Disassembling the Computer

It's Not a Race

If you are familiar with the procedure of disassembling a computer,
then you can skip this section. If you are a beginner and actually want
to learn something, then document well, and learn or re-affirm your
Glossary
of
knowledge about everything you see inside. Given a screwdriver, a 10-
Terms year old could probably have the computer apart in a half-hour or so. If
you're using this section as a lab or learning assignment, and you have
What's Inside your computer apart in the same time as a 10-year old, then that's the
ESD
integrated circuits level you'll be at. But if you take a slow relaxed approach, discuss,
motherboard
CPU question and research each component as it's removed, you'll learn alot.
math coprocessor
cache
Read the sections on What's Inside and What You See, fall back on
clock speed your own knowledge, use the Internet, your books and resource
system bus
external bus material. It's impossible to retain all the information, so one of the most
CPU revisited
memory
important computer skills you can learn is how to research and use your
hard drives resources to find what you need. Here's an example of some questions
disassembly
reassembly to think about or discuss as you proceed:

 Should I document everything I do or everything I remove?

 Am I taking the best ESD precautions available to me right now.
 When you remove an expansion card what kind of card is it?
What kind of expansion slot did it come from? How many bits
wide is that slot? What is the bus speed? What does the card do?
If there's any wires attached to the card, what's the other end
attached to and what are the wires or cables for. What kind of
port is on the end of the card?
 When removing a drive, what kind of drive is it? Is there
information documented right on the drive itself? What kind of
power connector does it use? Are there jumper settings on the
drive? What for? Are any drives connected together or do they
all have their own cable? Does it matter which cable I hook up
when I reassemble? What are some of the things I know about
this particular type of drive?
  When removing wires or cables, what are the cables for? Which
connectors are actually being used and what could the other ones
be for? Are they following the pin-1 rule? Is pin-1 actually
designated on the device the cable is attached to? Is it designated
in more than one way?
 Am I still taking proper ESD precautions and is my antistatic
strap still hooked up?
 Look at the motherboard again when there's not so much in the
way. Can you point out the CPU? How about the BIOS chip, the
battery, cache RAM, keyboard connector? Is it an AT, Baby AT,
or ATX format? Is there a math coprocessor? Where is it? Is the
system memory supplied on SIMMs or DIMMs? How many pins
on the memory module? How many memory slots are thee for
each bank of system memory? Is the CPU installed in a ZIF
socket or a friction socket? Are there any jumpers on the
motherboard? Is there any information silk-screened on the board
itself?

This is just an example of the questions you should be asking yourself.

Try to come up with lots more. Even if you are not prepared to actually
take your computer apart at this time, just take the cover off and ask
yourself these questions as you visualize the various steps involved.
Remember, not all questions can be answered by a single resource.
Look in your notes, check out your manuals and resource material, ask
questions.

ESD
Read the section on Electrostatic Discharge and always take ESD
precautions. Remember, if you can feel a static shock its probably close
to 3000 volts. Some ICs can be affected by as little as 30 volts.

 Always use an antistatic wrist strap.

 Keep a supply of antistatic bags to place components in as they
are removed.
 Leaving the computer plugged in is a recommended procedure.
However, make sure it's switched off and remember that the
cable going to the remote switch on the front of the case carries
AC current at house voltage. Also, ATX motherboards have
power to them all the time, even when the switch is off. Before
beginning to remove a power supply or an ATX motherboard,
always make sure your computer is unplugged.

Before Beginning
You want to make sure you have what you need. Your wrist strap is
attached to the computer, you don't want to have to run to the other side
of the room or to another room to get something. Forget about the strap
and your computer may follow you.

 Have a pen and paper ready. Documentation is real important.

After you've changed a few jumpers or removed or replaced a
few cables and cards, you probably will have to put some back
the way they were. If you have documentation, putting things
back together can be a simple reverse process. This is true of
software troubleshooting as well.
 Make sure you have the tools you need and they're all close by
and handy.
 Be sure to have a container to keep the screws in so you have
them when you want to put things back together.
 Make sure you have the resource material, drivers or software
that you may need.
 If possible, enter the CMOS setup and record the information
available. At least record the floppy and hard drive configuration
and any settings that may be different from the default. You want
to be careful not to remove the battery and lose these settings,
but stuff happens.
 Disassembly is major surgery, do a full backup of the system.
Programs that you have the original disks for can always be
replaced, but any upgrades for those programs and any programs
that have been downloaded from the Internet may or may not
still be available. Bookmarks, e-mail addresses, phone and fax
numbers, dial-up connections, DNS settings and networking
protocols can be a real pain to replace. Even the best technicians
cannot guarantee your data, so back it up. Also, in Windows9x,
all the IRQ, I/O addresses, and DMA settings can be found (and
printed) from the Device Manager in Control Panel. In
Windows98 check out Start/Programs/Accessories/System
Tools/System Information.
 Close all programs, shut down Windows, and turn off your
computer. Then remove the cables from the back of the case.
 One other thing: you have to use a little common sense. Don't
necessarily follow this information to the letter, it's only meant to
be a guide. If you think it would be easier to remove some
expansion cards before removing the drive bay, then do it. If you
can better access the data cables after the drive is out, then do it
that way. If it would be easier to disconnect the power cables and
remove the power supply before accessing DIMMs or SIMMs
…..
 I think you get the point.

continued...

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Before Beginning
You want to make sure you have what you need. Your wrist strap is attached to the
computer, you don't want to have to run to the other side of the room or to another
room to get something. Forget about the strap and your computer may follow you.

 Have a pen and paper ready. Documentation is real important. After you've
changed a few jumpers or removed or replaced a few cables and cards, you
probably will have to put some back the way they were. If you have
documentation, putting things back together can be a simple reverse process.
This is true of software troubleshooting as well.
 Make sure you have the tools you need and they're all close by and handy.
 Be sure to have a container to keep the screws in so you have them when
you want to put things back together.
 Make sure you have the resource material, drivers or software that you may
need.
 If possible, enter the CMOS setup and record the information available. At
least record the floppy and hard drive configuration and any settings that
may be different from the default. You want to be careful not to remove the
battery and lose these settings, but stuff happens.
 Disassembly is major surgery, do a full backup of the system. Programs that
you have the original disks for can always be replaced, but any upgrades for
those programs and any programs that have been downloaded from the
Internet may or may not still be available. Bookmarks, e-mail addresses,
 phone and fax numbers, dial-up connections, DNS settings and networking
protocols can be a real pain to replace. Even the best technicians cannot
guarantee your data, so back it up. Also, in Windows9x, all the IRQ, I/O
addresses, and DMA settings can be found (and printed) from the Device
Manager in Control Panel. In Windows98 check out
Start/Programs/Accessories/System Tools/System Information.
 Close all programs, shut down Windows, and turn off your computer. Then
remove the cables from the back of the case.
 One other thing: you have to use a little common sense. Don't necessarily
follow this information to the letter, it's only meant to be a guide. If you
think it would be easier to remove some expansion cards before removing
the drive bay, then do it. If you can better access the data cables after the
drive is out, then do it that way. If it would be easier to disconnect the power
cables and remove the power supply before accessing DIMMs or SIMMs