SHIPS

SHIPS
The importance of shipboard air conditioning depends on ship’s mission.
Passenger vessels focus completely on passenger comfort, such as cruise ships
and casino vessels, air conditioning is vital.
Aboard commercial vessels (tankers, container ships, etc.), air conditioning
provides an environment in which personnel can live and work without heat
stress.
We are Going to talk about Merchant &Naval Ships’ Air Conditioning Systems.
 LOAD Calculations
Cooling Loads Heating Loads
 Solar Radiation  Heat Loss through hull, decks, and bulk heads.
 Heat loss from ventilation air.
 Heat transmission through hull, decks, and  Infiltration
.
bulk heads.
 Heat dissipation from occupants.
 Heat gain from lights.
 Heat gain from ventilation air.
 Heat gain from motors or other electrical
equipment.
 Heat gain from piping, machinery ,or other
equipment.
Design Criteria
• Outside Temperature and Humidity:
Based on temperature prevalent in ship’s area on operation
For Cooling Condition its 35◦c dB and 25 ◦c wb.
For Heating Condition its -18 ◦c db.
Seawater summer design temperature is 32 ◦c and -2 ◦c in winter
 Comments on Load Calculations
• Solar Gain
For compartments with only one outside boundary, Temperature difference across
horizontal surfaces increases by 28 K and vertical surfaces by 17 K.
And for those with more than outside boundary, the temperature difference
increase across horizontal surfaces increases by 19 K and vertical surfaces by 11 K.
Comments on Load Calculations

Infiltration
 Comments on Load Calculations
• Transmission between spaces:
For heating Loads it isn’t considered and for cooling loads the cooling effect of
adjacent spaces isn’t considered unless temperatures are maintained with
refrigeration or air-conditioning equipment .
• People:
Occupants are only Counted once in their most gathering location on shipboard.
 Comments on Load Calculations
• Ventilation:
The people are counted once in the location where they create the greatest
ventilation requirements. This concept can by applied by measuring the CO2 levels
in a space and adjusting outside air accordingly.
 Equipment Design Consideration
Factors should be considered:
1. Anti-Corrosive Construction Material
2. Function properly under dynamic Roll and Pitch
3. Designed for continuous uninterrupted operation
over all voyage period.
4. No objectionable noise or vibration.
5. Small size occupation.
6. Climatic changes operation flexibility.
 Equimpent Selection
• Fans
Must be selected for stable performance over full range of operation and have
adequate isolation to prevent transmitting vibration to the deck. Because fan
rooms are often adjacent to or near living quarters.
 Equimpent Selection
• Cooling Coil
If more than 30% outside air is brought across a cooling coil, the use of copper
tube, copper fin, epoxy-coated coils or other special treatment must be
considered.
• Electric Heaters:
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) approved sheathed element heaters are typically required
 Equimpent Selection
• Air Diffusers:
Care must be taken with the selection of air diffusers because of the low ceilings
typical of shipboard applications.
• Air-Conditioning Compressors:
All types are used for marine applications . When high discharge temperatures are
a concern, sea water cooled heads are not normally an option; other methods such
as fan cooling or liquid injection must be considered for maintaining acceptable
discharge temperatures.
 Typical Systems
Direct refrigerant cooling systems:
Often used for small zone applications. like control rooms and pilot houses lend
themselves to a direct refrigerant system .
Two pipe and Four pipe fan coil systems:
Often used for large systems. The disadvantage is fan noise in the space being
cooled .In addition, limited humidity control .
 Typical Systems
C.V.S. V.S. V.A.S.
constant-volume systems are most common .Their advantages include simplicity
(for maintenance, operation , and repair) and low cost. However, for large
passenger vessels, the energy efficiency and the tight control of zone temperature
make variable-volume/temperature systems very attractive.

Constant volume system Variable volume system

 Control
The conditioning Load, even on a single voyage, varies over a wide range in a short
period. Not only must the refrigeration plant meet these load variations, but the
controls must readily adjust the system to sudden climatic changes. Accordingly,
it’s general practice to equip the plant with automatic controls
Naval Ships Air
Conditioning
 Comments on Load
Design Criteria Calculations
• Outside ambient temperature:
Considering the large cooling plants required for internal heat loads generated by
machinery, weapons, electronics, and personnel. Temperatures of 32◦c db and
27◦c wb are used for worldwide applications, with 29.5◦c seawater
temperatures. Heating-Season temperatures are 12◦c for outside air and -2◦c
for seawater.
• Inside temperature:
Naval ships are generally designed for space temperatures of 26.5◦c db with
a maximum of 55%R.H. for most areas requiring air conditioning.
 Comments on Load
Design Criteria Calculations
• Air-conditioned Spaces:
• Naval ships design requires that air conditioning systems serving living and
berthing areas on Surface ships replenish air in accordance with damage control
classifications:
Class Z systems:2.4 L/s per person
Class W systems for troop berthing areas:2.4 L/s per person
All other class W systems:4.7 L/s per peson
 Comments on Load
LOAD CALCUALTION Calculations
 Equipment Selection
• Fans:
A family of standard fans is used by the navy, including vane axial, tube axial,
and centrifugal fans. No- belt driven fans are included.
 Equipment Selection
• Cooling coils:
The U.S. Navy uses eight standard sizes of direct expansion and chilled-Water
cooling coils
Chilled Water coils are most common and are selected based on 7.2◦c inlet
water with 3.7K rise in water temperature through the coil.
 Equipment Selection
Navy uses two standard types of heating coils:
 Steam Duct Heaters
Maximum face velocity is 9.1 m/s
Preheater leaving air temperature is 5.5 to 10◦c
Steam heaters are served from a 350 kpa(gauge) steam system

 Electric Duct Heaters

Maximum face velocity is 7.1 m/s
Temperature rise through the heater is no case more than 27K
 Equipment Selection
Filters:
U.S. Navy uses seven standard filter sizes are as follows:
1.Available in steel or aluminum
2.Face velocity between 1.9 and 4.6 m/s

Air Diffusers:
Uses types similar to that used in merchant ships
 Equipment Selection
Filters:
U.S. Navy uses seven standard filter sizes are as follows:
1.Available in steel or aluminum
2.Face velocity between 1.9 and 4.6 m/s

Air Diffusers:
Uses types similar to that used in merchant ships

Air-Conditioning Compressors:
Reciprocating compressors used to be used in the past .Now rotary types
compressors is being used
Comments on Load Calculations
Air Distribution Methods
 Control
Two-position dual thermostat are main air conditioning control principle that
controls a cooling coil and an electric or steam reheater .The thermostat can be set
for summer operation .Resetting isn’t required in Winter