1.

Conjugate acid and base

a conjugate acid is the acid member, HX, of a pair of compounds that differ from
each other by gain or loss of a proton. A conjugate acid can release or donate a proton.
A conjugate base is the name given to the species that remains after the acid has donated
its proton. The conjugate base can accept a proton.

2. Dissociation
the breaking up of a compound into simpler constituents that are usually capable
of recombining under other conditions.

3. Bronsted-Lowry theory
lso called proton theory of acids and bases, a theory, introduced independently
in 1923 by the Danish chemist Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and the English
chemist Thomas Martin Lowry, stating that any compound that can transfer a proton to
any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base.

4. Arrhenius theory
introduced in 1887 by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius, that acids are
substances that dissociate in water to yield electrically charged atoms or molecules,
called ions, one of which is a hydrogen ion (H+), and that bases ionize in water to yield
hydroxide ions (OH−). It is now known that the hydrogen ion cannot exist alone in water
solution; rather, it exists in a combined state with a water molecule, as the hydronium ion
(H3O+). In practice the hydronium ion is still customarily referred to as the hydrogen ion.

5. Simple PH in buffer
A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic
components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining
the pH of the solution relatively stable. This is important for processes and/or reactions
which require specific and stable pH ranges. Buffer solutions have a working pH range
and capacity which dictate how much acid/base can be neutralized before pH changes,
and the amount by which it will change.

6. Solving the pOH

There are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH and pOH refer to
hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxide ion concentration, respectively. The "p" in pH
and pOH stands for "negative logarithm of" and is used to make it easier to work with
extremely large or small values. pH and pOH are only meaningful when applied to
aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a
hydroxide.
H2O ⇆ H+ + OH-

When calculating pOH, remember that [] refers to molarity, M.

 Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1x10-14 at 25°C
for pure water [H+] = [OH-] = 1x10-7
Acidic Solution: [H+] > 1x10-7
Basic Solution: [H+] < 1x10-7
7. Quadratic equation

A quadratic equation is an equation that can be written in the form,

ax2 + bx + c = 0.

To solve a quadratic equation means to find the values of x such that the above equation
holds true. You can solve quadratic equations by completing the square, using the
quadratic formula, or, in rare cases, by factoring.