A Research paper

On

“Today’s Education, Tomorrow’s Job”

By
Division Roll No. Name of the Student
B 13 Chinmay Kamble
B 15 Devendra Sathawane
B 19 Digambar Gaikwad
B 34 Prafulla Dhoble
B 45 Rozy Singh

Research Paper of BRM 2019 (Semester – I)

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

YEAR 2019-2020
Introduction
We often hear employers and business leaders lament the unfortunate gap between what students
learn in college and what they are actually expected to know in order to be job-ready. Students
attend college and select degree fields in the hope of succeeding in the labor market. One
aspect of labor market success is the ability to utilize the investment in schooling in future
employment. Much research has been performed on the match between worker education and
jobs, with the focus on the relationship between the years of schooling required for jobs and
completed schooling. Unemployment in India is one of a major problem. According to Centre
for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), an economics and business think-tank, as of 2018,
unemployment in India had risen to 31 million individuals looking for jobs. The lowest
unemployment rate in India was 3.4% in July 2017, but has now risen to 8.1%. The reason
for increasing unemployment can be divided further into micro and macro level. The micro
factors would be caste system, increasing population, slow economic growth, slow industrial
growth, Seasonality of agricultural occupations, joint family system, shortage of means of
production, expansion of universities, etc. The macro factor would be today’s education,
India has a lot of unemployed youth, and there are hundreds of jobs, but the problem is the
skill gap issue. Students are being taught skills that today’s jobs do not need anymore. India
could have secured a $1.97 trillion worth of GDP growth over the next decade by investing in
intelligent technologies. But now, we might have to forget it if we don't take adequate steps
to tackle the skill gap issue. Divya Jain, the founder and CEO of Safeducate (one of India’s
largest training, skilling and consulting firms) says that 15 million youngsters entering the
workforce each year, corporate India and research institutes seem to agree that 65-75% are
not job ready or are unemployable. Students are simply not being taught the right skills that
the industry needs now. Ishan Gupta, the MD of Udacity India (a global lifelong learning
platform connecting education to jobs and providing students with skills to advance careers)
says "The job roles that existed yesterday aren't the roles that exist today and are certainly not
going to be the jobs of tomorrow. We will have to invest a lot in quality education focussed
on industry needs to deal with the skill gap,"
This paper advances the literature on educational mismatch by linking the demand for
specific college majors with variation in the returns to education for individuals with similar
majors. Data on college graduates are used to examine the match between the college major
and jobs. In particular, this paper seeks to answer three questions: To what extent was the
work on the principal job related to the highest degree? What competencies learned in college
did they find most useful in the first job? Unemployment of students due to outdated syllabus
and poor quality of education teaching.

Abstract
This paper aims to discuss three major subjects. The major part consists of the relationships between
education and the job market. Factors that cause job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are explained
from various leading researches and conclusions from relevant researchers are presented. The levels
and the types of education, however, never are closely ‘matched’ to professional positions and job
requirements. Data from the National Survey of College Graduates are used to examine the extent
to which workers report that their work activities unrelated to the college major. What degree fields
lead to greater mismatch is explored as well as the effect on the returns to schooling.
Objective
 To analyse unemployment of students due to outdated syllabus and poor quality of
education teaching.
 To determine which extra curriculum activities can be encouraged to generate broad
knowledge across domain as well as social and interpersonal skills.
 To determine about to what extent was the work on the principal job related to the
highest degree.

Literature review
John Robst (2006), in his study on job-education mismatch focused to answer three questions: Firstly
what proportion of college graduates work in jobs unrelated to their field of study? Secondly, which
degree fields lead to greater mismatch? And lastly, does working outside the degree field affect
earnings? The study concluded that Fifty-five percent of individuals report that their work and field
of study are closely related. While Forty five percent of workers report that their job is only partially
related or not related to their field of study. Workers who are mismatched earn less than adequately
matched workers with the same amount of schooling. The wage effects in this paper vary depending
on the field of study. Graduates from majors that emphasize general skills (e.g., liberal arts) have a
higher likelihood of mismatch, but relatively low costs to be mismatched. Some majors emphasize
occupation specific skills and mismatched workers incur substantial costs

Shujaat Farooq (2011) through his study has made an attempt to estimate the incidences of job
mismatch in Pakistan. The study has divided the job mismatch into three categories; education-job
mismatch, qualification mismatch and field of study and job mismatch. Both the primary and
secondary datasets have been used in which the formal sector employed graduates have been
targeted. This study has measured the education-job mismatch by three approaches and found that
about one-third of the graduates are facing education-job mismatch. In similar, more than one-
fourth of the graduates are mismatched in qualification, about half of them are over-qualified and
remaining half are under-qualified. The analysis also shows that 11.3 percent of the graduates have
irrelevant and 13.8 percent have slightly relevant jobs to their studied field of disciplines. Our
analysis shows that women are more likely than men to be mismatched in field of study.
Identification of variables
 Perception of people about education system
 Skills required at work
 Employment status

Developing theoretical construct and hypothesis

As per research paper described that mismatch between the education and job there may be
two different perspective like mismatch between the education and job of graduates and
postgraduate students. But at the end it is in between of education and work/job
Hypothesis:
H0: there is no relationship between job and educational mismatch of students
H1: there is relationship between job and educational mismatch of students.

Methodology- research design, sample design

The data necessary for the current study has been collected both through primary and
secondary sources as explained below.
1) Primary Source
The current study uses a survey method, and hence the questionnaire has been prepared,
which contains both open and close-ended type of questions. Some responses are based on
point scale and the remaining are simple multiple choice questions.
2) Secondary Source
Sources such as previous research, previous records, magazines, websites, books and articles
related to the current study have been referred and used as secondary source.
3) Universe and Sampling
The universe of the topic under study is employees of service and manufacturing industries as
well as employees of academic institutions located in Kolhapur district. The simple stratified
random sampling method is used to select the employees as respondents to this survey.
 Population – Educated People
 Sample Size: 129
 Sampling Method: Quota sampling.

Questionnaire and Data design

The type of research design is Quantitative and Qualitative research design. This paper aims
to study the relationship between education and job.
The in-depth interview for this study is limited mostly to age group of 18-30 years. The
Sampling method here is Quota Sampling as there is pre-set standard that the population
required is educated or graduated people. Survey is done on the people who are our friends
/colleagues who are working and some students whom having job experience.
The primary data collected through self-structured questionnaire in five point Likert scale.
The sample size of our survey is 129 and the population is mostly the working officials. The
responses thus collected were analysed on the basis of pie-charts and bar graphs.

1. Current status of Employment

Current status

60

50
No. of Respondent

40
58
30
39
20 32

10

0
Employed Student Unemployed
Current Status

The current status of employment of the respondent, as can be seen where mostly students
followed by employed people. The list number of respondent status where unemployed.

2. To what extent was your work on the principal job related to your highest
degree?
 Total

Closely related
24%

Somewhat related
49%

Not related
27%

Most of the respondents found the degree somewhat related to their principle job. Where 27%
of respondents found that their highest degree is not related to their work.

3. Was the curriculum you had in college relevant to your first job?

College curriculum relevence to the first job

No
58 Yes

67

67% responded (majority) didn't find the curriculum of college relevant to them for job.

4. The increasing unemployment rate of educated people is because of poor

quality teaching or outdated syllabus?
 40

35
32

12
10

Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree

58% of respondent agree to that the reason behind the unemployment rate is the outdated
syllabus and addition to that is way of teaching. Where the 24% of respondent were
undecided between the relation of outdated syllabus and unemployment.

5. What competencies learned in college did you find most useful in your
first job?

Problem Solving Skills

Entrepreneurial skill

Human Relation Skills

Communication skills

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Respondent found that the communication skills and problem solving skills are the most
useful skills while working.
There were total 129 Reponses recorded out of which, 55 were females and 74 were
males. 24% of individuals report that their work and field of study are closely related, while
49% report that they are somewhat related. Twenty seven percent of the sample report their
field of study and work are not related. The respondent’s reviews on whether there should be
implementation of new technologies in the Indian education system, the respondents, strongly
agreed to it. Majority of the respondents disagreed, after being asked about the curriculum
they had in college relevant to their first job. So from this we can conclude that there is a
mismatch between college education and job.

Discussion
A McKinsey report said 94% of engineering graduates are not fit for hiring. Just quarter of
engineers in India where actually employable. Top 10 companies only hire top 6%
engineering graduates. Are we going in right direction? Or education means only to literate
people student can read, write, learn, but they are not productive. India's problem substandard
engineering education is widely known. Except IITs and other prestigious technology
institutes. Most colleges are unable to provide education to student that will get them suitable
jobs. As the route of the problem is poor quality teaching. As there large number of colleges
are opening we are lagging behind the quality.

Conclusion
The match between workers’ schooling and jobs has been the focus of the considerable
research. The paper has a different look at the issue by considering the match between
employment and the field of study in college. The current study provides an empirical
investigation of degree or the extent to which job and education among Indian graduates’
matches or mismatches and also the type of mismatches (if any). Conclusions after analysing
the data could assume that vertical mismatch of job is literally evident in Indian industries
than in academic institutions and on the contrary the horizontal mismatch is evident in
academic institutions than in industries. The possible reasons that one can trace logically
behind such mismatch is the rise in population in general and increase of supply in labour
market in particular. Many researches in India have also concluded that employability of
many graduates has hit the minimum level than ever and that is causing many job aspirants to
get associated with low job profiles or to accept job profiles other than their educational
qualification. In several cases it is observed that many job holders are not ready to accept
higher rank jobs even if they deserve it, simply because such an acceptance requires them to
migrate to the place where they see huge cultural difference. Cultural diversities pose huge
challenges before many graduates in India to shift to the place where they can seek their
career opportunities and as a result majority of workers are contended with their current job
irrespective of whether their Job and Education match or mismatch.
Managerial implication
Educational institutes in India train millions of students each year, however majority of
Indian graduates across disciplines remain unemployed. There seems to be an inherent
disconnect between the curriculum based learning at the school and University with the
requisite job ready skills needed by Indian corporates.
Despite of some initials taken by government, there is large gap between supply and demand.
Where students expressing their frustration by way of limited job opportunities.

1. Need more engaging classroom experience

2. Acquiring knowledge or gaining relevant skills are more important than acquiring marks
3. Use of technology
4. Universities and colleges should partner with vocational training institutes.

Limitations.
1. The selective sample size may not be a true representative of the whole universe.
2. Employees at times were hesitant to answer the questions accurately and thus the
possibility of leniency at employees’ part cannot completely be ruled out.
3. It involves lot of complex human behaviour, which require a comprehensive study
over a period of time.

References
 https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/unemployment-in-india/
 https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/on-national-youth-day-
know-how-india-can-close-its-massive-skill-gap-and-deal-with-unemployment-
1429570-2019-01-12
 https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/skill-vs-degree-
343780-2016-09-28
 John Robst Education and job match: The relatedness of college major and work
 Bauer, T. K. (2002). Educational mismatch and wages: A panel analysis. Economics
of Education Review, 21(3), 221–229.
 Farooq, S. (2011). Mismatch Between Education and Occupation: A Case Study of
Pakistani Graduates. The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics, vol. 50(4), pages 531-553.