Exploitation of Hertz’s contact pressures in friction drives

D. Herák1, R. Chotěborský2, A. Sedláček1, E. Janča1

1
Department of Mechanics and Engineering, Technical Faculty, Czech University
of Agriculture in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
2
Department of Material and Engineering Technologies, Technical Faculty,
Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Abstract: The paper is intent on the applications of equations which describe the Hertz’s surface pressures in friction
drives. In the paper the reduced equations are derived, which are useful to the surface pressures calculation in friction
drives when ball – ball, cylinder – cylinder, cone – cone are kept in touch and their graphical representation of stress
distribution in the contact area is presented. Using the Hertz’s surface pressures and the Mohr’s circles the substance
of pitting start is derived and the stress distributions using the elementary joists, which were situated on the axe z in
the section under the contact joist, are represented.

Keywords: contact pressures; friction drive; Hertz’s pressures; pitting; friction force; Mohr’s circles

At friction drives the circumference power is
transmitted by friction from one rolling body to
the second. Always the thrust is necessary. At most
designs of friction drives it deduces high forces
to shafts and bearings. Therefore the high surface
pressures result on the contact joists. These pres-
sures are one of main factors which influence the
friction drives.
The basic condition of friction drive is based on
the equilibrium of circumference power F0 and fric-
tion power Ft. When we speculate about the degree
of safety k (starting, turning-out, impact influences
etc.) we get the basic condition in the form
Stribeck’s pressures – the modulus of elasticity in
tension of one of materials is not constant, it varies
according to the load (rubber, plastic etc.).
In friction drives operation the Hertz’s pressures
are in foreground and they influence considerably
the drive, namely pressures with line and point
contact.
Therefore this paper is intent on these pressures.

F0 × k = Ft (1)
Fn
When we express the friction power as the prod- Ft = Fn × f F0 × k
uct of the thrust FK and coefficient of friction f and
introduce it in the foregoing equation we get the
N
basic condition of the friction drive (Figure 1).

F0 × k = f × Fn (2)

According to the contact we can classify the sur-

face pressures as the surface contact, line contact,
point contact.
According to the material elasticity we can classify
the surface pressures in:
Hertz’s pressures – the modulus of elasticity in
tension of both materials is constant, owing to load
it does not vary. Figure 1. Functional diagram of the friction drive

RES. AGR. ENG., 52, 2006 (3): 107–114 107

 Hertz’s surface pressures

As early as in the year 1881 Heinrich Hertz formu-

lated the relation between the load value of projected
area of surface pressures and the bringing near at
the contact of generally curved bodies. The solution
derived by Heinrich Hertz gives only the orienta-
tion values of contact pressures. The in this way
calculated contact pressures can very in some cases
as much as 50% from real values (Klaprodt 1980).
Later much authors tried to describe the contact
pressures theory. But till now the accurate solution
of the contact pressures calculation was not found. Figure 2. Diagram of the point contact
(Klaprodt 1980; Bolek & Kochman 1990).
Heinrich Hertz introduced several simplified
premises. the solution of elliptic integrals. The coefficient m can
The place of the highest stress is under the middle be found3inF form of a table in the literature (Fröhlich
Έ = 21980).
m3
of the upper surface of function of both bodies and E RofΕ the
near the front surface is the accumulation of stress. ρH – the sum H surfaces curvature radiuses.

The modulus of elasticity in tension of both ma- 1 1 1 1

terials is constant, it does not vary according to the Ε H = ± + ± (4)
r I r II R I R II
load. Strains are regarding to the bodies sizes very
low and their profile is in one plane (Hertz 1896). where:
1 § 1 1 ·1
¨  ¸ radiuses of single bodies in the
For the calculation these four laws defined by rIE, r12II, RI¨©, REII 1 –o curvature
E 2 o ¸¹ 2
Heinrich Hertz are valid. directions of main planes.
(1) Isotropy and homogenity of projected area ma- E 13 F the case of the concave contact
In E 2 they are
E
Έ =1 2o m 3 ,
added (+), in the case of E 2 othe convex contact
terial. 1 Eΐ Ε12 1  ΐ 22
R they
H are subtracted (Figure 3).
(2) In the course of deformation the Hooke´s law
must be valid. 3 FEE12 13 M 1E – theoretical
1 ± 1 reduced modulus
 of elasticity in
Έ=2m3 Ε HR = ± E3 F+12tension of the contact bodies.
(3) Shear stress is equal to zero. The influence aboutE ΕΈ = 2 mr 3I r II R I R II
R H
friction is not speculated. F E ΕF
p 1s = § =1 R 2H 1 · 1 (5)
(4) Projected areas are equal. 1 1 1 S¨¨ 1ΔΈ ¸¸
ΕH = ± +E 12 1±© EE1 o1 EE12 o ¹ 21
rI r II Ε HR=I ±R II1o 4+ 2o ±
r r R I R II
Point Contact E1o, E2o I E 1 II– constrained E2
modulus of elasticity in tension
1 § 1 Η11max E o1 · 1 ,
11.52u p(the E2o
¨¨ §1ΐ 1 bodies
· 1 cannot arbitraily
1ΐ 2 2 deform, their
 ¨¸¸ 2 1 
s
Two spherical bodies are contiguous in Eonly ¸
12 © E 1 o EE
one 12
2 o ¨¹E
© 1o 4 F E 2 o ¸¹ 2
deformations interact)
point. Owing to load and deformation of the bodies Η Rmax M1E.5E 12  2
E 
3

the point contact varies into surface contact (Fig-E1 E 1 ΔΈ E2 E2

E1o 2
, 1o1 o F F2 ,
EE EE2o2o E2o
2
(6)
ure 2). This surface is elliptic. When the bodies 1are ΐ 1 p s = 1= ΐ 1 2 F 1  ΐ 2
1  ΐ 22
geometrical identical, the contact surface is circular Η max S 1.ΔΈ 5˜ 2
(Herák 2005; Zachariáš 2005). ER 3 M E E412 § 
E R 3 M E E 12where: ·
¨ 3F ¸
The maximum sizes of an ellipse the main radiuses EΗ1,max Δ 2of3 elasticity in tension of single bodies,
F .5 uFp s ¨ E R Ε H ¸¹
E2 –1modulus
are in the main geometrical directions of the F
contact F µp s, µ= –=Poisson’s © ratio of single body materials.
ps = = 1 2 S ΔΈ4 F 2
S ΔΈ EΗR –1reduced
surface. For calculation Hertz replaced this ellipse 2
.5 modulus of elasticity
d in tension:
max
4 2
ΔΈ 1r
by a circle of the same surface (Hertz 1896). Then 4 1 1 1 1 D
he derived the equation for the diameter of the con- ΗΕmax H r  r
r11..55 u˜Rp s r FR
4
d
Η 1. 5 u p Η
tact surface δ (Timoshenko & Goodier 1951) max s max 2
4 F§ 3F ·
Η max 1.5 Δ ¨2 2 3 ¸
3F 4 F ¨
Η max (3)1.5 ΔΈ E R Ε H ¸¹
Έ = 2 m 3 2
© (3)
ERΕH ΔΈ 3 F F 2 u 0.45 ˜
3F
Έ 2 m
Η max 1.5 ˜3 d
d
1F 1E R§1Ε H 1 3 F
where: 1r 2
1 1 1 1 Η max 1.5 ˜ Ε H
·D 3 1r
r Δ¨ 22r3 4 ¸
Ε H– load
F = force,
± + ± § r R ¨r· R d
E R Ε H ¸¹
(4) 4 ˜ D
226000
r I r II R I R II ¨
m – coefficient which characterizes the pressure distribu- Δ 2 3 3 F © ¸ d
¨ ¸
1
tion between bodies. The m value is calculated using
§ 1 1 ·1 ©FigureE3.R Concave
Ε H ¹ (+) and convex
F d (–) contact of the bodies
¨¨  ¸¸ Έ 291.8 1 3 F1 1 d1 r D (5)
3F
E 12 © E 1 o E 2 o ¹ 2 ΕΈ H 2 m 3r 3 § dr d 2·u40.45 ˜
r R E1R¨rΕ1rHr R ¸ d d
108 1 1 1 1 © D D RES.
¹ AGR.
3 ENG., 52,12006
r (3): 107–114
E1 E 2Ε H r  r 4 D
226000 4 ˜
E1o , E2o r R r R d (6) d
1ΐ 1 2 2
1ΐ 2 4F 4F
Η 1.53 FF 2 1.5 3F
Έ max
2m 2 u 0.45 ˜ 2
Έ 29.83 E ΔΈΕ Hd · d § d ·
ER 3 M E E 12   3 §R ¨3 7) 1r ¸
 1 E 11 1 1 E2
ΕH =
E ± +, ± E2o
1o r r R R
2
1I  ΐII1 I II
1  ΐ 22
1 § 1 1 ·1
3F EER ¨ ME E E12E
3¨ ¸¸ 
Έ=2m3 12 © 1o 2o ¹2 (3)
Table 1. Material
E R Ε Hof contact couples and its reduced modulus average contact stress and maximum contact stress
(Hertz F E 1 F Timoshenko & Goodier E 21951)
pE s1 o= =1896;
of elasticity in tension
,2 E2o
1 1 1 1 S1  ΐΔΈ 2
1  ΐ 22
Ε H =
Material ± contact
of + ± Reduced modulus of elasticity 1 (4)
r I r II R I R II σmax = 1.5 × p4S (9)
couples in tension E R (MPa)
E R 3 M E E 12  
1 + §steel
Steel 1 1 ·1 226 000
¨¨  ¸¸ Η After
max
simple
1.5 u p sintroduction (5)
we can write the equa-
E E
12 + ©bronze
Steel 1o E 2o ¹2 152 500 tion F F
ps = =
S ΔΈ42 F
E 1 iron
Steel + gray E2
121 500 Η max 1.5
E1o , E2o 4ΔΈ 2 (6) (10)
1ΐ 2
1 1  ΐ 22
Η After
max 1the ps
.5 uequation Fadaptation, simplification and
E R 3 M E E 12   (7) Η max 1.5 ˜ in former equation
introduction 7)2 we can write the
3F equation for 4 F
the§ maximum 3 F ·
contact pressure at the
Έ = 2 Fm 3 F
where: Η max 1.5 3ΔF2¨ 2 ¸ (3)
Έ = 2 m ΔΈ 3
point contact. ¨
E R Ε H ¸¹(8)
3
p = = E2 Ε
ϕE s – constant
S ΔΈ R which
H expresses the material influence of E R Ε ©H
bodies which contact. F
1 41 1 1 Η max 11.5 ˜ 1 1 1 2 d (11)
ΕH = ± + ± ΕH =
r1I r1Δ
± §+ ±3 F 1·r (4)
Η max r1I.5 u pr IIs ϕ
For steel/steel REI = 1Rfor
II other materials combi- II ¨ 1R I 1 R II ¸ (9) D
ΕH r ¨ 2 3r E Ε 4 ¸
nation the values are shown in Table 1 (Fröhlich r R © r RR H ¹ d
1 1§.5 14 F
1980).
Η max 1 ·1 1 § 1
¨¨ 
1 ·1
¸ (10)
¨¨ ΔΈ 2  ¸ E 12 © E 1 o E 2 o ¸¹ 2 d (5)
EAfter
12 E 1 o E 2 o in¸¹ former
©introducing 2 equations we can de- The maximum contact 1r stress value depends on the
termine the reduced modulus elasticity in tension 1 1 1 1 D
F load,
Ε H material rE  of r contact 4 bodies, bodies E 2 geometry
Η maxmost
for 1.5E˜1
often used contact couples. E2 E
and r R
1
3 ,r
F R d (11) E 3 F
EWhen § , 3F ·
2
E Έ 1 o2contact
m1 3 ΐ 2 type (concave, 2 u 0.45convex).
˜ 2o
1(6)
 ΐ 22 calcula-
1o
1 we
ΐ know
Δ 1¨ 2 3
2 the diameter
¸ value of the
2 o
1  contact
ΐ 22 For different E R Ε geometry
1 of any bodies the d
surfaces δ we ¨ can simply¸ determine the surface tion can be made
H
using the
3
former 1 r but
equations,
© E Ε H ¹ D
R
stress p3 s (we presuppose the even, rectangular pres- E 3 M E
forR calculation
  226000 4˜
ER M E E 12  
E
312F the bodies must be3 Fsubstituted
7) d by
sure distribution) (Figured4). Έ 2 m
osculating circles 2 u 0 .45 ˜
and the cage solved as the d point
3
1r F EF RΕH
1 1 1 1 D p s = =of two
contact spheres. 3 1r
ΕH Fr F r 4 F (12) D
Έ 29S.8 ΔΈ
2
p s = r =R r2 R d (8) d 226000 4(8) ˜
S 3 § d · d
ΔΈ Contact ¨4 1 rstress¸ – contact of two spheres
4 © F D¹
ΗΈ max29.81.5 u p s d
3F 3F We describe 3 § dthe· calculation of contact stress of
ΈΗ But
2 mthe real contact
max 3 1.5 u p s
2 u 0.45stress
˜ distribution is para-
two spheres, ¨ 14rF calculation
¸ (13) 4 F (9)
bolic. ForE the
RΕH
point contact the ratio d
between the Η
Η 1 1.5.5© 4 Ffor D ¹1.5 we choose the steel of
1r body
max
max materials. 2
For other materials the calculation 2
ΔΈ · is
3
4F 226000 4 ˜
D ΔΈ 2
§
Η max 1.5 the same, only 4 F the material ¨ constants 4F (10)others.
are ¸
d ¨ ¸
2
ΔΈ Η From
max 1former
.5 1 . 5
F
2 chapter we know the reduced modu-
F
Η max 1.5 ˜ΔΈ Δ§ ¨ 0.20298 ·d ¸
2
F lus of elasticity d ¸+
Έ 29.8 d F § of the contact
¨
3 F ¨ ¨ ·¸ (14) F
bodies
3 § (steel
¨ 1 r
· steel):
¸ ¸¸
Η max 1.§5 ˜ d · ER = 226 000 ¨
Δ 23MPa ¨ (11) ¸
3
¨ 1r ¸ 2 ¨ Δ ¨ 0©.0298
¸ © D
d ¸¹ ¹
§
D · The sum of ©mainEplanes R Ε¨H ¹ flexion 3 §radiusesd · we deter-
© ¨ ¹ Δ 23
3F ¸ mine according to the ¨equation ¨ 1 r ¸ ¸¸
¨ ¸ © D ¹ ¹
F § © d d·
2
4F © ERΕH ¹ 4F
Η max 1.5 1. 5 Η max 1 2150 3 ¨ 1 r1 r ¸(15)
1 1 21 DD2
ΔΈ 2 Ε H Fd R§ © 4 d d· ¹
2
§ · r  r
¨ d ¸ r
Η max 2150 R 3 r ¨ 1r ¸ (12)
1r D¹
1 1 1 1Δ ¨ 0.0298D F d
¸
8we introduce
d2 ©
F
ΕH r  r ¨ 4 ¸
Έ When2 u the former equation (12) in the
r R r R¨ d 3 §¨ 1 r d ·¸ ¸
equation Δ (3),b u weE u
get Ε the equation for the contact
¨ D¹ ¸ 8 FR H
© © ¹ Έ 2
surface u 3 F 3 F
Έ 2 m 3Δdiameter. b u E R u2ΕuH0.45 ˜
F EFR Ε H d
F § d ·
2
ps 3 1r
FS FΈ3b F (16) D
Η max 2150 33 F2 ¨ 1 r ¸ 3F 2260003 F4 ˜
Έ 2m3 d © 2D u 0¹.45 ˜ Έp =s 2 m
S 3 Έb = 2 × 0.45 (13)d d (13)
ERΕH d ERΕH
3 1r 3 1±
8 F D F D
Έ 2 u 226000 4 ˜ Έ 29.8 d 226 000 4
(17)
Δ bu ER uΕH d d
3 § d ·
¨ 1r ¸
The mean © coefficient
D ¹ m for the contact of two
F F F
pΈs 294. of twodspheres
spheres steel/steel is approximately (18) (14)equal to
S .8Contact
Figure Έb d · 4F 4F
3 § Η max 1.5 1.5
¨ 1r ¸
© D¹ ΔΈ 2 § ·
2

RES. AGR. ENG., 52, 2006 (3): 107–114 ¨ ¸ 109

¨ F ¸
4F 4F Δ ¨ 0.0298 d¸
Η max 1.5 1.5 ¨ 3 § d(15)
· ¸
ΔΈ 2
§ ·
2
¨ ¨ 1r ¸ ¸
¨ ¸ © © D¹ ¹
 1 1 1 1 D ERΕH d
ΕH r  r F4 3 (12) 1r
Η r 1.R5 ˜ r R F d 4F (11)
4 F(11)4 ˜ D
Η max
max 1.5 ˜ 2
Η max 1.5 1.5 226000
§ 3F · 2 d
¨§ ¸· ΔΈ 2 2
Δ ¨2 3 3 F § ·
Δ¨ 2 3 E Ε ¸¸ ¨ ¸
©¨ ERR ΕHH ¹¸¹ F ¨ F ¸
m 3 F © 3F Έ 29.8 Contact cylinder d Δ ¨ 0.0298
with cylinder d¸
Έ = 0.45.
2 m 3 The value 2 udepends
0.45 ˜ d on the flexion and the 3 § d · (13)
3 § d · ¸
total geometry
E Ε of the bodies d ¨ 1r ¸ ¨
1 r 3 d (Fröhlich 1r
1980). By ¨ 1
¨ cylinders© the Dr ¸ ¸
1 1R H1 1 1 r D D ©
At the contact D of¹ two ¹ ¹ line
contact
simple adaptation
Ε H 1 r 1  1r 1 4 we get theD equation for the diam- © (12)
Ε H ofrthe
eter 4 d 226000 4 ˜ d
r R  r r R surface. grows in the tetrahedral form. (12)
r Rdeformed r R d 4 F surface calculation
2 4 F Hertz derived
Η For the
1.5contact F 1§.5 d ·
F Η max 2150
max
following ΔΈ 2 ¨(Hertz
3 2
relation 1 r ¸ 1896; Timoshenko 2
Έ 29.8 d d © §D ¹ (14) · &
§ 3 Fd · Goodier 1951). ¨ ¸
3 3F (14) ¨ F ¸
1 r
Έ 2 m 3 ¨ 3 FD ¸ 2 u 0.45 ˜ (13)
3 F F Δ ¨ 0.0298 d¸
Έ 2 m 3 ©E R Ε H ¹ 2 u 0.45 ˜3 1r d
d
Έ 2
8
u 3 §(13)d ·
ERΕH ¨ ¨ 1 r ¸ ¸¸ (17)
3 226000 4 ˜ 1 r D Δ bu ER uΕH ¨
The symbol 4 F +/– determines 4 Fconcave and con-
the D © © D¹ ¹
Η max 1.5 1 . 5 226000 4 ˜ 2 d (15)
vex contact. ΔΈ 2 ·d All quantities are the same as at the point contact
§ F F
After introduction ¨ the relation (11) the
in ¸ equa- ps
calculation, in addition dthe
2 length of the contact
F S Έb 3 F § ·
Έ 29 .8
tion derived byFdus for d ¨ F ¸ Η maxb appears.
2150 ¨ 1 r ¸ (14)
3 § · Δ ¨the contact surfaced diameter
0.0298 ¸ line
D
Έ 29 .8
we get the ¨relation d
1 r ¸ for¨ the maximum 3 § dcontact
· ¸ stress d 2
If we know the contact © ¹
surface (14)
diameter, we can
3 ©§ Dd · ¨ ¨ 1r ¸ ¸
value of two r ¹spheres
¨ 1steel ¸ © © D¹ ¹ simply determine the mean surface pressure ps (we
© D ¹ F distribution uniform, tetrahe-
8 the contact
4F 4F presume
Έ 2 u
Η max 1.5 1.5 Δ b u E R u Ε H1999).
dral) (Figure 5) (Švec (15)
2 (15)
2
2F § d ·
ΗΗmax 2150 43 F ¨ 1 r § ¸
ΔΈ 4F · (16)(15)
1.5 2 1.5 D ¨ ¹ ¸ 2
ΔΈ d2 ©
max
¨§ F ¸· F F
Δ ¨¨0.0298 d¸¸ p s (18)
S Έb
8 F ¨¨ 3 § Fd · ¸ ¸
Έ 2 u Δ¨¨ 0.0298 ¨ 1 r ¸ d¸ ¸
Dd¹ · ¹
(17)
Δ b u E R u Ε H ©¨ 3 ©§ But the real course of contact pressure is para-
¨ ¨ 1 r ¸ ¸¸ bolic. For the point contact the ratio between the
© we © D ¹ ¹
after Fa simple F adaptation
F § d · get
2 mean surface pressure and the(18)
maximum contact
pΗs (16)
max S 2150 Έb 3 2 ¨ 1 r D ¸ 2 stress was determined.
dF ©§ d ¹·
Η max 2150 3 2 ¨ 1 r ¸ (16) (16)
d © D¹ Control of Food Quality and Food Research. = 1.28 ps (19)
8 F
Έ 2 u (17)
Δ bu ER uΕH
8 F
Έ 2 u After simply introduction we can(17)
write the equa-
F Δ Fb u E R uLine Ε H contact tion
ps (18)
S Έb
It is Fa contact
F of two cylindrical bodies, the theo- F
ps σmax = 1.28 (18) (20)
reticalScontact Έb line is deformed by load into a tetra- δ×b
hedral concurrent surface.
In practice the contact stress is calculated by use By adaptation, simplification and introduction in
of substituted contact cylinders, both cylindrical the former equation we can write the equation for
bodies are substituted by cylindrical bodies with the maximum contact pressure quantity at the line
reduced radiuses. contact.

Figure 5. Diagram of two cylinders contact

110 RES. AGR. ENG., 52, 2006 (3): 107–114

Η max 1.28 u p s Fd (19)
Έ 4.74 Fd (24)
F
Έ 4.74 § d · (24)
Η max 1.28 b ¨§ 1 r d ¸· (20)
Έub b ©¨ 1 r D ¹¸
© D ¹
F
F Η max
1.28 F (25)
Η max 1.28 (21) Η max 1.28 (21)
Fd
3
8 F b u 4.74 u 10 3 Fd
bu 2 u b u 4.74 u 10 § d ·
Η max 1.28 u p s Δ bu ER uΕH b ¨§ 1 (19)
r d ¸·
b ©¨ 1 r D ¹¸
© D¹
Further we F describe the calculation of the contact
Η max 1.28 (20)
stress at twoΈ u b
cylinders contact. The cylinder mate- After Aftera asimplesimpleadaptation
adaptation we we get
get
rial is steel. For1other d materials the calculation is the After a simple adaptation we get
r
same, 1only1 the material D F § d ·
ΕH r 2 F constants (22)are different. Η
270 F ¨§ 1 r d ¸· (26) (26)
ΗFrom
max r 1 . 28
R d
the chapter 4 we know the reduced modulus Η max 270 b u d ¨ 1 r D ¸ (21)
(26)
8 F max
b u d ©© D ¹¹
of elasticity
8 b
of u 2
the
F
contact
u bodies
8
(steel + F
steel):
Έ R =2 226 000
E u MPa Δ b u2E R uuΕ H F d (23) F d F
Δ b r E R uΕ H Δ d Η max = 270 Contact K F pressures
1 ± d = 270 cone-cone
× 0.33 F 1 ± d = 89.1 F
The sum of main planes flexion radiuses we deter- 1r Η max = 270 K l × d 1 ± D = 270 × 0.33 l d 1 ± D = 89.1 l ×
mine according to the equation.b u 226000 u 2 u D l×d D l d D l×
d d At the calculation 2 of cone-cone contact pressure
1r § Η max · 2 l u d line contact 1 l˜d l u d § Η max
1 1 D
the
F ¨¨§two-dimensional
Η max ¸¸· lud  Η max  22 originates.
1 u l ˜ dThe 27 l u d ¨¨§ Η max
Ε r Fd
2 (22) F ©¨¨ 89.1 ¹¸¸is §the same d · as  Η at  7938 .81 ucylinder-d 27 E ©¨¨ ̇
Έ H4.74r R d (24) (22) calculation
© 89.1 ¹ ¨§ 1 r d ¸·
maxthe
7938 .81 §¨§ 1 r d ·¸·
contact E © ̇
§ d · cylinder, but the ©¨ 1initial
r D ¹¸ equation (26) is multiplied ¨ 1 r Dby¹¸
©
b¨ 1r ¸ D¹
© contact © posi- D¹
When8we©introduce D ¹ the equation
F 8 (22) in Fthe equa- a constant of the pressure K resultant
Έ 2
tion (17), u 2 u tion. This constant is described by several authors (23)
Δ we b rget
E R theu Ε HequationΔ for the contact planed where:
F 1 r where:
width
Η max 1.28
calculation. D in special literature (Fröhlich(25) 1980) presents the
b u 226000 u 2 u value K = 0.33.
3 Fd d d
8 b u 4.F74 u 10 8 d F ̇ Further1 r dthis . constant is described by e.g. Berndt,
Έ=2 × = 2 b §¨×1 r ·¸ ̇ 1r D .
Δ Fd Δ Bochman, D Föppel, Palmgren, Lundberg, Klaptrod,
Έ 4.74 b ± E R × Ε H © (24) D¹ 1±
d
§ d · D Faires and l u dothers.
§ Η max · 2
2
b¨ 1r ¸ b × 226 000 × 2 × F 27 .7 l u d
Equations §derived¨ Η ¸
max · by formerly (29)
mentioned authors
After a simple D¹
© adaptation d F 27.7 E ¨©¨¨ ̇ ¸¹¸¸ (29)
we get are mostlyE functions © ̇ ¹ determined from complete el-
(23)
F liptic integrals (Tripp 1985). Using these integral for-
ΗAfter 1a.28simple F adaptation
§ d · we get the equation for
mulas the constant result is approximately K = 0.3. (25)
Η maxcontact
the
max
270 plane¨width 1r ¸ (26)
Fd
b buu4.d74© u 10D3calculation.
¹ In practice the calculation according to Fröhlich
§ d · is suitable.
b ¨ 1r ¸
F ×Fd d © D¹ F d F d
Έ =max4.74
Η = 270 K 1± = 270 × 0.33 (24)
1± = 89.1 1± (27)
l × dd D l d D l×d D
F d F d
b 1± Η max = 270 K 1± = 270 × 0.33 1± = 89.1
After a simple adaptation
D we get l × d D l × d
(27) D
§Η 2
lud 1 l˜d l u d § Η max ·
2
max ·
F The ¨¨ symbol ¸¸ +/– determines ·Η max the
 2 concave uand con- 27 ¨ ¸ (28)
89 . 1 F § d
270¹ §¨ 1 r¨ d1Ηr·¸max ¸= 270(26)
7938 F . 81 d E ¨ ̇ F ¸¹ d F d
Η max
vexe © contact. K 1 ±§¨ 1 r d =·¸ 270 × 0.33© 1± = 89.1 1±
bu d ©D D ¹ l ×d DD l ×d D l×d D
When we introduce © ¹ the equation (24) derived © by¹
us into the equation (21) we get the relation of the
F d F d F d
where:
maximum
Η max = 270 K contact tress 1 ± at =the 270two× 0.33steel cylinder 1± =When
89.1 we express 1 ± the force F(27) we get the formula
contact. l×d D l d D l×d D
(27).
d 2 2
̇ § 1Ηrmax ·. lud 1 l˜d l u d § Η max ·
F ¨¨ D ¸¸  Η max  2 u 27 ¨¨ ¸¸ (28)
© 89.1 ¹ § d · 7938.81 § d · E © ̇ ¹
¨ 1r 2 ¸ ¨ 1r ¸
l u d § Η©max ·D ¹ © D¹
F 27.7 ¨ ¸ (29)
E ¨© ̇ σ ¸¹ – σ σz
τ =τ max x
σx
where: xz xy =
2

d
̇ 1r . σy σy
D σ
σ xσ y 2
l u d § Η max · σx = σz /2 Figure 6. Pressure stress acting
F 27.7 ¨ ¸¸ (29)
E ¨© ̇ ¹ on the elementary joist placed
in the middle of the contact
σx σt = σmax = pmax
length b

RES. AGR. ENG., 52, 2006 (3): 107–114 111

 © ¹
n we get After a simple adaptation we get
F d F d F d
Η max = 270 K F § d1 ±· = 270 × 0.33 1± = 89.1 1± (27)
(26) Η max 270 l¨×1dr ¸ D (26) l d D l×d D
bud © D¹
§ Η max · 2 l u d overview about
lFu d § Η max
2
the stress distribution in the given
FΗ F¨¨ = 270 Kd¸¸ F 1 ± d F =Η270  2 1F dl ˜ d 27 d ·¸
max d u
× 0.337938.81 1 ± = 89.1 element ¨
¨1 ± sections
¸ (27) 6). It(28)
(Figure is evident that the
= 270 × 0.33 max 89.1
© 1 ± ¹ l§×=d89.1d D· 1± l d § (27) D (28)d · l ×Ed © D ̇ ¹
l d D ¨ 1 r ¸l × d D ¨ 1r ¸ maximum shear stress in the middle of the contact
© D¹ © D¹
l u d § Ηsurface
2 2 is in the planes which are diverted from the
§ Η max · lud 1 l˜d max ·
1 F ¨¨ l ˜ d ¸¸ l u d Η  Η 
2 2
u 27 ¨ ¸ or if need be (28) z direction of an angle γ = 4.5°
d §¨· max ·¸ 7938.81 § E © axis
¨ ̇ y ¸
max
Η max  2 u © 89.1 ¹ 27
where:
§
¨ 1 r ¨¸ ¸ ¨ 1 r
d (28)
·
¸
¹
7938.81 § d · © ED ©¹ ̇ ¹ D¹ and its value is τ = τxy = 0.5 (pmax – σx)
¨ 1r ¸ © xz
D¹ If we effect the section through the body in the
©
where: d plane parallel with the contact surface in a low depth
̇
where:1 r D . under the contact surface, the normal stresses will
d be according to the increase of the section plane mi-
̇ 1 r l u d. § Η 2
D max · nor and of course different (Figure 7) from the state
F 27.7 ¨¨ ¸¸ (29)
E ̇
When we ©express2 ¹the force F from the former for- stress. The representation using Mohr’s circles for
l u d § Η max ·
mula,
F 27.7we get ¨ the equation
¸ for
(29) the maximum contact triaxial state of stress gives us again the graphic view
E ¨ ̇ ¸¹
force at the© contact cone-cone. of the stress distribution in the element (Figure 8)
(29) (Faires 1955; Krause & Jühe 1977).
l u d § Η max ·
2
(29) If we plot single normal stresses in the sections
F 27.7 ¨¨ ¸¸ parallel to the contact surface in various distance
E © ̇ ¹
from the contact surface we get the graphically
Pitting relation between the stress and the depth of cut
(Figure 7). From here derived shear stresses τyz =
In the former chapter we derived the equations (σz – σy)/2, τxz = (σz – σx)/2, τxy = (σy – σx)/2, which
for the contact surface size and for the course of act in the planes diverted of 45° from the planes
contact pressures distribution. From practical stress given by the axes yz, xz, xy are graphically presented
measurements of two cylindrical bodies contact the in Figure 8.
course of stress distribution in the body sections From the shear stresses distribution can be seen
near the contact surface was determined. If we shall that the maximum shear stress value τyz appears in
speculate about the bodies relative motion (what is the depth of cut near to (0.35–0.40)b. If we combine
the typical example of the friction drive), except the vectorial the shear stress τyz and the shear stress τs
contact pressure the very high friction force will act which is needed for the shear friction force block-
in the contact surface (Krause & Demirci 1975). ing in the contact surface, we get very high result-
In the contact place in the middle of the contact ing shear stresses in the planes α and β, which are
length b three normal pressure stresses σy , σx, σz diverted from the plane given by the directions xy
act on the elementary joist. The stress σy and σz are of the angle κ (Figure 8).
equal σy = σz =ρmax, while in the x direction the pres- Material crystals near the middle of the contact
sure stress is only half σx = 0.5ρmax (Figure 6). When surface are largely stressed by volume compression,
we plot these stresses in the Mohr’s circle, we get the which evokes their partial plastic deformation. In

Figure 7. Stress distribution on elementary

joists in the z – axis section in the depth
1.5b under the contact surface

112 RES. AGR. ENG., 52, 2006 (3): 107–114

 (σy – σx)
τxy =
2 section parallel to the contact sur-
the limiting depth of about 0.35 b the influence of
the high resultant shear stress begins to predomi-
nate, so that near the contact surface the complex
of pressed crystals can be cut off from the cylinder
surface under the angle κ (Figure 8). The whole effect
of excessive compression of the crystal complex and
their subsequent cut off from the surface is called as
pitting (Král 2002).
CONCLUSIONS
The operation of friction drives is influenced by a
great number of operating factors. Bearing stress,
slippage, heating-up and wear.
Factors which influence the bearing stress are
following: friction bodies’ material, contact stress,
contact bodies moving, medium of the contact proc-
ess and the general environs of the contact.
The fact that these factors affect one another
(slippage against temperature, temperature against
material etc.) shows the whole problem complex
of the friction origin and thus the origin of contact
stresses in friction drives.
It is very clear from the variety of affected factors
that the friction force or contact pressures value
cannot be calculated according to simple basic equa-
tions and rules (Krause & Demirci 1975).
For the bearing stress i.e. contact pressures value
calculation the Hertz’s equations are used. Heinrich
Hertz derived the basic equations which depend on
the input coefficients, which depend on the sizes
and dimensions of contact bodies. In next years
these coefficients were presented by various authors
either using the tables of dimensional coefficients
(Fröhlich 1980) or using the calculation of total
elliptic integrals (Tripp 1985). During the time
various equations have come into being which were
derived from the combination of the basic Hertz’s
and the empirical equations.
The relations determined in this paper are derived
more simply, but in our opinion they are suitable for
usual machine industry and applications in friction
drives.
RES. AGR. ENG., 52, 2006 (3): 107–114 113
Figure 8. Stress distribution in the
face in the depth of 0.35b under the
contact surface
In design practice the contact stresses calculation is
always the combination of theoretical Hertz’s equa-
tions and coefficients or empirical relations, which
were determined and tested by a long-standing oper-
ation of machines. E.g. for the calculation of contact
stress of two teeth of involutes gearing a very detailed
elaborated design procedure exists, which is long-
termed tested and gives very accurate results (Švec
1999; Král 2002; Bolek & Kochman 1989).
If we do not take into account the influence of
real factors which affect the contact stressed value
the calculated contact stress can be different from
real stress up to 50% (Klapdtrot 1980). Namely
the Hertz’s equations for contact stress are derived
from 3D analysis, but most of input information
for these equations are determined using the 2D
analysis. Next disadvantage of these equations is the
fact that they do not respect the contact surfaces
roughness and the premise that the stress peaks
point at the middle of contact surfaces (Jagodnik
& Müftü 2003).
At friction drives the influence of contact bodies
moving exists, too. From the basic condition of the
friction drive it follows that in the contact surface
except the contact pressure a very high friction force
acts (Krause & Jühe 1977).
On the basis of Hertz’s equations the equations
and methods for calculation of unelastic contact
of two bodies were determined. The equations of
contact state at unelastic contact speculate about
energy lost at reciprocal deformation of two bodies
(Gugan 2000).
Today the procedures and methods of contact
pressures calculation of nonmetallic bodies (glass,
granite) and at contact in different medium (water,
oil, etc.) exist, too. These equations were again
derived using the original Heinrich Hertz’s theory
(Franco & Batzoglou 2002).
On the basis of theoretical Hertz’s equations for
contact pressures calculation a great number of
calculation and application techniques exist. They
are determined for various branches of science,
from biomedicine, e.g. calculation of contact pres-
sures at hip joints, contact pressures between track
and wheel at rail transport, in terramechanic, i.e.
analysis of tyre contact with soil, tribology – calcula-
tion of lubricating layer load capacity to the known
engineering applications, e.g. calculation of bearings
and gear wheels.
By its theoretical equations Heinrich Hertz makes
possible the development of more detailed and exact
calculation and analyses of single design problems.
On basic of its theories the new modern methods
continuous arise from various branches of human
research. These analyses are derived only analyti-
cally using empirical data and serve as the basis for
the problems solution on the FEM basis.
References
Bolek A., Kochman J. (1989): Části strojů, svazek 1. SNTL,
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Bolek A., Kochman J. (1990): Části strojů, svazek 2. SNTL,
Praha.
Faires V.M. (1955): Design of Machine Elements. The Mac-
millan Company, New York.
Franco G.E., Batzoglou A.C. (2002): An elastic contact
mechanics fracture flow model. In: 15 th ASCE Engineering
Mechanics Conf., Columbia University, New York.
Fröhlich J. (1980): Technika uložení s valivými ložisky.
SNTL, Praha.
Gugan D. (2000): Inelastic collision and the Hertz theory of
impact. American Journal of Physics Teachers, 68: 8.
Herák D. (2005): Mechanické variátory otáček pro přenášený
výkon 0 až 50 kW. [Doktorská dizertace.] TF ČZU, Praha.
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Received for publication March 14, 2006
Accepted April 18, 2006

Abstrakt

Herák D., Chotěborský R., Sedláček A., Janča E. (2006): Využití Hertzových kontaktních tlaků v  třecích
převodech. Res. Agr. Eng., 52: 107–114.
Článek je zaměřen na aplikace rovnic popisujících velikosti Hertzových kontaktních tlaků vznikajících v třecích pře-
vodech. V článku jsou odvozeny zjednodušené rovnice vhodné pro výpočet kontaktních napětí vznikajících v třecích
převodech při styku koule – koule, válec – válec, kužel – kužel a jejich grafické znázornění rozložení napětí v kon-
taktní plošce. Pomocí Hertzových kontaktních tlaků a aplikací Mohrových kružnic je v článku odvozena podstata
vzniku pittingu a jsou zobrazeny průběhy napětí na elementárních hranolcích, ležících na ose z v řezech vedených
pod kontaktní ploškou.

Klíčová slova: kontaktní tlaky; třecí převod; Hertzovy tlaky; pitting; třecí síla; Mohrovy kružnice

Corresponding author:

Ing. David Herák, Ph.D., Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, Technická fakulta, katedra mechaniky a strojnictví,
Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6-Suchdol, Česká republika
tel.: + 420 224 383 186, fax: + 420 220 921 361, e mail: herak@tf.czu.cz

114 RES. AGR. ENG., 52, 2006 (3): 107–114