radiation

STEFAN BOLTZMANN LAW

Total energy emitted by black body , at a particular
temperature for all wavelengths from 0 to ∞ is given by the
following expression.

From planck’s law of distribution, substituting for we

get,
Substituting ,

When
We get,

Expanding series we get,

The integral
Substituting this we get

Now substituting the values of c1 and and c2

Where
is called as stefan boltzman
constant.
 PROOF FOR KIRCHOFF’s LAW
Consider two bodies 1 and 2 of areas A1 and A2 and
temperatures T1 and T2. Let these bodies be placed
in an evacuated enclosure at temperature T3 which is
perfectly insulated from the surroundings. Radiation
will be exchanged between the enclosure and the
two bodies until equilibrium is reached. Both bodies
and enclosure attain the same temperature. Let α1
and α2 and ε1 and ε2 be the absorptivity and
emissivity of the two bodies. We can write,
(ENERGY ABSORBED (ENERGY EMITTED
BY THE BODY ) BY THE SAME
=
BODY)
But we know that

And

But according to the definition of

emissivity of a body,

And
THIS IS THE PROOF FOR KIRCHOFF’S
LAW.
RADIATION SHIELDS

The radiation heat transfer between two surfaces

can be reduced significantly if a radiation shield
made of low emissivity material is placed
between them. The role of radiation shield is to
increase the thermal resistance to radiation
hence to reduce the heat transfer rate. The lower
the emissivity of shield the higher the thermal
resistance.
Consider radiation heat transfer between two
large, opaque parallel plates. Let T1 and T2 be
the temperatures and ε1 and ε2 . Let a radiation
shield be placed between plates.
PLATE 1 PLATE 3 PLATE 2

T1 T3 T3 T2
ε1 ε31 ε32 ε2

(SHIELD)
Let ε 31 and ε 32 be the emissivities of the shield
at the surfaces facing plates 1 and 2 respectively.
Then the heat transferred from plate 1 to plate 2
by radiation with the shield between them is
given by:

If we have concentric cylinders or spheres with a

radiation shield between them then,