Name: Elliakim A.

Javier Section: BSN1 NAC

CHECKPOINT!
Instruction:​ In your own words, differentiate the following according to how you
understood the topic. Please no copy-paste. Be honest future nurses.

Rubric: This will be applied on all essay questions

5 3 0
Correctness The student was able to There was an error in the
correctly answer what was answer given.
asked.
Completeness The student was able to The answer is incomplete The student was not
include all aspects of the able to answer the
question in his or her question.
answer.
Coherence N/A The answer is tactful, with
good flow, and well
organized.

1. Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels is a vessels that have many lymphatic valves that absorb
excess interstitial fluid and carry lymph fluid from tissues to the bloodstream.

2. Lymph capillaries
Lymph or lymphatic capillaries which is the smallest vessels of the lymphatic
system.They are closed- ended tubes that can form a vast networks in the
interellular spaces within organ. Once fluid enter the lymphatic capillary is
called now lymph.

3. Lymph
Clear to slightly yellow fluid that release from the blood through the capillaries,
bathes the cells, and passes into lymphatic ducts which return the fluid to the
blood stream. It is to serve as the medium of exchange of nutrients and waste
between blood and the cells.

4. Lymph trunk
It is large lymph vessel forming from the convergence of multiple efferent of
lymph vessels is a lymphatic trunk. As the lymphatic vessels exit from lymph
nodes, they merge to form 6 lymph trunks and each of them drain fluid in
acertain area of the body.

5. Lymph duct
When lymphatic capillaries merge, and the lymph contained is carried into
larger lymphatic vessels known as the lymph duct. Lymph duct are great
lymphatic vessel that unload lymph into one of the subclavian vein.s has a two
large vessels into which all of the lymphatic vessels converge the right
lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.

Anatomy and Physiology: The Lymphatic System & Immunity 414

CHECKPOINT!
INSTRUCTION: Give the function of each of the following. Again please no copy-paste.​

1. Lymph Node
They filter lymph, when lymph is carry back to blood stream. It also help to
activate your immune system and monitor composition of lymph.

2. Spleen
It is one of the blood forming organs that store blood and acts as a blood filter. It
also stores of the breakdown product of red blood cells to reuse it later and
release some blood for the processing of the liver.

3. Thymus
It is well develop in infancy and attains its greatest size towards the onset of
puberty. It has an a role in immunity that is to controls the production of T-cell,
one of the body’s defences against viruses, infection, and cancer.

4. Tonsils
It has a lot of white blood cells, that responsible for killing germs and atigens entering
respiratory system.

5. Peyer’s patches
It is has a important function in the immune system that is to monitor and destroy
the intestinal bacteria populations and it prevent the growth of pathogenic
bacteria in the intestine.

6. Appendix
Apparently it is functionless in humans, it just acts as a storehouse for good
bacteria.
CHECKPOINT!

Categorize the following whether it is the 1st or 2nd line of defense.

1. Urine- 2nd line of defense

2. tears - 1st line of defense

3. increased body temperature - 2nd line of defense

4. gastric acid - 1st line of defense

5. hair - 1st line of defense

6. ingestion of phagocytes - 2nd line of defense

7. vomiting - 1st line of defense

8. Defecation - 1st line of defense

9. tissues are damaged - 2nd line of defense

10. swollen feet - 2nd line of defense

Anatomy and Physiology: The Lymphatic System & Immunity 415

CHECKPOINT!

Identify which class of antibody is described or used in the following.

IgM
_________________1. Built when a person had immunizations.
IgA
_________________2. antibody found in mucosal areas.
IgG
_________________3. most abundant and diverse antibody in primary and secondary
response; crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity
IgD
_________________4. surface of B cells, important in B cell activation

IgE
_________________5. binds to mast cells and basophils, causing histamine release​
when activated (the culprit of some allergies)
Determine what type of immunity are the following.

6. breastmilk: Passive Immunity

7. vaccine: Active Immunity

8. immune serum: Passive Immunity

9. when a person had an infection: Active Immunity

10. mother’s antibodies cross the placenta: Passive immunity

CHECKPOINT!

1. What is the function of B cells in the immune response?

The function of B cells is involve with antibody production. B cells is the

center of the adaptive humoral immune system. They also responsible antigen-
specific Immunoglobulin (Ig) directed against invansive pathogens. They can
develop into plasma cells, which produce the most antibodies.

2. What is the function of T cells in the immune response?

The function of T cells is to promote the involvement of other immune cells in

the acquired immune response. They directly killing infected host cells,
producing a cytokines and maintaining the immune system.

CHECKPOINT

Matching type: Match column A to column B

G 1. Lymph node A. Receives lymph from some lymphatic
trunks
E 2. Antibody B. Former monocyte that phagocytizes
foreign debris

C. B-lymphocytes mature and differentiate

F 3. Helper T-lymphocyte
I 4. Spleen
C 5. Red bone marrow
B 6. Macrophage
D 7. Lymphatic capillary
J 8. Tonsils
here
D. Smallest type of lymph vessel
E. Attaches to an antigen
F. T-lymphocytes mature and differentiate
hers
G. Filters lymph
H. Formed in response to a huge number

Anatomy and Physiology: The Lymphatic System & Immunity 416

 of antigens
I. Filters and cleans blood of bacteria,
A 9. Lymphatic vessel
viruses, debris
K 10. MALT J. Trap and remove bacteria and other
foreign pathogens

K. Acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory

and digestive tracts

I. Answer the following questions. Please answer according to how you understood​
the topic. Please do not copy paste from the book or the internet.
1. Explain how the lymphatic system is functionally related to the cardiovascular system
and the immune defenses.

In cardiovascular system they are work together to make sure that the body
tissues are distribute correctly. While in the immune defenses they both protect
the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and tumor cells in the
lymphatic stream and to produce lympocytes that use to function the immune
response.

2. Explain what lymph is and how it forms.

Lymph is just a clear to white fluid made of white blood cells, especially
lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the blood. Lymph can be formed if
the interstitial fluid is gathered by tiny lymph capillaries, which are distributed in
the body

3. Explain the role of natural killer cells.

The role natural killer cells is to defense against many viruses by providing first
line of defense. As they differentiate the infected and uninfected host cells they
are able to target and kill infected cells, This helps them to remove or at least keep
the infection in check until it is possible to generate virus specific T- cells and Ab.

4. Describe the inflammatory process.

There are three inflammatory process. Inflammatory response happen when

bacteria, trauma, fire, or other injures in the tissue.The damaged cell will released
chemicals like histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. Blood vessels are
caused by these chemical to spill fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.
Fibroblastic repair occurs at the termination of the inflammatory phase and can
last up to 4 weeks. The remodeling stage of wound healing and
the maturation phase is when collagen is remodeled from type III to type I and the
wound fully healed. The cells that had been used to repair the wound but which
are no longer needed.

4. Explain the importance of phagocytes.

Phogocytes it is a type of white blood cell that in use of phagocytosis to protect

our body in bacteria foreign particles and dying cell. They bind to pathogens and
internal them in a phagosome that, in order to destroy the contents, acidifies and
ssfuses with lysosome.

Anatomy and Physiology: The Lymphatic System & Immunity 417

5. Describe how fever helps protect the body.

The fever helps to protect the body from infection by helping the immune cells to
crawl around blood vessels to destroy infectious viruses and bacteria.

6. Explain the roles of B cells and T cells.

T cell called thymus cells that are involved in cell-mediated immunity, whereas B
cells also called bone marrow are primarily responsible for humoral immunity
(relating to antibodies)

7. Explain the role of plasma cells.

The role of plasma cells is to make a large amount of antibodies. Plasma cell also
neutalize toxins and activate the complement system.

8. Differentiate active immunity from passive immunity.

Due to the production of antibodies in one's own body, active immunity is

developed, while passive immunity is developed by antibodies generated outside
and then inserted into the body.

9. Distinguish the roles of helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells.

The Helper T-cells helps or cooperate with other cells such as B cell which is
responsible for antibody production, secretes cytokines and they also activate
macrophages and inflammation. While the Regulatory T-cells secretes cytokines
to suppress the activity both T-cells and B-cells, and used to finally ends the
immune response. On the other hand, Cytotoxic T-cells recognize the antigen
presented on MHC I molecules and kills-virus infected cells, tumor cells and
nonself cells.

10. Why is HIV infection so devastating to the body? In your answer, explain what cells
are infected and why the body cannot produce more mature, noninfected cells. Also
explain how AIDS affects the way the body fights infection and give some examples
of ailments that are common among AIDS patients.

When a person infected in HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) it is a

virus that destroy CD4 cells, it is a white blood cells that have a important
role in helping your body fight infection. When HIV destroys this cell, it
becomes harder for the body to fight off other infections and to produce
mature noninfected cells. AIDS affect our body more infections, because it
is a late stage for HIV that why the immune system badly damage in virus.
The common ailments for AIDS patients are cryptococcal meningitis,
toxoplasmosis, PCP (a type of pneumonia), oesophageal candidiasis,
certain cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma.
II.

1. Give at least 3 examples of autoimmune disease and explain each one.

Type 1 diabetes - The hormone insulin is released by the pancreas, which helps control
blood sugar levels. The immune system targets and kills insulin-producing cells in the
pancreas during type 1 diabetes mellitus. High blood sugar outcomes, as well as organs
such as the heart, kidneys, skin, and nerves, can result in damage to the blood vessels.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - In rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), the joints are attacked by
the immune system. This assault induces redness in the joints, warmth, soreness,

Anatomy and Physiology: The Lymphatic System & Immunity 418

and stiffness. RA will occur as early as your 30s or sooner, unlike osteoarthritis,
which typically impacts individuals as they grow older.
Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis - Normally, skin cells expand and then shed when they are
no longer required. Psoriasis activates the multiplication of skin cells too easily. The
excess cells build up and form inflamed red spots, usually of plaque on the skin of silver-
white scales. Up to 30 percent of persons with psoriasis also experience swelling,
weakness, and joint pain. Psoriatic arthritis is the name of this type of the condition.

2. Give at least 3 examples of hypersensitivity reactions and explain each one.

Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity (Anaphylactic Reaction)

As in allergic dermatitis, these allergic responses are systemic or localized. The reaction
is the result of a mast cell or basophil antigen cross-linking with a membrane-bound IgE
antibody. During the anaphylactic reaction, histamine, serotonin, bradykinine and lipid
mediators are published. Such released compounds have the ability to cause damage to
tissues.

Type II: Cytotoxic Reaction (Antibody-dependent)

The antibody interacts directly with the antigen that is attached to the cell membrane in a
cytotoxic reaction to cause cell lysis by activation of the complement. "As with
autoimmune reactions or extrinsic or" non-self, "these antigens can be intrinsic or" self.
"Cytotoxic reactions are regulated by IgG and IgM.

Type III: Immune Complex Reaction

IgG and IgM bind to the antigen, producing complexes of antigen-antibody (immune).
These trigger the addition, resulting in chemotaxis and activation of PMN. PMNs then
release enzymes that destroy tissue. In autoimmune disorders ( e.g., systemic lupus
erythematosus) and chronic infectious diseases ( e.g., leprosy), tissue injury can be
partly due to complex immune reactions.

Anatomy and Physiology: The Lymphatic System & Immunity 419