CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

UITM PAHANG, KAMPUS JENGKA

BUILDING SERVICES
ECM346
OPEN-ENDED LAB
MARCH – JULY 2020

TITLE OF : COOLING TOWER

EXPERIMENT

DATE OF : 4/6/2020
EXPERIMENT

GROUP : 2

GROUP MEMBERS : 1. AUDRAZAFA AMIESHA BINTI HAMZAH

(2018681878)
2. NORHAZARINA BINTI ABDULLAH
(2018279252)
3. NUR AIDA SYAZWINA BINTI HASAN
(2018418984)
4. WAN NUR AMIRAH FARHANA BINTI RAZALI
(2018420518)

LECTURER : MISS AINAMARDIA NAZARUDIN

LEVEL OF OPENESS : 1
1. Reason of the changing of water level during experiment

The level of the water changes during the because of the evaporation. This occurred when
the warm water is pumped from the load tank through the control valve and water flow
meter to the column cap where its temperature is measured. The water is uniformly
distributed over the top packing deck and, as it spreads over the plates, a large thin film
of water is exposed to the air stream. The water is cooled, largely by the evaporation of a
small portion of the total flow, during its downward passage through the packing. The
cooled water falls from the lowest packing deck into the basin, from where it flows past a
thermocouple and into the load tank. The level of the water in the load tank slowly falls
due to the evaporation. This causes the float-operated needle valve to open and transfer
water from the make-up tank to equal the rate of evaporation.

2. The process of water and air flow happened inside of cooling tower

Cooling towers work based on the principle of evaporative cooling. Evaporative cooling is the
process where warm water from an industrial process is pumped up to the top of the cooling
tower where the water distribution system is. The water then gets distributed by cooling tower
nozzles to the wet deck. At the same time, air is being drawn through the air-inlet louvers
forcing water to evaporate. Evaporation causes the heat to be removed from the make - up
water. The hot air naturally rises out of the tire.
3. Location of cooling tower in building
4. Impact of cooling tower to environment

 The cooling towers use the latent heat of evaporation of water to exchange heat from the
process and the air which flows within the tower. The cooling tower emits into the
atmosphere large quantities of vapour and water drops of different sizes. The water drops
contain, with varying concentrations, the same impurities contained in the cooling water,
hence they are potentially dangerous when they deposit on a surface.

 Due to the huge vapour quantity emitted into the atmosphere, the production of a large
visible plume induces a decrease of the solar radiation below the plume itself, with
possible damages for the cultures. The fog can also increase, so as the ice formation on
the roads in country with cold weather.

 When cooling towers contain an open recirculation system, the microorganisms in the
cooling towers can spread from air to water. Microorganisms can rapidly multiply, when
a substrate presents and a number of conditions are ideal for microbial growth.

 The water emitted from the cooling tower that sent back to the natural waterways like
rivers, lack, and oceans is hotter than the natural water, and it harms the marine system.
This leads to the killing of fishes and cause algal blooms that can draw out oxygen from
the water and suffocates the various marine species. It can also create toxins in the water
and pollutes the marine environment