KULIAH 12

KOMUNITI SEMPADAN, EKONOMI

DAN KESELAMATAN
 BORDER
COMMUNITIES

CHARACTERISTICS

 Transnationalism

 Transnational
communities
 Border crossing
networks
 Ethnic networks
Cultural Heterogeneity
vs. cultural
homogeneity

Areas of International
conflict

Dynamic

Adaptive
PRELIMENARY FINDINGS IN
PULAU SEBATIK  Pulau Sebatik about 10km from Tawau
 Using a passport - journey for two
hours by boat/ferry from Tawau to
Nunukan in Kalimantan.
 From there we take a boat to
Bambangan in Pulau Sebatik and then
take a two-hour road trip to Sungai
Nyamuk
 Kg Sg. Aji kuning (Malaysia)
vs
Desa Sei Aji Kuning, Indonesia
Pulau Sebatik

Physical proximity
Cultural Ties–
Bugis ethnic
Same ethnic – cut-
off by international
border
Dual-citizenship to
facilitate border
crossing
Some own two
houses – each in
Malaysia & Indonesia
area
Ethnic
identity/relations is
more important
than national
identity
Do People really concerned about the ‘border’…(50 metres)
In the case of Southeast Asian borderlands, ‘formal
interviews’ are never very successful’. …the best
information is gathered through ‘hitchhiking in the logging
truck, joining ritual and family celebrations’ and ‘hanging
out in coffee shops…’ (Eilenberg, M. 2012)
 Methods -
Challenges

“…that e actl what we

did...

 Having lunch together

 Informal interviews (1st &
2nd Round)
Informal Interview

Lunch
Kg Sg. Aji Kuning
 SUNGAI PUKUL,
PULAU SEBATIK
• DIFFERENT
DYNAMIC
• METHOD -
QUESTIONNAIRE
• WHY?
 Data From Sg. Pukul,
Pulau Sebatik.

9
Data - Sungai Pukul, Pulau
Sebatik
 Sg Pukul – Crossing the Border
Kekerapan mengunjungi keluarga disebelah Kekerapan keluarga negara asal berkunjung ke
sempadan (i) kawasan anda dalam setahun (i)
Frequency Percent
Frequency Percent

tidak pernah 11 20.0 tidak pernah 9 16.4

1 hingga 2 kali 9 16.4 9 16.4
1 hingga 2 kali
3 hingga 4 kali 3 5.5
1 1.8
7 kali ke atas 3 5.5 5 hingga 6 kali
Total 26 47.3 Total 19 34.5

Kekerapan menyertai aktiviti sosial di negara asal

dalam setahun (i)
Frequency Percent
tidak pernah 8 14.5
1 hingga 2 kali 9 16.4
3 hingga 4 kali 4 7.3
5 hingga 6 kali 1 1.8
7 kali ke atas 1 1.8
Total 23 41.8
99 32 58.2
Total 55 100.0
border area-Tawau, Nunukan &Bambangan
 Social Networks and Border Communities (PULAU SEBATIK)

Survival Mobility Security

Strategy

Ethnic Identity -Cross Border Mitigate the

Dual Vs. -Economic Sharing risks
Citizenship National Identity activity Information

Economic
Utilize/access to Transmitting information
activity
resources – land,
(Smuggling)
health & education

Social + Material Support for

Facilitate the cross
Support Border-crossing
border activities
+ Transportation

Kinship ties Friendship Shared

community origin
Co-ethnic affiliation
 COMPARISON -Semporna Islands vs. Pulau Sebatik
Semporna (border communities)
P.Sebatik
Basic enable individuals Flexibility – Identity
Documentation Connections to create ‘multiple identities are
Citizenship opportunity in daily managed on a daily
(Networks of
life… basis….’(Donnan &
Access to Haller)
Complicity) resources/facilities Co-ethnic Survival
SOCIAL Strategy
Porous Border adaptive
NETWORKS
Facilitate cross-border
Kinship relations
practice

Border Communities often utilize reciprocal

different forms of strategies to responsibilities
maintain their networks, hence Shared
social capital countries of Origin
Mobility

Border people tied

Border community (ethnic culturally
identity) – those who share ethnic
ties across the border as well as Security
with those residing at their own
Social
state’ geographical core … Capital
(Wilson & Donnan, 1998)