POLYMERIZATION REACTOR

Reference:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-
science/polymerization-reactor

The behavior of continuous polymerization reactors can be altered

significantly by forced oscillation of the reaction parameters such as
feed concentration of the reactants, flow rate and temperature.

According to its structure, a polymerization reactor can be classified

into four types: tank, column, tubular, and other special type
reactors. However, due to the high viscosity and high exothermicity
of a typical polymerization system, special attention has to be paid
to heat transfer and fluid flow when designing a polymerization
reactor. For instance, most of the polymerization reactors are
equipped with agitators. Commonly used tank reactors obviously
have stirring capability, and even a tower reactor is usually
equipped with multiple blades when it is used for polymerization.
The main functions of agitators in a polymerization reactor including
this process which is Mixing effect,Agitatingeffect,Suspension effect
and Dispertion effect

Mixing effect is when the feed contains more than two phases,
adequate agitation will ensure uniform concentration, temperature,
density, and viscosity in reactor.
Agitating effect also play important role to shearing the mixture with
the usage of blades of the agitator exert pressure on the fluid and
force the fluid to flow more vigorously. Fluid flow pattern can also be
changed by changing blade shapes to enhance heat and mass
transfer.
Suspension effect is shown after agitation keep solid particles or
oil-drops suspended uniformly in a reaction medium. This is
especially the case for suspension polymerization processes where
water is usually used as the solvent. Maintaining uniform
suspension of monomer drops or polymer particles in the water by
agitation is very critical for the polymerization process.
Dispersion effect contain gas, liquid, and solidwhich can be
dispersed in the liquid medium by agitation, which increases
interface area and hence enhances heat and mass transfer
 STRIPPING COLLUMN

Reference: https://www.filsonfilters.com/stripping-towers

Stripping column is a chemical equipment used for physical separation where one or more
components are removed from liquid stream by a vapor stream.When inter-phase,mass transfer
using the air to strip the contaminants out of the water using Ex-situ technique to remove volatile
organic compound from pumped groundwater.This technology is a physical process which transfer
the contaminant in liquid phase into the gas phase for the purification ground water and wasted
water

A stripping column packed with irregular shape and inconsistent size packing material in
order to provide high surface.As for the operation aspect contaminated water is pumped at the top
of the water into a liquid distribution system then the water is distributed as much as possible to
flow across the packing surface since what we want is a lot air water contact.After that the water
flow through the packing surface by the gravity

Finally the clean water is collected at the bottom of the water as the water goes down, at the same
time air flow is introduce through the same path but in opposite direction which is from bottom to
top by airblower.Air flow is pumped through the tower mass transfer from water to air air take place
Cooling tower

(References: https://www.towertechindia.com/blog/what-is-the-working-principle-of-the-cooling-
tower/)

A cooling tower is heat dismissal equipment that concentrates on the removal of warmth to the
climate through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. The approach of cooling
towers started in the nineteenth century when condensers were created to be utilized for steam
motors. Cooling towers may either utilize the principle of evaporation to eliminate water, measure
warmth and cool the functioning liquid to approach the wet-bulb air temperature or, on account of
shut circuit dry cooling towers, depend entirely on air to cool the functioning liquid to approach the
dry-bulb air temperature

Warm water from the heat source is pumped to the water distribution system at the top of the
tower. The water is distributed over the wet-deck fill by means of nozzles. Simultaneously, air is
drawn through air-inlet louvers and through the wet-deck surface causing a small portion of the
water to evaporate. The evaporative process removes heat from the water. The warm, moist air is
drawn out of the top of the tower. The resulting cold water is then recirculated back through the
heat source in a continuous cycle.

The internal components of the cooling tower represent the core of the heat transfer efficiency.
Different models use various components to achieve the best results. However, over time the
components can wear out, become fouled, or perhaps the site conditions or process has changed
and the original components no longer fit the need. Tower Components offers a wide variety of
cooling tower products that can be custom-selected for new and existing cooling towers. Just as a
cooling tower has a principle of operation, each component has a principle of operation specifically
suited to operating conditions.

In cross flow towers, air flow is directed across the water flow. Air flow enters the vertical faces of
the tower to meet the fill. Hot water is distributed to the fill, perpendicular to the air flow, by gravity
through perforated basins. The air passes through the fill, past the water flow into an open area
while gravity distributes the water through nozzles across the fill. The turbulent air will flow through
the fill structure to maximize the contact with the water thus drawing heat out of the water. A cold
water basin contains the water after its interaction with the air flow.

In counter flow towers, air flows opposite to the water flow. Air enters the tower beneath the fill
and is drawn up vertically into the tower. Above the fill, hot water is introduced through low
pressure spray nozzles to divide the hot water over the surface of the fill in fine droplets. The cooling
air draws heat from the water as it progresses to the bottom of the tower. The drift eliminator above
the spray nozzle captures water droplets and returns the water to the circulating system. A cold
water basin contains the water after its interaction with the air flow.
Steam boiler

(http://www.steamboilerlist.com/productknowledge/Steam-Boiler-Working-Principle.html)

A steam boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heat to be transferred to
water until it becomes heated water or steam. The hot water or steam under pressure is then usable
for transferring the heat to a process. Water is a useful and inexpensive medium for transferring
heat to a process. When water at atmospheric pressure is boiled into steam its volume increases
about 1,600 times, producing a force that is almost as explosive as gun powder. This causes the
boiler to be an equipment that must be treated with utmost care.

The basic working principle of steam boiler is very simple and easy to understand. The steam boiler
is essentially a closed vessel inside which water is stored. Fuel (generally coal, oil, gas, biomass) is
burnt in a furnace and hot gasses are produced. These hot gasses come in contact with water vessel
where the heat of these hot gases transfer to the water and consequently steam is produced in the
boiler. Then this steam is piped to the turbine of thermal power plant. There are many different
types of boiler utilized for different purposes like running a production unit, sanitizing some area,
sterilizing equipment, to warm up the surroundings etc.

The percentage of total heat exported by outlet steam in the total heat supplied by the fuel(coal) is
called steam boiler efficiency.

It includes with thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency & fuel to steam efficiency. Steam boiler
efficiency depends upon the size of boiler used. A typical efficiency of steam boiler is 80% to 88%.
Actually there are some losses occur like incomplete combustion, radiating loss occurs from steam
boiler surrounding wall, defective combustion gas etc. Hence, efficiency of steam boiler gives this
result.