General Mathematics – Grade 11

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Quarter 1 – Module 2: Rational Functions
First Edition, 2020

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 11

General Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Rational Functions

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 Module
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
2

What I Need to Know

In the previous module, we have learned about functions, its definitions and the operations involving it.
This time, you will be dealing with Rational Functions and its applications in real-life situations.

This module will help you understand the key concepts of rational functions and apply these concepts to
formulate and solve real-life problems with precision and accuracy.

After finishing the module, you should be able to:

a. represent real-life situations rational functions,
b. distinguish among rational functions, rational equations, and rational inequalities,
c. solve rational equations and inequalities, and solve problems involving rational equations and
inequalities,
d. represent a rational function through its table of values, graphs and equation, and solve problems
involving rational functions,
e. Find the domain and range, intercepts, zeroes, asymptotes of rational functions, graph rational functions,
and solve problems involving rational functions.
In this module, you will examine the aforementioned task when you study the following lessons:

Lesson 1: Representing Real- Life Situations Using Rational Functions

Lesson 2: Rational Functions, Equations and Inequalities
Lesson 3: Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities
Lesson 4: Representations of Rational Functions
Lesson 5: Graphing Rational Functions

Find out what you already know about this module by taking the pre-test.
 What I Know (Pre-Assessment)

Direction: Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer on your answer sheet.

4
____ 1 Which family of functions does y = belong to?
x2

A Trigonometric C Exponential
B Logarithmic D Rational

____ 2 Which of the following functions is not rational?

1 3x
A f(x) = x C f(x) = x + 5
x−4 x2 −1
B f(x) = x + 8 D f(x) = x 2 + 2x + 1

p 2 − 4p − 32
____ 3 Simplify the expression and state the excluded values: .
p +4

A −p + 8; p ≠ −4 C −p − 8; p ≠ 4
Bp − 8; p ≠ −4 Dp + 8; p ≠ 4
z2 z 2 + 3z + 2
____ 4 Multiply. State the excluded values: ⋅ .
z+1 z 2 + 3z

z 2 + 2z z+2
A , z ≠ −1, − 3 C , z ≠ −1, − 3
z+3 z+3
z+2 z 2 + 2z
B , z ≠ −1, 0, − 3 D , z ≠ −1, 0, − 3
 z+3 z+3

7 7
____ 5 Simplify: + .
a +8 a 2 − 64
7a − 49 14
A C
(a − 8)(a + 8) (a − 8)(a + 8)
14 7a + 63
B D
a 2 + a − 56 (a − 8)(a + 8)

1
____ 6 Given the graph of the function f(x) = . Which of the following represents the behavior of the function
x2
as x approaches negative infinity?

A approaches negative infinity C approaches positive infinity

B approaches zero D approaches one

____ 7 Describe the vertical asymptote(s) and hole(s) for the graph of y = (x − 5)(x − 2)

(x − 2)(x + 4)

A asymptote: x = –4 and hole: x = 2 C asymptote: x = –5 and hole: x = –4

B asymptotes: x = –4 and x = 2 D asymptote: x = 4 and hole: x = –2

 A 16 ohms C 27 ohms

B 1405 ohms D 102 ohms

−2 4
____ 9 Solve the equation for x: = .
x+4 x +3

A − 13 C −8
6 3
11
B −11 D −
3

5 1
____ 10 Solve the equation for w: + = −4.
6w w

A −3 C − 11
14 24
11 31
B D −
6 24

____ 11 A group of high school students are volunteering for Habitat for Humanity during their summer break.
They are putting the finishing touches on a house they built. Working alone, Kendra can paint a certain
room in 7 hours. Joe can paint the same room in 6 hours. Write an equation that can be used to find how
long it will take them working together to paint the room. How many hours will it take them to paint the
room? If necessary, round your answer to the nearest tenth.
7 6 1 1 1
A + = 1; 13 hours C + = ; 6.5 hours
x x 7 6 x
x x x x
B + = 1; 3.2 hours D + = 1; 6.5 hours
7 6 6 7

____ 12 Sketch the asymptotes and graph the function.

x 2 − 7x + 12
y =
x2 −1
A C

A b
C d

(x + 6)(x + 2)(x + 8)
____ 13 State the domain of the function y =
(x + 9)(x + 7) .

A |
x | x ≠ 9, x ≠ 7
C x|x
| ≠ −6, x ≠ −2, x ≠ − 8

B x  x ≠ −9, x ≠ − 7 D x|x
| ∈ ℜ

x+2 x +4
____ 14 Simplify the following expression: ÷ .
x − 1 x 2 + 4x − 5

(x + 2)(x + 5) (x + 2)(x + 4)
A , x ≠ − 5, − 4 C , x ≠ 1, − 5, − 4
x +4 (x − 1) 2 (x + 5)
(x + 2)(x + 4) (x + 2)(x + 5)
B , x ≠ 1, − 5 D ;x ≠ 1, −4, −5
(x − 1) 2 (x + 5) x +4

6x 2 + 1
____ 15 Determine the horizontal asymptote of the function. y = .
2x 2 − 3
 A y=3 C y=1
3
B y= −1 D y = −3
3

How was your performance in the pre-assessment? Were you able to answer all the problems?
Did you find difficulties in answering them? Are there questions familiar to you?

In this module, you will have the following targets:

• Demonstrate understanding on the key concepts of rational functions.

• Formulate and solve real-life problems involving rational functions with precision
and accuracy.
 Lesson Representing Real- Life Situations Using Rational
1 Functions

What’s In

Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent real-life situations
rational functions.
Lesson Outline:
1. Review: Polynomial functions
2. Rational functions and real-life situations

Review:

What’s New

What Is It

Example 1. An object is to travel a distance of 10 meters. Express velocity v as a

function of travel time t, in seconds.

Solution. The following table of values show v for various values of t.

The graph indicates that the maximum drug concentration occurs around 1 hour after the drug
was administered (calculus can be used to determine the exact value at which the maximum
occurs). After 1 hour, the graph suggests that drug concentration decreases until it is almost
zero.

Example 3. The distance from Manila to Baguio is around 250 kilometers.

(a) How long will it take you to get to Baguio if your average speed is 25 kilometers per
hour? 40 kilometers per hour? 50 kilometers per hour?
(b) Construct a function , where is the speed of travel, that describes the time it takes
to drive from Manila to Baguio.
Solution.
(a) Distance is calculated as the product of speed and time. So we can get the time by
dividing distance by the speed.

250 kilometers/ 25 kilometers per hour = 10 hours

250 kilometers/ 40 kilometers per hour = 6.25 hours
250 kilometers/ 50 kilometers per hour = 5 hours

(b) Since time is the quotient of distance and speed, we can write out the function as
 Try these!

1. The budget of a university organization is split evenly among its various committees. If they have
a budget of P60,000:

(a) Construct a function which would give the amount of money each of the number of committees would
receive.

(b). If the organization has eight committees, how much would each committee have?

2. A company has a budget of P90, 000 to be split evenly among its various offices. The marketing
office of the company receives twice the amount of money than the other offices.

(a) Given as the number of offices in the company, construct a function which would give the amount
of money each of the non-marketing offices would receive.

(b). If the company had five offices, how much would the marketing office receive? How much would
each of the non-marketing offices receive?

Application

a. What is C(0)? Why is that so?

b. Construct a table of values for when t is equal to 0,1,2,3,4, and 5.
c. Interpret your answers in relation to drug concentration.
 Generalization
In this lesson, I have learned that
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 Rational Functions, Equations, and
Lesson Inequalities
2

What’s In

Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to distinguish among rational
functions, rational equations, and rational inequalities

Lesson Outline:
Rational functions, rational equations, and rational inequalities

What’s New
 What Is It
Solved Examples
Determine whether the given is a rational function, a rational equation, a rational inequality or
none of these

Try these!
Determine whether the given is a rational function, a rational equation, a rational inequality
or none of these.

Generalization
In this lesson, I have learned that
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 Solving Rational Equations
Lesson and Inequalities
3

What’s In

Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to solve rational equations
and inequalities, and solve problems involving rational equations and inequalities.

Lesson Outline:

1. Solving rational equations.

2. Solving rational inequalities.
3. Solving word problems involving rational equations or inequalities.

What’s New

The steps to solve a rational equation are:

1. Find the common denominator.

2. Multiply everything by the common denominator.
3. Simplify.
4. Check the answer(s) to make sure there isn't an extraneous solution.
 What Is It

Example 1.
Example 2
What’s New

To solve rational inequalities:

(a) Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression on one side of the
inequality symbol and 0 on the other side.

(b) Determine over what intervals the rational expression takes on positive and
negative values.

i. Locate the x values for which the rational expression is zero or undefined
(factoring the numerator and denominator is a useful strategy).

ii. Mark the numbers found in (i) on a number line. Use a shaded circle to
indicate that the value is included in the solution set, and a hollow circle to
indicate that the value is excluded. These numbers partition the number
line into intervals.

iii. Select a test point within the interior of each interval in (ii). The sign of the
rational expression at this test point is also the sign of the rational
expression at each interior point in the aforementioned interval.

iv. Summarize the intervals containing the solutions.

What is it?
 Try these!

Generalization
In this lesson, I have learned that
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 Lesson
Representations of Rational Functions
4

What’s In

Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent a rational
function through its table of values, graphs and equation, and solve problems involving rational
functions.

Lesson Outline:

1. Table of values, graphs and equations as representations of a rational function.

2. Rational functions as representations of real-life situations

What’s New

A rational function is a function that is a fraction and has the property that both its
numerator and denominator are polynomials. In other words, R(x) is a rational function if
R(x) = p(x) / q(x) where p(x) and q(x) are both polynomials.

What Is It
 Example 2. Continuing the scenario above, construct a table of values for the speed of a
runner against different run times.

Solution. A table of values can help us determine the behaviour of a function as the
variable changes.
The current world record (as of October 2015) for the 100-meter dash is 9.58 seconds set
by the Jamaican Usain Bolt in 2009. We start our table of values at 10 seconds.

Try these!

Supplemental Activity
 Generalization
In this lesson, I have learned that
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 Lesson Graphing Rational Functions
5

What’s In

Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to find the domain and range,
intercepts, zeroes, asymptotes of rational functions, graph rational functions, and solve problems
involving rational functions.

Lesson Outline:
1. Domain and range of rational functions.
2. Intercepts and zeroes of rational functions.
3. Vertical and horizontal asymptotes of rational functions.
4. Graphs of rational functions

What’s New

Recall:
1. The domain of a function is the set of all values that the variable x can take.
2. The range of the function is the set of all values that f(x) will take.
3. The zeroes of a function are the values of x which make the function zero. The real
numbered zeroes are also x-intercepts of the graph of the function.
4. The y-intercept is the function value when x=0.
What Is It
 Try these!

Generalization
In this lesson, I have learned that
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References:
1. Department of Education Leaner’s Material for General Mathematics
2. https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/Rationals/RATgraphpractice.html
3. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/Alg/GraphRationalFcns.aspx
4. https://www.purplemath.com/modules/ineqrtnl.htm
5.

KEY ANSWERS