Department of Information Technology

Academic Year: 2018-19 Semester: IV

Class / Branch: SE IT
Subject: Microprocessor Programming Lab

Experiment No. 11

Aim:- To study the disassembling the system unit and identifying the internal components
and connections.

Hardware Used:- All parts of Personal computers such as Monitor, keyboard, mouse, printers,
power supply , motherboard , Memory.

Theory:-

Parts of Computer System

CPU Cabinet

Monitor

Keyboard

Mouse

Printer/scanner [if attached]

i) power supply

ii) motherboard

iii) processor

iv) hard disk

v) memory(RAM, ROM)

vi) CMOS battery

vii) CD drive

viii)monitor

ix) keyboard

x) mouse

xi) printer

xii) scanner

xiii) pen drives

xiv) disk drives

Disassembling the computer system

Step 1 -Detach the power cable:

• The disassembling of the computer system starts with externally connected device

detachment. Make sure the computer system is turned off, if not then successfully shut down the
system and then start detaching the external devices from the computer system.

• It includes removing the power cable from electricity switchboard, then remove the cable from
SMPS (switch mode power supply) from the back of the CPU Cabinet. And remove the
remaining external devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer or scanner from the back of
CPU cabinet.

Step-2 Remove the Cove

The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo the screws on the back of the case,
slide the cover back about an inch and lift it off. The screwdrivers as per the type of screw are
required to do the task. Remove the adapter cards:

• Make sure if the card has any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if it would be
easier to remove them before or after you remove the card. Remove the screw if any, that holds
the card in place. Grab the card by its edges, front and back, and gently rock it lengthwise to
release it.
Step-3 Remove the drives:

Removing drives is easier. There can be possibly three types of drives present in your computer
system, Hard disk drive, CD/DVD/Blue-ray drives, floppy disk drives (almost absolute now a
day).

They usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the device to a controller
card or a connector on the motherboard. CD/DVD/Blue Ray drive may have an analog cable
connected to the sound card for direct audio output.

The power may be attached using one of two connectors, a Molex connector or a Berg connector
for the drive. The Molex connector may require to be wiggled slightly from side to side and
apply gentle pressure outwards. The Berg connector may just pull out or it may have a small tab
which has to be lifted with a screwdriver.

Now Pull data cables off from the drive as well as motherboard connector. The hard disk drive
and CD/DVD drives have two types of data cables. IDE and SATA cables. The IDE cables need
better care while being removed as it may cause the damage to drive connector pins. Gently
wiggle the cable sideways and remove it. The SATA cables can be removed easily by pressing
the tab and pulling the connector straight back. Now remove the screws and slide the drive out
the back of the bay. Remove the memory module:

Step-4 Put SIMM in a safe place.

DIMM- There are plastic tabs on the end of the DIMM sockets. Press the tabs down and away
from the socket. The DIMM will lift slightly. Now grab it by the edges and place it safely.

Do not let the chips get dust all.

Step-5 Remove the Power supply:

The power supply is attached into tower cabinet at the top back end of the tower. Make sure the
power connector is detached from the switchboard. Start removing the power connector
connected to motherboard including CPU fan power connector, cabinet fan, the front panel of
cabinet power buttons and all the remaining drives if not detached yet.

Now remove the screws of SMPS from the back of the cabinet and the SMPS can be detached
from the tower cabinet.

Step-6 Remove the motherboard:

Before removing all the connectors from the motherboard, make sure u memorize the connectors
for assembling the computer if required, as that may require connecting the connectors at its
place. Remove the screws from the back of the motherboard and you will be able to detach it
from the cabinet.

Now remove the CPU fan from the motherboard. The heat sink will be visible now which can be
removed by the pulling the tab upward. Finally, the processor is visible now, which can be
removed by the plastic tab which can be pulled back one stretching it side way.

Assembling the computer system

The assembling of the computer system is exactly the opposite of disassembling operation.
Before starting assembling the computer system, make sure you have the screws and a
screwdriver for those.

The first step for assembling the computer system starts with mounting the processor on the
processor socket of the motherboard. To mount the process, you don't need to apply any force.
The special ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets are usually used to prevent any damage to the
processor pins. Once the processor is mounted, the heat sink will be attached on top of the
processor. The CPU fan is also attached on top of the heat sink. Now the motherboard is to be
fixed vertically in the tower case and the screws are fixed from behind the motherboard.

Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the cabinet and screw it. The power
connectors for motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are to be connected. If the
cabinet cooling FAN is required then it is to be screwed at the back end grill of the cabinet and
its power connector is to be connected from SMPS.

Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the cabinet and screw it. Install the Hard disk
drive and floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it. Make sure once screwed there is
no vibration in either of the CD/DVD, Hard disk or Floppy disk drives.

Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one end of the cable to its drive socket and
another end at its appropriate connector on the motherboard. For SATA hard disk drive

or CD/DVD drives use SATA cable and its power cable, else use IDE data cable. Do the proper
jumper settings as per the usage requirement.

It is time now to mount the memory modules on the motherboard by aligning the RAM to its
socket on the motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the side tab are fixed into the RAM
notch. If not, you may still have to press a bit.

Install the internal cards to its socket and attach the cables or power cable to it. The

selection of right socket or slot is required as per the type of socket. Cover the tower by placing it
and pressing towards front side and screw it.

Connect the external devices with CPU at its appropriate socket. It includes mouse and keyboard
at PS2 or USB connectors. Monitor at the video output socket. Connect the power cable to the
back of tower in SMPS. Plug in the power cable to the electric board.

Identify the various Components of Personal Computer .

Computer components are divided into two major categories, namely, hardware and software.

Computer is a device that transforms data into meaningful information. Computer can also be
defined in terms of functions it can perform. A computer can i) accept data, ii) store data, iii)
process data as desired, and iv) retrieve the stored data as and when required and v) print the
result in desired format.
Processor :-

A CPU has four basic tasks that it performs. They are Fetch, Decode,Manipulate

and Output .Speed rating, although not accurate, is always measured by MHz. CPU speed is
determined by a combination of raw MHz as well as design and other features such as the FPU
of the chip.

To process data,a CPU really only needs 6 basic parts to do its job:

Disk drives :-A disk drive is a physical drive in a computer capable of holding and retrieving
information. Below is a list of all of the different types of computer disk drives.

• Bernoulli drive

• Floppy disk drive

• Hard drive

Memory(RAM and ROM) :- Memory is major part of computers that categories into several
types. Memory is best storage part to the computer users to save information, programs and etc,
The computer memory offer several kinds of storage media some of them can store data
temporarily and some them can store permanently. Memory consists of instructions and the data
saved into computer through Central Processing Unit (CPU).All information in the computer is
handled using electrical components like the integrated circuits, semiconductors, all of which can
recognize only two states –presence or absence of an electrical signal. Two symbols used to
represent these two states are 0and 1 , and are known as BITS (an abbreviation for BInary
DigiTS).0 represents the absence of a signal,1

represents the presence of a signal. A BIT is,therefore, the smallest unit of data in a computer
and can either store a 0 or 1.

BYTES are typically a sequence of eight bits put together to create a single computer
alphabetical or numerical character. More often referred to in larger multiples, bytes may appear
as Kilobytes (1,024 bytes), Megabytes (1,048,576 bytes),GigaBytes (1,073,741,824),TeraBytes
(approx. 1,099,511,000,000 bytes), or PetaBytes(approx. 1,125,899,900,000,000 bytes). Bytes
are used to quantify the amount of data digit ally stored (on disks, tapes) or transmitted (over the
internet), and are also used to measure the memory and document size. The Term Computer

Memory is defined as one or more sets of chips that store Data/program instructions, either

temporarily or permanently. It is critical processing component in any computer. Main Memory /

Primary Memory units –Two most important are
RAM(Random Access Memory):-

RAM or Random Access Memory is the central storage unit in a computer system. It is the place
in a computer where the operating system, application programs and the data in current use are
kept temporarily so that they can be accessed by the computer’s processor. The more RAM a
computer has, the more data a computer can manipulate. Random access memory, also called the
Read/Write memory, is the temporary memory of a computer. It is said to be ‘volatile’ since its
contents are accessible only as long as the computer is on. The contents of RAM are cleared once
the computer is turned off.

ROM(Read-only Memory):-

ROM or Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which can only be read and contents of
which are not lost even when the computer is switched off. It typically contains manufacturer’s
instructions. Among other things, ROM also stores an initial program called the ‘bootstrap
loader’ whose function is to start the computer software operating, once the power is turned on.
Read-only memories can be manufacturer-programmed or user-programmed . While
manufacturer-programmed ROMs have data burnt into the circuitry, user- programmed ROMs
can have the user load and then store read-only programs.

CMOS battery :- Alternatively referred to as a Real-Time Clock (RTC).CMOS is short for

Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS is an on-board, battery powered
semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information. This information ranges from the
system time and date to system hardware settings for your computer.

Monitor :- Out of all the output devices, monitor is perhaps the most important output device
because people interact with this device most intensively than others. Computer CRT and LCD
Monitor information is displayed, visually with a video adapter card and monitor. Information
processed within the CPU, that needs to be visually displayed, is sent to video adapter.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT): CRT or Cathode Ray Tube Monitor is the typical monitor that you
see on a desktop computer. It looks a lot like a television screen, and works the same way. This
type uses a large vacuum tube, called cathode ray tube (CRT).

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD): This type of monitors are also known as flat panel monitor.
Most of these employ liquid crystal displays (LCDs) to render images. These days LCD monitor
are very popular. When people talk about the capabilities of various monitors, one critical
statistic is the resolution of the monitor. Most monitors have a resolution of at least 800 x 600
pixels. High-end monitors can have resolutions of 1024 x 768 pixels or even 1280 x 1024 pixels.
Thus monitors are available either in low resolution or in high resolution.
Keyboard :- A keyboard is the most common input device. Several kinds of keyboards are
available, but they resemble each other with minor variations. Generally standard keyboard has
104 keys. In these keyboards, the cursor control keys are duplicated to allow easier use of the
numeric pad.

Mouse :- A mouse is an electro-mechanical, hand-held device as shown in figure . It is used as a

pointer. It can perform functions like selecting menu commands, moving icons, resizing
windows, starting programs, and choosing options. The most common mouse uses an internal,
magnetically coated ball, to detect the movement of the mouse across a flat surface, usually a
desktop. Now a days Optical or laser mouse is used to detect the movement.

Printer :- After a document is created on the computer, it can be sent to a printer for a hard copy
(printout). Some printers offer special features such as colored and large page formats. Some of
the most commonly used printers are:

1. Laser Printer :-A laser printer produces high quality print that one normally finds in
publishing. It is extremely fast and quiet. Moreover, the operation of a laser printer is easy with
automatic paper loading and no smudging or messing up of ink ribbons. The fastest laser printer
can print up to 200 pages per minute in monochrome (black and white) and up to 100 pages per
minute in color.

2. Ink Jet Printer :-An ink-jet printer creates an image directly on paper by spraying ink
through as many as 64 tiny nozzles. Although the image it produces is not generally quite as
sharp as the output of a laser printer, the quality of ink-jet images is still high.

3. Dot Matrix Printer :-The dot matrix printer was very popular at one point of time. It is a very
versatile and inexpensive output device. In dot matrix printer the print head physically "hits" the
paper through the ribbon and produces text (or images) by combinations of dots; hence the name
dot matrix printer. Its speed is measured in characters per second (CPS). Although it is less
expensive, it is louder, slower and produces lower print quality.

Scanner :- With hardware, a scanner or optical scanner is a hardware input device for a
computer. Scanners allow a user to take a printed picture, drawing, or document (hard copy) and
convert it into a digital file (either an image or a text file) so that it can stored, viewed, and edited
on a computer.

Pen drives :- It is a type of Universal Serial Cable (USB) flash drive. It Is a kind of memory
card that can be plugged into a computer’s USB port. It is termed “Pen drive” with reference to
its size. It is small and compact thus making it fit into the palm of our hand. It is often flat and
rectangular like a highlighter pen. A pen drive is used to store data and has a storage capacity of
64 MB to 32 GB. It is removable and re-writtable.
Hard disk :- A hard disk drive is a sealed unit that a PC uses for nonvolatile data storage.
Nonvolatile ,or semi-permanent, storage means that the storage device retains the data even
when no power is supplied to the computer. Because the hard disk drive is expected to retain data
until deliberately erased or overwritten, the hard drive is used to store crucial programming and
data. A hard disk drive contains rigid, disk-shaped platters, usually constructed of aluminum or
glass .

Conclusion:- Thus the assembling and disassembling of personal computer has been done with
the study of all its internal and external components that we find attached within the system.