
- Almost half the staff population are women
- "So we are releasing your neighbour," he continues. "If we treat inmates like animals in
prison, then we will release animals into your street."

5. ​https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/recidivism-core-criminal-justice-concern

6. ​https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/measuring-recidivism
● Incapacitation​ refers to the effect of a sanction to stop - Incapacitation is the effect of a prisoner not
people from committing crime by removing the committing any more offences once released.
offender from the community. - A sentencing objective that creates fear to
● Specific deterrence​ is the terminology used to denote other people of punishment for crimes.
whether a sanction stops people from committing Example: Scared Straight.
further crime, once the sanction has been imposed or - A program that is dedicated to bettering the
completed. inmates and preparing them for society.
● Rehabilitation​ refers to the extent to which a program - A former prisoner does not commit a crime
is implicated in the reduction of crime by "repairing" after their initial release.
the individual in some way by addressing his or her - Statistics in 2005 recorded that 401,288
needs or deficits. prisoners were arrested in a 9 year period after
● Desistance​ refers to the process by which a person their prison sentence. The statistics also stated
arrives at a permanent state of non offending. that each prisoner was arrested 5 times on
● The 401,288 state prisoners released in 2005 had  average. 60% of the arrests occurred between
1,994,000 arrests during the 9-year period, an  the 4-9 years after prison.
average of 5 arrests per released prisoner. Sixty 
percent of these arrests occurred during years 4 
through 9. 
● An estimated 68% of released prisoners were 
arrested within 3 years, 79% within 6 years, and 
83% within 9 years. 
● Eighty-two percent of prisoners arrested during 
the 9-year period were arrested within the first 3 
years. 
● Almost half (47%) of prisoners who did not have 
an arrest within 3 years of release were arrested 
during years 4 through 9. 
● Forty-four percent of released prisoners were  -
arrested during the first year following release, 
while 24% were arrested during year-9. 
● Interviewing offenders to determine whether they 
have committed crimes since entering or exiting 
a program or sanction. 
● Analyzing officially recorded criminal justice 
events such as arrests, convictions, supervision 
violations and commitments to jail or prison. 
● Charting a new offense over an elapsed time 
frame (e.g., Has the person been arrested since 
entering community-based drug treatment? Has 
the person been arrested within three years of his 
or her release from prison?). 
 ● Measuring time elapsed until the next crime (e.g., 
number of days passed until someone was 
rearrested after his or her release from prison). 
●

Private prison History
- the Nixson administration’s war on drugs made more private prisons
- Drugs was declared public enemy number one
- The war on drugs was the government's attempt to control the use of
illegal drugs in America, starting in June of 1971 The war on drugs
significantly “increased penalties, enforments and incarceration for
drug offenders”.
- “Ronald Regan ​greatly expanded the reach of the drug war and his
focus on criminal punishment over treatment led to a massive increase
in incarcerations for nonviolent drug offenses, from 50,000 in 1980 to
400,000 in 1997.”
- Nancy, Ronald Reagan's wife, spearheaded the just say no campaign -
An effort to educate school children on the dangers of drugs.
- Crack Epidemic started in 1980’s
In 1986, the Anti-drug abuse act was passed, this gace 1.7 billion dollars
to the war on drugs and caused there to be a mandatory minimum
prison sentence.
7. ​https://www.britannica.com/topic/war-on-drugs

Private prisons seem to live by the motto of “profit rather than

rehabilitation”
- The mentality of early private prisons is “​If a profit of several
thousand dollars can be made on the labor of twenty slaves,” posited
the ​Telegraph and Texas Register ​in the mid-19th century, “why may
not a similar profit be made on the labor of twenty convicts?”
- ​Prison privatization accelerated after the Civil War.
- The prison system was turned over to private companies because the
incarceration rate was skyrocketing and the states could not afford to
run their own penitentiaries.
- Former slave holder build “jail” empires so they could used the
inmates as slaves legally. The first “Ku Klux Klan, controlled all convicts
in Mississippi for a period”. In some places the owners of the jails
would sell the recently dead inmates to a Medical School in Nashville
for student to practice on
-The owners of the jails also could torture the inmates in verious ways
unlike people called “free workers”.
 Torure include: Watering(forcing the victim to drink water laying down
so the pressure from the water reaches there heart)
- In the early 20th century other states became jealous because of
profits that private jails were making so they decided to purchase their
own plantations.
8.​https://time.com/5405158/the-true-history-of-americas-private-pris
on-industry/

Recidivism Recidivism Definition: T​he tendency of a convicted criminal to

reoffend.
9. ​https://www.google.com/search?q=recidivism
&oq=Recidivism&aqs=chrome.0.0l8.387j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UT
F-8

- Acording to an investigation done by the Sentencing Commission,

64% of prisoners who were arrested for violent crimes returned to jail
within eight months.
- While only 40% of non-violent prisoners return within eight years.

- America has the highest prison population on the world

10.​https://www.criminaljusticeprograms.com/articles/private-prisons-
vs-public-prisons/#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%
20the,who%20runs%20traditional%20public%20prison​.

“0f the 36,000 inmates released in 2012‑13, 16,500 (or 46 percent)

were convicted of a subsequent crime within three years of release”

Human Rights “Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from
slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to
work and education, and many more.”
11. ​https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/human-rights/

- 13th amendment had abolished slavery “except as punishment for a

crime” so, until the early 20th century, Southern prisoners were kept on
private plantations and on company-run labor camps where they laid
railroad tracks, built levees, and mined coal.

- Former slave holder build empires

12.
https://time.com/5405158/the-true-history-of-americas-private-prison
-industry/

American rehabilitation Types of rehabilitation:

programs - Academic Education: This type of program offers many different adult
basic education -including college programs- offers such as a General
 Education Development Certification (GED) and inmates that have low
reading scores are forced to participate in one of these offers.

- Career Technical education (CTE): “Provide job training for various

career sectors, including masonry, carpentry, and auto repair.”

- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Programs that address the

behavior issues of the inmates by educating them on anger
management and criminal thinking.

- Employment Preparation: Provide inmates with the skills to find work

and job readiness skills for six months after their release.

- Substance Use Disorder treatment (SUDT): These programs help drug

addicted inmates with their issues so they can avoid relapse. Unlike
other programs this is involuntary.

- Art-inCarrection:

- Innovative Programming Grants

13. ​https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3720

For-Profit / Non-profit Jails For-Profit:

- For profit prisons are privately run and they are more likely to report
States with the highest data on the inmate population.
incarceration rate: - (I understand why because these types of prisons earn more money
- Texas depending on how many inmates they have and the time that said
- New Mexico inmates serve”)
- Montana - These guidelines are outlined in contracts with the government.
- Tennessee - These profit prisons have been accused of only wanting the number of
- Oklahoma incarcerated prisoners to grow for their own material gain.
- Hawaii - Not required to show where the money is going.
- For-profit prisons can also choose what prisoners will house in their
State with the highest prison, this means that they will choose non-violent prisoners because
population: they need much less security than violent inmates.
- In 2016, “private prisons housed 128,063 people”, which is 8.5% of
- California the total state and federal prison population”.
- Texas -
- Florida https://www.criminaljusticeprograms.com/articles/private-prisons-vs-
- New York public-prisons/#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%20t
- Pennsylvania he,who%20runs%20traditional%20public%20prison.
Non-profit:
(I see no correlation between - Non-profit prisons are public and were the “norm until the 1980’s”
the most populated state and - Receive funding from taxpayer dollars, this is the reason why they're
the state with the Highest supposed to report on the status of their inmate for frequently and
population” more in depth than private prisons.
https://www.criminaljusticeprograms.co
m/articles/private-prisons-vs-public-pris
ons/#:~:text=The%20main%20differenc
e%20between%20the,who%20runs%20tr
aditional%20public%20prison.
- Also required to show where the taxpayer money is going.
14.​https://www.criminaljusticeprograms.com/articles/private-prisons-
vs-public-prisons/#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%
20the,who%20runs%20traditional%20public%20prison​.

Prisoner Profit “Average minimum daily wage for inmates who have “non-industry
Prison jobs” is 86 cents which is down from 93 cents as of 2001”

- In Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Florida and Georgia reguler prison

jabs are unpaid.
- Inmates who are assigned jobs for state owned businesses can
make as low as 33 cents and have a high as $1.41 per hour. This
is twice as much as people make doing prison jobs.
- People who are incarcerated don't make “real money” so when
they get released with no money

Prisons The America prison system makes 74$ Billion dollars a year.
- Adx Florence - Top Security prisons in America -
Adx florence:
Location - located 100 miles south of Denver, Colorado
Holds - 365/403 male prisoners
Security - Razor wire, guard dogs, and laser beams, social isolation fr
most inmates,
- The inmates who are in solitary isolation are locked in a 12 by 7 foot
room
- The inmates that go to ADX Florence are declared too violent for
maximum security incarceration.
- The inmates are described as manipulative, homicidal, or a
dangerous to national security
Conditions:
- 1 hr per day of exercise time
- 15 minute phone calls a month
- The inmates who are in solitary isolation are locked in a 12 by 7 foot
room, they spend a total of 23 hr a day
- from inside the jail it is hard to tell the time of say so that the inmate
cant break out or people cant break in

- Some inmates car arrested terrorist and they will go on hunger strikes
and have to be force feed
- “Designed to be escape proof
15.​https://www.huffpost.com/entry/life-in-supermax-the-real_b_8398970?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6L
y93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAC87yF_MPUcP4p5X8r6mtvHOKOk2fBRzxnpAFR8k3Kd2-BHJpj
Z3UIiZ5cyhioeKYpYRFyzal_Ubs9M9Wha--xC-DnubE3uIkvGUyFieb9TUVTZvQE2dH9PPIfJE_WAklunXSZKjkx35pvN6Iu
Ziy02O6Vl6KQ4fEkQG9BWJiQwg

Prison Funding - Norway spends $129,222 per prisoner

 - Norway has 5.4 million people in its population
- Norway's incarceration rate per capita is 75 per 100,000
16.​https://thecrimereport.org/2019/10/10/is-norway-a-model-for-better-prison-prac
tices/#:~:text=Norway%20may%20provide%20an%20example,%2438%2C051%20p
er%20prisoner%20in%20Michigan​.
- Minnesota population has 5.6 million
- Minnesota incarceration rate per capita is 364 per 100,000
- According To this website Minnesota spends $80 on annual
spending per capita on corrections and $104 on daily operating
expenditures per prison inmate.
- From my calculations minnesota spends 26,104 per day for a
prison population of 251 minimates
Federalism
Federalism definition: the federal principle or system of government.
- Federalism is important because

17.​https://www.businessinsider.com/norways-prisons-are-better-than-the-american-prisons-2018
-6
- The recidivism rate in Norway is 20%
- On home leave, the prisoners have access to social media and the internet
- 30% of Norway’s prisons are open, meaning they don’t have fences or barbed wire
surrounding the prison.
- Some prisoners can keep their jobs before going to prison and commute after work.
- Bastoy is one of the nicest prisons in the world
- But if you treat people like shit, they will be shit. Why doesn't America get it? Funny,
because Tony Robbins is so smart, and he is from America."

18. ​https://allthatsinteresting.com/bastoy-prison#13

- References for activities available at the Batoy prison

19. ​https://www.lifeinnorway.net/prisons/