____________________________________________________________________________

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(CHE 485)
____________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :
Checked by :

_____________________
Date :

0
Abstract summary

The aim of the experiment is to determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by
mass of acetic acid in vinegar using the titration method and a standardized sodium hydroxide
solution. A burette, which is useful for pouring tiny volumes of liquid, was used in this titration
technique.

This experiment's two halves are kept apart. In part 1 of this experiment, potassium
hydrogen phthalate solution, or KHP, will be titrated with sodium hydroxide in order to
standardize the sodium hydroxide solution for part 2. To carry out the titration, one milliliter of
sodium hydroxide was added to a beaker containing KHP solution. A pH meter that has been
calibrated before the experiment begins is then used to determine the pH level of the solution.

The steps were repeated after an equivalence point was reached, and the titration was
completed three times to determine the average value. Instead of using KHP solution to titrate
with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution in the second part of the experiment, vinegar
will be used. All of the gathered data are plotted and logged.

In part A, a graph of sodium hydroxide volume against pH value meanwhile a graph of

sodium hydroxide volume against vinegar pH value was drawn in part B.
Introduction

The amount of solute in a specified amount of solvent is known as the concentration of a

solution. A concentrated solution includes a sizable amount of solute in a given amount of
solvent. Diluted solutions have a small amount of solute for the amount of solvent present. The
terms with which concentration is specifically expressed are molarity and percent by mass.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution:

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) = 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(Equation 1-1)

Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥 100%
(Equation 1-2)

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid which has a chemical formula of CH₃COOH.
Titration is used to determine the molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar
solution. It is added gradually to a predetermined volume of a solution until the reaction’s
stoichiometry is reached. Then, the calculation of the unknown solution can be done after
knowing the total quantity of known solution needed to finish the titration. The purpose of
titration is to determine the equivalence point of the reaction. The equivalence point is reached
when the added quantity of one reactant is the exact amount necessary for a stoichiometric
reaction with another reactant.

Objectives

1. To determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar
by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution
2. To determine the percent by mass of Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) in vinegar by titration
with the standardized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.
3. To plot the titration curve of KHP with NaOH by the graph of pH versus volume of
NaOH used and the titration curve of vinegar with NaOH by the graph versus volume of
NaOH used.
Theory/ literature review

Burette was used in this experiment which acts as a small dispenser to precisely
increment the amount of solution for known concentration. Typically, the burette has the smallest
calibration unit of 0.1 mL in which it should be estimated to the nearest 0.01 mL.

Figure 1-1 a) a typical 50 mL burette. b) indicates the smallest calibration unit, 0.1 mL on a
typical burette

The equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution are equal to the
moles of bases added in the titration. For example, the stoichiometric amount of 1 mole of base
(in this case NaOH) is necessary to neutralize 1 mole of acid (in this case CH₃COOH) as
indicated in equation below.

𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂2𝐻(𝑎𝑞) ⇒ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂2(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) (Equation 1-3)

Changes in pH of the solution shows that the titration has reached the equivalence point.
pH in an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration. Symbolically, the
+
hydrogen ion concentration is written as [𝐻3𝑂 ] which is defined as the negative of the
logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.

+
𝑝𝐻 =− 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝐻3𝑂 ] (Equation 1-4)
 pH scale is a method of demonstrating the acidity and basicity of a solution in which
having a pH<7 are acidic, pH=7 are neutral and pH>7 are basic. To make this experiment
precise, a pH electrode tool was used. Before the titration was initiated, pH electrodes were
dipped into a beaker containing the acid solution (pH range within 3-5). Then, NaOH solutions
were incrementally added to the acid solution, where some of the hydrogen ions will be
neutralized. As the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the pH value moderately increases. As
sufficient NaOH were added to neutralize the acid, the next drop will cause a sudden sharp
increase in pH (figure 1-2). The volume of base required to completely neutralize the acid was
determined at the equivalence point of the titration.

Figure 1-2 acid-base titration curve of acid titrated with NaOH

Experiment using standardized sodium hydroxide was done using a titration of vinegar.
To standardize the sodium hydroxide solution, a primary standard acid solution was prepared.
Primary standard solution means that the product was produced by dissolving a weighted
quantity of pure acid or base in a known volume of solution. It must have characteristics like

● Must be available at least 99.9% purity

● Must have a high molar mass to minimize error in weighing
● Must be stable upon heating
● Must be soluble in the solvent of interest

Most common primary standard acid were Potassium hydrogen phthalate 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4 and
oxalic acid (𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻)2 meanwhile 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 were used in base. Most acids and bases are most
available as a primary standard. But, titration of the solution with a primary standard should be
done to standardize these acids and bases solution. In this experiment, potassium hydrogen
phthalate (KHP) titrated into NaOH solution, producing:
 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 ⇒ 𝐾𝑁𝑎𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2𝑂 (Equation 1-4)

It will be used to titrate 10.00 mL aliquots of vinegar once the sodium hydroxide solution
has been standardized. The equation for the reaction of vinegar with NaOH is:

𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) ⇒ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2𝑂 (Equation 1-5)

Determination of the molarity and the percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar
solution once knowing the standardized NaOH concentration and equation 6.

Sample calculation for standardizing a base with KHP.

Figure 3 depicts the titration curve of 1.523 grams of KHP dissolved in 30 mL of distilled
water titrated with NaOH. The molarity of the NaOH solution was determined.

Figure 1-3 titration curve of KHP with NaOH. The volume of NaOH used at the
equivalence point is 15.3 mL of NaOH

● Calculate the moles of KHP used in the titration

1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4
1.523g 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4𝑥 204.2𝑔 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4
= 0. 007458 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝐶8𝐻4𝑂4
● From equation 5, calculate the moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of KHP
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃
0.007458 mol 𝐾𝐻𝑃𝑥 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 0. 007458 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
● Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution
1𝐿
15.30 mL 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿
= 0. 01530𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

Sample calculations for determining the acetic acid concentration in vinegar by titration
with standard base
 A 10.00 mL aliquot of vinegar requires 16.95 mL of the 0.4875M standardized NaOH
solution to reach the equivalence point of the titration. The molarity and the percent by mass of
CH₃COOH in the solution were calculated and assumed the density of the vinegar solution is
1.00 g/mL

● Calculate the moles of NaOH that reacted

1𝐿
16.95mL 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻𝑥 1000𝑚𝐿
= 0. 01695𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

0.4875𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.01695L 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻𝑥 1𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 0. 008263𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

● Calculate the moles of CH₃COOH neutralized by the moles of NaOH

1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
0. 008263 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻𝑥 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 0. 008263𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

● Calculate the molarity of the CH₃COOH solution

1𝐿
10 𝑚𝐿 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿
= 0. 01𝐿 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 0.008263𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 0.8263 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

𝑀 = 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 0.01𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 0. 8263𝑀 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

● Calculate the mass of acetic acid in the solution

1𝐿
10 𝑚𝐿 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿
= 0. 01𝐿 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

0.8263𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 60.06𝑔 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

0. 01𝐿𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 1𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
= 0. 4963𝑔 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻

● Calculate the mass of the acetic acid solution

1𝑔 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
10 𝑚𝐿 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 1𝑚𝐿 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 10. 00𝑔 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

● Calculate the percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

𝑔 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 𝑔 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥100%

0.4693𝑔 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 10.00𝑔 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥100% = 1. 963% 𝐶𝐻₃𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
Apparatus

List of apparatus:

1. 250 mL beaker
2. High precision analytical weighing balance
3. pH electrode
4. Burette
5. Retort stand
6. Funnels
7. Measuring cylinder
8. Magnetic stirrer
9. Volumetric pipette

List of Materials:

1. Distilled water
2. 0.60M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
3. Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) solid
4. Vinegar
Methodology/procedures

Part A: Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution

1. 250 mL of approximately 0.6 M NaOH solution was prepared in a beaker.
2. A 250 mL beaker was weighed and the mass was then recorded to the nearest 0.001g.
1.5g of KHP then were added into the beaker and both total masses were recorded. The
mass of KHP by difference was calculated and the data was recorded.
3. About 30 mL of distilled water were added into the beaker and the solution was stirred
until the KHP dissolved completely.
4. NaOH solution was then titrated with every 1 mL addition and the pH data was recorded.
5. Steps 1 to 3 were repeated to perform a second trial to standardize the NaOH solution.
6. The graph of pH versus NaOH was plotted to determine the volume of NaOH required
for neutralizing the KHP solution of each 1 mL titration.
7. The molarity of NaOH was calculated for titration 1 and 2
8. The average molarity of NaOH for titrations 1 and 2 was calculated and the data will be
used in part B of the experiment.

Part B: Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar

1. 10.00 mL of vinegar were transferred into a 250 mL beaker using a 10 mL volumetric
pipette. Then about 75 mL of distilled water were added to cover the pH electrode tip
during the titration.
2. 1 mL of NaOH was added to vinegar, then record the data.
3. These two steps were repeated twice more
4. The graph of pH vs volume NaOH were plotted. From this, the volume of NaOH required
to neutralize vinegar can be determined from each titration. Then, all data were recorded.
5. Molarity of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated for titration 1 and 2.
6. The average molarity of acetic acid for each titration was calculated.
7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated for titration 1 and 2.
8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated.
Result

Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution with KPH Solution

Table 1: Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution with KPH Solution

Titration 1 2

Mass of beaker (g) 106.449 107.117

Mass of beaker + KHP (g) 107.949 108.618

Mass of KHP (g) 1.500 1.501

Volume of NaOH to neutralize the 12.0 12.0

KHP solution (mL)

Table 2: Titration of sodium hydroxide with KHP solution

Volume of NaOH (ml) pH of titration 1 pH of titration 2

0 4.20 4.37

1 4.44 4.53

2 4.65 4.70

3 4.82 4.83

4 4.97 4.98

5 5.07 5.11

6 5.20 5.21
 7 5.34 5.36

8 5.50 5.53

9 5.66 5.72

10 5.87 6.02

11 6.20 6.77

12 7.02 7.05

Graph of KHP titrated with NaOH

Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution with Vinegar

Table 3: Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution with Vinegar

Volume of vinegar (ml) 10 10

Volume of NaOH to 12 12
neutralize vinegar (ml)

Volume of distilled water (ml) 75 76

Table 4: Titration of sodium hydroxide with vinegar

Volume of NaOH (ml) pH of titration 1 pH of titration 2

0 3.18 3.38

1 3.28 3.44

2 3.62 3.70

3 3.88 3.94

4 4.28 4.11

5 4.24 4.33

6 4.39 4.44

7 4.54 4.63

8 4.72 4.80

9 4.93 5.00

10 5.22 5.30
 11 5.61 5.70

12 9.45 10.63

Graph of vinegar titrated with NaOH

CALCULATION

Calculation to calculate the molarity of sodium Hydroxide solution, NaOH:

Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 and 2:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃 (𝑔)

Moles of KHP (mol) = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃 (𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Moles of NaOH (mol) = No of moles of KHP x
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)

Molarity of NaOH (mol/L) =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝐿)
, where 1L = 1000ml

Calculation:

Titration 1
1.500𝑔
Moles of KHP = = 0.0073 mol
204.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Moles of NaOH = 0.0073 mol x = 0.0073 mol
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃

0.0073 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝑚𝑙

Molarity of NaOH (mol/L) =
12 𝑚𝑙
x 1𝐿
= 0.6083 mol/L

Titration 2

1.501𝑔
Moles of KHP = = 0.0074 mol
204.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Moles of NaOH = 0.0074 mol x = 0.0074 mol
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃
 0.0074 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝑚𝑙
Molarity of NaOH (mol/L) =
12 𝑚𝑙
x 1𝐿
= 0.6167 mol/L

Calculate the average molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 and 2:

Titration 1
Best value of volume NaOH: 11ml and 12ml

11𝑚𝑙 + 12𝑚𝑙
2
= 11.5ml

0.0073 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝑚𝑙

Molarity of NaOH used to neutralize KHP =
11.5 𝑚𝑙
x 1𝐿
= 0.6348 mol/L

Titration 2
Best value of volume NaOH: 11ml and 12ml

11𝑚𝑙 + 12𝑚𝑙
2
= 11.5ml

0.0074 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝑚𝑙

Molarity of NaOH used to neutralize KHP =
11.5 𝑚𝑙
x 1𝐿
= 0.6435 mol/L

Average molarity of NaOH:

0.6348 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 + 0.6435 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
Average molarity of NaOH = 2
= 0.6392 mol/L
Calculation to calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar:

Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 and 2:

Moles of NaOH (mol) = Volume of NaOH (L) x Molarity of NaOH (mol/L)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
Moles of acetic acid = Moles of NaOH (mol) x
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)

Molarity of Acetic Acid (mol/L) =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 (𝐿)

Calculation:

Titration 1

1𝐿
Moles of NaOH (mol) = 11. 5 x x 0. 6083 = 0.0070 mol
1000 𝑚𝑙

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
Moles of acetic acid (mol) = 0. 0070 x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 0.0070 mol

0.0070 1000 𝑚𝑙
Molarity of acetic acid (mol/L) =
10 𝑚𝑙
x 1𝐿
= 0.7000 mol

Titration 2

1𝐿
Moles of NaOH (mol) = 11. 5 x x 0. 6167 = 0.0071 mol
1000 𝑚𝑙

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
Moles of acetic acid (mol) = 0. 0071 x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 0.0071 mol

0.0071 1000 𝑚𝑙
Molarity of acetic acid (mol/L) =
10 𝑚𝑙
x 1𝐿
= 0.7100 mol
 Calculate average molarity of acetic acid for each titration:

Average molarity of Acetic Acid:

0.7000 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 + 0.7100 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
Average molarity of Acetic acid = 2
= 0.7050 mol/L

Calculate the % by mass of acetic acid in Vinegar for titration 1 and 2:

Mass of Acetic Acid (g)

= Volume (L) x Molarity of CH3COOH (mol/L) x molar mass (g/mol)

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔)

Percent Mass CH3COOH (%) = x 100%
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 (𝑔)

Calculation:

Titration 1
Mass of acetic acid = 0.01L x 0.7000 (ml/L) x 60.052 (g/mol)
= 0.4203 g

0.4203 𝑔
Percent mass CH3COOH (%) = x 100% = 4.20 %
10.0 (𝑔)

Titration 2
Mass of acetic acid = 0.01L x 0.7100 (ml/L) x 60.052 (g/mol)
= 0.4264 g

0.4264 𝑔
Percent mass CH3COOH (%) = x 100% = 4.26 %
10.0 (𝑔)

Calculate the average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar

4.20 % + 4.26 %
Average percent % = = 4.23 %
2
Discussion

Figure 2-1 Titration curve of KHP with NaOH

The experiment's objective is to determine the molarity of the vinegar solution and the
percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar through titration with the standardized hydroxide
solution. The acetic acid concentrations obtained from the experiment are 0.7000M and 0.7100M
for Titration 1 and Titration 2, respectively. Due to the instrument uncertainty, the molarity
values for each titration differ. The analytical balance was used to weight the 10mL volume of
vinegar that was first taken using the 10mL Volumetric pipette, resulting in more accurate data.
As a result, the average molarity of the acetic acid is calculated to ensure data consistency,
obtaining 0.7050M from the two titrations.

Figure shows the titration curve for the reaction of Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP
and sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH. According to the figure illustrated, as the volume of
NaOH added into the solution increases to 10mL, the pH value for the solution gradually rises
from pH 4 to approximately pH 6. However, after a small amount of NaOH is added to the
solution at 11mL to 12mL point, the pH value rises dramatically to pH 10, which indicates the
solution had become basic for both titration 1 and 2 of KHP titrated with NaOH.
 Figure 2-2 Titration curve of vinegar with NaOH

The experiment is then continued with the second part after the KHP is standardized by
NaOH, which is the titration of the vinegar solution with NaOH solution. In the second part of
the experiment, the figure illustrates the titration curve for the neutralization reaction between
sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH and vinegar. Showing a similar pattern as in the titration curve
of KHP and NaOH, the titration curve of vinegar and NaOH shows a steady increase of pH
between values 3 to 6 in which the volume of NaOH added increases to a value of 11mL.
Nonetheless, the pH value suddenly rose to pH of 10 when another 1mL of NaOH was
administered to the solution for both titration 1 and 2 of vinegar and NaOH.

The decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration [H3O+] in the solution causes the pH
value to rise as NaOH is added to the solution in both parts of the experiment. When there are
only a few hydrogen ions left in the solution and more NaOH is added, the pH of the solution
rapidly increases because the hydrogen ion in the solution has been fully neutralized and the
solution has begun to become basic. The percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution
obtained is 4.20% for Titration 1 and 4.26% for Titration 2. The experiment yielded an average
percent by mass of 4.23% acetic acid. This demonstrates that the acetic acid concentration in the
vinegar solution is very low and dilute. As a result of the low concentration of acetic acid in the
vinegar solution, vinegar is a weak acid.

Conclusion

The titration curve of KHP with NaOH (Figure 2-1) and NaOH with vinegar (Figure ) are
successfully plotted. The volume of NaOH used at the equivalence point for KHP solution is
12.0 mL whereas for Vinegar solution is 11.5mL. The concentrations of acetic acid obtained are
0.7000M and 0.7100M for Titration 1 and Titration 2 respectively. The average concentration of
the acetic acid is 0.7050M. The percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution obtained
are 4.20% and 4.26% for Titration 1 and Titration 2 respectively. The average percent by mass
of the acetic acid obtained in the experiment is 4.23%.

In this experiment, the purpose of this experiment is to determine the molarity of a

solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with the standardized
sodium hydroxide solution. It was concluded that we know that household vinegar contains a
weak acid called acetic acid. The following neutralization reaction occurs when a vinegar
solution is titrated with a known quantity of the strong base NaOH. Vinegar's acetic acid content
is actually quite low, making it ideal as a basic spice in cooking and preparing food due to its
sour flavor. All of the objectives for the experiment were ultimately met throughout the course of
the study.
Recommendation

There are plenty of ways to get accurate results during the experiment. The accurate
result could give significant changes, especially in the calculation. It also makes the data
experiment more reliable as it was conducted carefully with minimal errors.

The pH electrode was used to determine the pH value of a solution. It consists of a

voltmeter attached to a pH-responsive electrode and a reference electrode. As it dips into a
solution, some deposits will form on the electrode coat sensing glass. As a result, students are
measuring deposits rather than samples to be measured. Plus, dirty electrodes could result in
slow response time. The best way to avoid these errors is to clean the electrode with distilled
water after every dip.

The experiment needs to be repeated at least twice or thrice in order to get a more
accurate value and data involving calculation. Before proceeding to conduct the experiment, the
procedures need to be understandable in order to avoid making mistakes such as taking the
wrong concentration of materials. Once the experiment is finished, dispose of used chemicals
into the correct bins and avoid disposing it through the sink.

The eyes of the students who are responsible in taking the reading of the burette should
be parallel to the meniscus of the sodium hydroxide, NaOH in order to avoid parallax error from
occurring. This could lead to inaccurate data obtained due to the difference volume of NaOH
used for the experiment and tabulated in the data table.
References

1) Lab manual given by Ir Dr Iylia Idris

2) Supharoek, S. A., Ponhong, K., Siriangkhawut, W., & Grudpan, K. (2018). Employing
natural reagents from turmeric and lime for acetic acid determination in vinegar sample.
journal of food and drug analysis, 26(2), 583-590.

3) Rossing, T. H., Maffeo, N., & Fencl, V. (1986). Acid-base effects of altering plasma
protein concentration in human blood in vitro. Journal of applied physiology, 61(6),
2260-2265.

4) Tétreault, J., & Stamatopoulou, E. (1997). Determination of concentrations of acetic acid

emitted from wood coatings in enclosures. Studies in conservation, 42(3), 141-156.

5) Scharf, W., & Malerich, C. (2010). Determination of acetic acid content of vinegar. New
York, USA: Natural Sciences, 10010.
Appendix

Figure a) Student is taking measurement reading on burette for data recording

Figure b) Student is adding 1mL of NaOH from burette into the beaker containing solution
Figure c) Student is dipping the pH electrode into the beaker containing solution

Figure d) Student is recording pH data for the titration experiment

Figure e) Student is cleaning up the apparatus once experiment is done