NAME: Najdah Zulfiqar Ali Roll no: W19BLNG014 Section: S Major: Applied Linguistics

SUBJECTIVE PART (page 1)

Q1. As a young citizen of Pakistan, analyze five major challenges faced by

your state in contemporary era.

Pakistan has faced many challenges over the year, yet not all problems have been overcome.
One of the major challenges that Pakistan is facing these days is COVID-19 and how it has
effected the whole economy, politics and our society. The most important things that be
focused on is how to strengthen the democracy and teach our society how to stand together in
these challenges and listen to what the government is instructing us to do. There are many
challenges our country is facing these days such as water crisis, unemployment of youth
population, COVID-19, Health and Education.

In most cities of Pakistan there is a lot of water shortage and water is supplied only at a
specific rate. Half of the population doesn’t have clean water to drink. The water which is
supplied is not suitable and is unsafe. In most areas of Pakistan like Karachi, small town
people uses one toilet between so many people which hygienically is not good for the health
of people. Pakistan is among the top ten countries that are facing the water crisis. Handling
this water crisis is not easy but if dams ae built then a lot f water can be saved from being
wasted which may aid in reducing the water shortage. If these dams are not constructed then
in the next ten years there will be no clean water in Pakistan and it will face a drinking crisis
as well as agriculture sector will be destroyed. Agriculture sector is affected by lack of water
as the crops won’t grow and there will be shortage of food as well. The second problem we’re
facing is unemployment of the youth. Many students graduate from good universities, get a
renowned degree. The youth is increasing in our country very rapidly which means that there
is no employment for them. Companies don’t give them jobs as they are not experienced and
doesn’t have skills that they need to earn money and give back to their country but how can a
person be experienced if no one is willing to give them a chance to work and maybe bring
something innovative to the society. Unemployed youth is very useful for our society as they
have fresh brains and by doing their jobs properly they can support their families as well. The
third challenge our country is facing these days is COVID-19. This virus has affected our
country so much that the country is on complete lockdown. There is no source of income for
the people as nothing is opened. This pandemic has especially effected the lower class a lot as
NAME: Najdah Zulfiqar Ali Roll no: W19BLNG014 Section: S Major: Applied Linguistics

they were already facing so many crisis in their lives and now there is shortage of money and
food for them. Despite of the
(page 2)
lockdown there are increasing number of cases that are being reported every day. Hundreds
of people have dies because of this virus. Hospitals are full to the core that there is shortage
of ventilators and medical equipment’s. Our economy is going down rapidly as well has the
business sector is mostly affected by it. People should stay at home until this virus diminishes
because there is no vaccine to it yet and if this keeps growing then our country will have to
face some serious issues. Health is also an issue our country is facing. Overall health and
nutrition is better for urban areas but in the rural areas there is a lot of malnutrition and child
mortality. Poor health outcomes are also a direct impact on the population caused by rapid
urbanization. Many cities of Pakistan are the most polluted cities in the world. Lack of fresh
air, clean water is playing a huge role in the health issues of Pakistan as there is water crisis
in our country. At least clean water and food should be provided by our government to that
sector which are facing serious health problems so less children would have health issues.
The last challenge that our country is facing these days I education. Because of this pandemic
schools have been closed for so many months. The upper class obviously have access to
online classes and still continuing the education but he lower class have no means of
education as they don’t have new technology laptops and phones to conduct the online
classes. Although many students are enrolled into schools in the rural areas but 10% of the
population still remains out of school. Better education facilities should be provided to both
urban and rural areas as everyone has the right to get good education. The absence of
educational institutes in smaller cities plays a huge part in their upbringing as school teaches
you a lot of things and it also plays a part in unemployment as well.

Other than these issues there are still many challenges our country is facing these days. Not
all challenges can be overcome but there is always a solution to make things better and work
for the progress of our country. If we work hard and face these challenges with bravery there
is nothing that can defeat us and in problems like these the country and it government should
show unity and not fight amongst themselves.
NAME: Najdah Zulfiqar Ali Roll no: W19BLNG014 Section: S Major: Applied Linguistics

(page 3)
Q2. How does Islamization reforms help us to understand the way Zia-ul-
Huq governed Pakistan? Critically evaluate.

Muhammad Zia-ul-Huq was the sixth president of Pakistan. His education was from Delhi
university. The process of Islamization was firstly introduced in Pakistan by General Zia-ul-
Huq who persistently focused on adopting and enforcing the Islam in every sector and walk
of life in Pakistan. Zia and his companions first decided that Islam was the chief uniting
factor in the divided country of Pakistan. The nizam e Mustafa means the order of the
Prophet and considered as Islamic system or Islamic order. Pakistan national alliance started
a movement it is called the movement for a system followed by the Prophet, a system based
on Islamic principles. In 1978 Zia announced that he would follow the nizam e Mustafa
Tehreek and Islam prevail over the laws and constitution. In 1979. The courts started the
Sharia laws and make them part of the legal system.

Islamization is the process of a society’s shift towards Islam. When Zia came into power he
introduced broad spectrum of punishments in the name of Sharia, flogging over the several
crimes for example rape, theft, murder, drinking, prostitution etc. these punishments were to
deter the criminal elements and to intimidate his opposition. Zia was criticized by his
opponents that he raised the issue of Islamization to decrease the influence of Bhutto and
peoples party. Islam would be enforced in every walk of life, the political, legal, economic
reforms would be implemented according to the values of Quran and Sunnah. The name of
Islam was used to win the favor of religious groups, which is perhaps the first time a regime
using the name of Islam for legitimacy. He said that Pakistan is made in the name of Islam.
Zia wanted to establish system of finance not based on ‘interest’ for this purpose
recommendation for Islamic financing was collected. The Zakat was collected from the first
day of Ramazan from banks and the Usher was collected from the yield of agriculture.
Pakistan television was made more Islamic and Arabic news was introduced for the first time
on Pakistan TV. The Ramzan Ordinance was promulgated and Nizam-e-Salat was introduced
by Zia-ul-Haq.
NAME: Najdah Zulfiqar Ali Roll no: W19BLNG014 Section: S Major: Applied Linguistics

In Pakistan’s legislative history many new Islamic laws were introduced and many
Amendments were made according to Islamic laws, these are few examples Muslim family
law ordinance of 1961, West Pakistan family courts act was amended with Islamic
provisions, West Pakistan Muslim Personal Law Shariat application Act 1962, West Pakistan
Family Courts Act
(page 4)
1964 , Enforcement of Hadood Ordinance 1979 .Law of Evidence is converted into Qanone
Shahadat Ordinance 1984 , Dowry and Bridal Gifts (Restriction) Act 1976 , Punishment of
Whipping Ordinance , Qazaf and Hadood Ordinance was introduced in 1979. Hadood
Ordinance was an effort towards Islamic System of Justice and it was the first time in
Pakistan’ history that such laws were implemented. Hadood Ordinance as it said was
according to Quran and Sunnah and its punishments are according to Islamic teachings. It
was implemented on drinking liquor, adultery, Theft and Qazaf and if the Hadd imposed the
punishment of lashes, death sentence by stoning could be given. In the regime of Zia ul Haq
many Islamic laws were introduced, the law for the protection of women which was named to
save the sanctity of Chaddar and Chaar Devari. The women testimony was considered as half
as compare to man. And the number of witnesses was increased to four to prove a rape.
Decreasing the women status by Zia is condemned by Civil Society, and the people stood
against the so called Sharia of Genaral Zia. Many of the General Zia‘s laws are still
implemented today. Zia wants to neutralize the Islamic fundamentalists in Pakistan by the
process of Islamization and as well as he used it for political purpose (Burkey, 1988). The
process of Islamization in different parts of life is seen with different perspectives, some
think Islamization is putting all women in Purdah or separating them from men, following
strict code of Islamic Sharia and some consider it equality of gender, gaining knowledge and
living life with the traditional moral principles. Zia want to make Pakistan more Islamic and
he wants to transform his political life at the same time. It has been a problem for the Muslim
rulers through the ages that how to conduct the government or how to govern.

It is believed that the Islamization of Zia was contrary to the public interests as he just used
the slogan for his self-serving strategic goals and to be the president of the state. That is why
different sects, political groups and professional groups demanded his removal but attack on
policies of Zia was considered against Islam. Zia used this strategy to extend the autocratic
rule in the country. He wanted to broaden his political base, and for that purpose he used
NAME: Najdah Zulfiqar Ali Roll no: W19BLNG014 Section: S Major: Applied Linguistics

public sentiments, he used it as a cover to provide himself legitimacy. He named it as Islamic

revivalism and starts process of Islamization of legal, social political and economic
institutions and tries to make the state theocratic. Many attempts to Islamize the judicial
system were made in different times. Rulers like Zia used the public support which he has got
in the name of Islamic system to strengthen his tenure. After examining the history of
attempts which were
(page 5)
made to Islamize the judicial system we realize that there was lack of research and learned
jurists, who could explain the Islamic laws according to the needs of the present scenario.
The rulers used this slogan for political purposes and to save their rule.