ENGINEERING

MECHANICS
STATICS AND MECHANICS
▪ Statics – the effect and
distributed of the forces on rigid
bodies which are remain at rest.
▪ Dynamics – the motion of the
rigid bodies caused by the force
acting on them. Rigid body is
defined as a definite amount of
matter the parts of which are
fixed in position relative to each
other.
SCALAR AND
VECTOR
SCALAR AND VECTOR
▪ SCALAR – are positive or negative
physical quantity the can be
completely specified by this
magnitude.
- Quantities which possess
magnitude only can be added
arithmetically.
Ex. length, mass, time, speed,
distance, volume, current etc.
▪ VECTOR – any physical quantity that
requires both a magnitude and direction
for its complete description.
- Quantities which possess
magnitude and direction and can be
combined only by geometric (vector)
addition
- Shows graphically by an arrow
length represent the magnitude and the
angle defines the direction of its line of
action.
Ex. force, position, moment, displacement,
acceleration, momentum, etc.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT AND
DEFINITION
▪ Particle – has a mass, but a size that can be neglected.
▪ Rigid Body – can be considered as a large number of particles in which all
the particles remain at a fixed distance from one another, both before
and after applying a load.
▪ Length – used to locate the position of a point in space and thereby
describe the size of a physical system.
▪ Time – is conceived as a succession of events
▪ Mass – is a measure of the quantity of matter that is used to compare
the action of one body with that of another.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT AND
DEFINITION
▪ Force – a “push or pull” exerted by one body to another
External Force - changes, or tends to change, the state of motion of
a body. (independent on point of application)
Internal Force – produces stress and deformation in the body.
(dependent on point of application)
▪ * Principle of Transmissibility – a force may be moved anywhere along
its line of action without changing its external effect on a rigid body.
NEWTON’S
THREE LAW OF
MOTION
NEWTON’S THREE LAW OF MOTION
▪ NEWTON’S THREE LAW OF MOTION
▪ First Law (Law of Inertia). A particle originally at rest, or moving in a
straight line with constant velocity, tends to remain in this state provided
the particle is not subjected to an unbalanced force.
NEWTON’S THREE LAW OF MOTION
▪ NEWTON’S THREE LAW OF MOTION
▪ Second Law (Law of Acceleration). A particle acted upon by an
unbalanced force experiences an acceleration that has the same
direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the
force.
NEWTON’S THREE LAW OF MOTION
▪ NEWTON’S THREE LAW OF MOTION
▪ Third Law. (Law of Action-Reaction). The mutual forces of action and
reaction between two particles are equal, opposite, and collinear
QUESTION
▪ Give 1 application of each Newton’s Law of Motion.
▪ In your Physics last sem, give a characteristics of a force.
▪ What is the units we used in force?
▪ Give the difference between a mass, weight and a force.
▪ Give the 5 stresses that experience by the aircraft? Differentiate each
stresses.
FORCE SYSTEM
FORCE SYSTEM
▪ Force system is any arrangement where two or more forces act on a
body.
▪ There are 4 different Force System:
1. Coplanar Forces – the lines of action of all the forces in a force system lie in one plane.
 FORCE SYSTEM
▪ 2. Parallel Forces - forces that are of the same angle to one another; the lines of action
are parallel.

▪ 3. Concurrent Forces - are system of forces whose line of

action (the direction in which a force acts) meet
at a common point
 FORCE SYSTEM
▪ 4. Non-Concurrent Forces – lines of action neither are parallel nor intersect in a
common point.
RESULTANT OF
THE FORCE
SYSTEM
RESULTANT OF THE FORCE SYSTEM
▪ The value of the resultant determines the motion of the body.
▪ If the resultant is zero, the body will be in equilibrium and will not change
its original state of motion.
▪ If the resultant is not zero the body will have a varying state of motion,
thereby creating a problem in dynamics.
 COMPONENT OF A FORCE

▪ We project F upon them to obtain

the perpendicular components Fx
and Fy. The relations between
these components and F is
determined in trigonometry of
sine, cosine and tangent of the
angle θx
 TRIGONOMETRY
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
Sin θx =
𝐹𝐹

Fy = F Sin θx
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
Cos θx =
𝐹𝐹
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
Fx = F Cos θx Tan θx =
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

PHYTAGOREAN THEOREM:

F = (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹)2 +(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹)2
 COMPONENT OF A FORCE
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
Sin θx =
𝐹𝐹

Fy = F Sin θx
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
Cos θx =
𝐹𝐹
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
Fx = F Cos θx Tan θx =
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

PHYTAGOREAN THEOREM:

F = (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹)2 +(𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹)2
COMPONENT OF A FORCE
 COMPONENT OF A FORCE
A force of 200lb is directed as shown in the figure 2-2. Determine X and Y component of the force.

Fx = F Cos θx Fx = 200lb Cos 30°

Fx = 200lb (0.866)
Fx = -173.2lb
Fy = F Sin θx Fy = 200lb Sin 30°
Fy = 200lb (0.5)
Fy = 100lb
 PRACTICE!
Determine the X and Y component of each of the force shown in the Figure 2-3. Note: 12 and 5 are the
distance of the of Y and X respectively from the origin.
RESULTANT OF
THREE OR MORE
CONCURRENT
FORCES
 RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE
CONCURRENT FORCES
▪ There are two ways of accomplishing the
addition of three or more vectors:
GRAPHICALLY and ANALLYTICALLY`
▪ GRAPHICALLY – Two vectors can be
added to give a resultant: this resultant
in turn can be added to a third vector
until all the vectors have been added
together to give an overall resultant.
 RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE
CONCURRENT FORCES

▪ ANALYTICALLY – The vectors can be

resolved into components that coincide
with arbitrarily chosen axes. The
components of each vector with respect to
these axes can be added algebraically, and
resulting addition will be the components
of the overall resultant vector.
 RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE
CONCURRENT FORCES
▪ It is apparent that Rx, the
component of R is equivalent to the
algebraic sum of the X components
of F, P and Q; also that Ry
equivalent to the algebraic sum of
the Y components of F, P and Q.
The components of R is denoted as
“Summation of X (∑x)” and
“Summation of Y (∑y)”
Rx = ∑x
Ry = ∑y
 RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE
CONCURRENT FORCES
▪ Having computed the
components of the resultant R, now
we can determine its magnitude and
inclination using the method
discuss earlier.
R = (∑x)2 +(∑y)2

∑y
Tan θx =
∑x
 RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE
CONCURRENT FORCES
▪ EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
Using the analytical and graphical method, find the resultant of the two forces: 2N at
40° and 4N at 127°, the angles being taken relative to the x-axis.
 RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE
CONCURRENT FORCES
▪ EXAMPLE PROBLEM:

▪ Determine completely the resultant of the concurrent force system shown in the
figure 2-6.
 RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE
CONCURRENT FORCES

Rx = ∑x ∑x = 200cos30° + 100cos45°- 400cos0 –

300cos60°
= 173.2051 + 70.7106 - 400 – 150
∑x = -306.0843lb
Ry = ∑y ∑y = 200sin30° + 300sin60° - 50sin90° -
100sin45°
= 100 + 259.8076 -50 – 70.7168
∑y = 239.0908lb
 RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE
CONCURRENT FORCES
R = (∑x)2 +(∑y)2

= (−306.0842)2 +(239.0908)2
R = 388.4lb
∑y
Tan θx =
∑x

239.0908
Tan θx = = 0.7811
306.0842

θx = tan-1(0.7811)
θx = 38°
QUESTION AND
CLARIFICATION