Word Processing

1
Session 1,2

2
What is word Processor

 Word Processors help us to create and use word document. It provide

flexibility ease, neatness and speed.
 We can correct any spelling mistakes and it prompt us when we make spelling
error
 Insert or overwrite a word or sentence or paragraph anywhere in the
document. This is called editing document.
 Print a document
 Change the appearance or look
 Insert header and footer and page numbers
 Present information in tabular form
 Insert picture and images

3
Some popular word process

 Open Office – Write (desktop application)

 MS word(desktop application)
 Google Documents(Internet bases)
 Notepad(limited features)

4
Write the steps to Open MS Word ?

 The Steps are as follows:

1. Click on Start.
2. Click on All Programs
3. Click on Microsoft Office
4. Click on Microsoft Word.

5
 Write the steps to Save a Document?
A. The Steps are as follows:
1. Click on Office Button / File Menu
2. Click on Save
3. A Dialog Box appears
4. Type the name of the file and set the location
5. Click on Save.

 Write the steps to Open a Document?

A. The Steps are as follows:
1. Click on Office Button / File Menu
2. Click on Open
3. A Dialog Box appears
4. Open the location and Click on the file name
5. Click on Open

6
Write the steps to close a Document?
A. The Steps are as follows:
1. Click on Office Button / File Menu
2. Click on Close.

Write the short cuts for the following:-

1. Create a New Document:- Ctrl +N
2. Save a Document:- Ctrl + S
3. Open a Document:- Ctrl + O
4. Close a Document:- Alt + F4

7
What is the difference between Save and
Save As Option available in MS Word ?

 If we save a file using File Menu -> Save, the previous file is overwritten and
new changes will reflect in the existing file only.
 But if we save a file using File Menu -> Save As, the previous file will not be
replaced and a new file will be created with a new name.

8
Write the steps to use the Save As
option ?
 The steps are as follows:-
 1. Click on Office button / File Menu
 2. Click on Save As Option
 3. A Dialog Box Appears
 4. Type the new name and select the new location.
 5. Click on Save.

9
Session 3

10
What is GUI?

 GUI is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic
devices using images rather than text commands. This type of interface have
graphical symbols or icon in the Ribbon.

11
Name the tabs and their groups.

Home Tab:- Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles, Editing

Insert:- Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text
Page Layout:- Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph, Arrange
References:- Table of Contents, Footnotes, Citations, & Bibilography, Captions,
Index, Table of Authorities
Mailings:- Create, Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview Results, Finish
Review:- Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare, Protect
View:- Document View, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window, Macros

12
Describe Home Tab in detail?

The Home Tab contains commands for formatting of text, drawing of objects,
editing content of documents such as copy and paste. The features of Home Tab
are as follows:-
1. The Clipboard group contains commands to cut, copy and paste text. The
format painter is also available here.
2. Font group command allows change of the Font-font face, size, style etc.
3. Paragraph group is used to change settings of the paragraph such as
alignments, indents, spacing etc.
4. The Styles group allows to choose a style and change the style.
5. Editing group contains command to select, find and replace text.

13
 Home tab’s groups detail
Paste the cut or copied information in Clipboard at the location where cursor is pointing right now (Paste Special - To paste in a particular
format. Paste as Hyperlink - Used with copy to paste the copied information as a hyperlink)
• Cut the selected text from the document and put into Clipboard for later retrieval.
• Copy the selected item or text to the Clipboard.
Clipboard • Format painter copies formatting from one place and apply to another (To apply same formatting to many places, double-click the format
painter button)
• Bold, Italics, Underline

• Change Font face, change font size

• Grow Font, Shrink Font
• Clear formatting (Clear all formatting from selection, leave only plain text)
Font • Strikethrough (draw a line through middle of selected text), Subscript, Superscript
• Change case. You can change the case – sentence, lower, upper, title, or toggle. Select the text and click on an option
• Font color, Text highlight color

• Bullets (choose from different styles)

• Numbered list (choose different formats)
• Multilevel list (Choose from different styles)
• Increase or decrease indent of the paragraph
• Sort alphabetically or numerically
• Show paragraph markups
Paragraph • Align text left, right, centre, margins
• Change spacing between lines
• Color background behind selected text
• Customize the borders of selected text. Add borders and shading. There are options to select for setting, style, color, width, fill color, and
pattern. You will see a preview at the right. To remove a border or shading, select None.

• Format titles using different styles like Caption, Emphasis etc.

Styles • Change style, color and font used in the document
• Find text in the document 14
Editing • Replace text in the document (The user can go to a page, section etc. when using find and replace)
• Select text or objects in the document
Session 4,5,6

15
Write the steps to Bold, Italics
and Underline the text ?
Write the steps to Bold, Italics and Underline the text ?
For using the features of Bold, Italics and Underline the text,
First Select the text then
Click on B, I, U option available under Font group of Home Tab.
Short cuts
Bold:- Ctrl + B
Italics:- Ctrl + I
Underline:- Ctrl + U.

16
Write the steps to use Check
Spelling/Grammar Feature?

 Check Spelling Feature is a feature in MS Word that automatically checks the

spellings & grammar and helps the users to create flawless documents.

17
Steps to use Check Spelling/Grammar
Feature

1. Click on the Review tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click on the option Spelling & Grammar in the Proofing group.
3. The Spelling & Grammar dialog box appears.
4. The suggestions of correct spellings are shown in the box.
OR
1. Position the cursor on the misspelt word.
2. Right-click the mouse.
3. A pop-up menu box appears.
4. The correct spelled word is shown on the top of the box and the spelling will be
corrected automatically in the text.
OR
Short Cut :- Press F7 key
18
 What is the use of Thesaurus option in
word?
 A word processor helps us to look up synonyms and antonyms in the thesaurus option.

19
Write the steps to use the Thesaurus
option?

Steps to use Thesaurus Option are :-

1. Select the word
2. Click on the Review tab
3. Click on Thesaurus option in the proofing group
4. A box opens up on the right side of the screen. This is called Research task
pane. It contains the synonyms and antonyms of the selected word.
5. Right click on the selected word and click in Insert. It will replace the
original word.

20
Session 7,8

21
 What is the difference between Copy and
Paste option and Cut and Paste Option ?
Copy and Paste:- The original set of text remains where it was and it is also pasted to
another place in the document.
Cut and Paste:- The original set of texts gets deleted and it pasted to another place in
the document.

What is clipboard?

The clipboard is a temporary short-term data storage area in your computer where the text
is temporarily placed.

22
Write the steps to Cut-Paste and Copy-
Paste?
Steps to Cut-Paste are as follows:-
1. Select the word that is to be copied.
2. Right click the mouse anywhere on the selected text. A pop-up menu appears. Click on Cut.
3. Click at the position where you want to paste the text.
4. Right-click, then click paste from the pop-up menu.
The selected text is copied to the new location.
Steps to Copy-Paste are as follows:-
1. Select the word that is to be copied.
2. Right click the mouse anywhere on the selected text. A pop-up menu appears. Click on Copy.
3. Click at the position where you want to paste the text.
4. Right-click, then click paste from the pop-up menu.
The selected text is copied to the new location.

Short cut keys: copy= Ctrl+c

cut=Ctrl+x
Paste = Ctrl+v 23
What is the use of Find and Replace
Feature of word processor.
 Find and Replace feature helps us to find all the occurrences of a specific
word or group of words in a document and also replace them with a new word
or a group of words.

24
 Write the steps to Find and
Replace Feature?

Steps to use Find and Replace Feature are as follows:

1. Click Find in the Home tab, Editing group.
2. A Find and Replace dialog box appears.
3. To just find the word, click Find. Enter text you want to search in the Find
what box, click Find Next. To find all the occurrences of the word, click Find in,
then click Main document.
4. To find and replace, click Replace tab. Enter text to find in Find what. Enter
text to replace in Replace with.
5. Choose the action to be taken by clicking on – Replace, Replace All.

25
Session 9
Bulleted and Numbering

26
 Microsoft word provides bullets and numbers to put a list of items in a nice
order.

27
Write the steps to create a list using
numbers or bullets?
Steps to create list using numbers or bullets are as follows:
1. Select the text.
2. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Bullets icon. The bullets
will appear at the beginning of each sentence.
Or
2. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Numbering icon. The
Numbers will appear at the beginning of each sentence.

28
When it is better to use bullets than numbers ?
We Use numbered lists when we are working with instructions to be done in a
sequence ie.,steps to be followed, and the numbers suggests a hierarchy. If
numbers aren’t essential, use bullets.

When to capitalize the first letter in a bulleted item?

A. In most cases, it is recommended that you start each bulleted item with a
capital letter for the sake of a good presentation.

29
Session 10,11
Format Font Style and Alignment

30
Formatting

 Formatted text can draw the reader's attention to specific parts of a document and emphasize
important information. In Word, you have several options for adjusting the font of your text,
including size, color, and inserting special symbols.

What is Font ?
A. Font refers to the style of writing i.e., how the
characters look in the document. The look of characters
can be changed using the Font face(name), Font Size and
Font Color.

31
Step to change font

 Click the Home tab and then select the text you want to change.
 Click the Font list box. A list of available fonts on your computer
appears.
 Move the mouse pointer over each font. Word temporarily changes
your selected text so you can see how the currently highlighted
font will look.
 Click the font you want to use. Word changes your text to appear
in your chosen font.

32
Step to change Font Size

Click the Home tab and then select the text you want to change.
Choose one of the following:

Click the Font Size list box and then click a number, such as 12 or 16.
Click the Grow Font or Shrink Font icon.

33
What is Alignment?

Alignment determines the appearance and orientation of the edges of the

paragraph. The different types of alignment are –
1. Left Alignment :- Aligned the text evenly along the left margins.
2. Right Alignment :- Aligned the text evenly along the right margins.
3. Centre Alignment :- Aligned the text evenly with the centre of the page.
4. Justified Alignment :- Aligned the text evenly with both left and right
margins.

34
Step to align text

 Select the content you want to modify

 In Home tab locate the Paragraph group
 It has four alignment options ;
 Select the desired alignment option with a left click

35
Session 12
Views of Documents

36
What are the different views of a
document?
Word Processor provides options to work on a document in different formats /
layouts which gives a different look to the document. The different layouts are:-
1. Print Layout
2. Full Screen Reading
3. Web Layout
4. Outline
5. Draft

37
Explain the different views of a Word
document.
1. Print Layout: It is the default document view setting. User will able to see
how the document will look when it gets printed.
2. Full Screen Reading: This view provides the maximum space available for
reading the document. It hides the ribbon and view the document in two (side by
side) frames similar to a book.
3. Web Layout: It shows how the document will appear in the web browser. In
this view the document looks like a web page.
4. Outline: This view displays the document as an outline and shows only the
headings present in the document like an index of the book. It is useful when the
document has large number of pages and sections.
5. Draft: This view is used for quick editing of the document. It is useful for
proof reading of the document.

38
Session 13

39
Print in MS Word
What is a Hard Copy and Soft Copy ?
In IT, a document saved on the computer is called a Soft Copy and one that is printed is called
Hard Copy.

Write the steps to Print a Document?

The steps to print a document are as follows:
1. Click File -> Print. A print dialog box appears with multiple settings. Make desired settings
and print the page.

Explain the different settings available in the Print Dialog Box.

The different settings available in Print Dialog Box are as follows:-
1. Print Range:- It includes 4 options- All for printing whole document. Current Page for
printing the page on which the cursor is currently placed. Selection for printing the selected
text. Pages for printing the selected page numbers.
2. Copies:- for Selecting the number of copies of the document to be printed.
3. Properties:- for setting advanced properties.

40
41
Steps to Print Document

 Click on Office Button/File Tab.

 Click on Print Option.
 Print Dialog Box will appear.
 Set the settings and click on Print Button

42
Session14,15,16

43
What is a Table?

A table is an arrangement of rows and columns. It helps you to present

information in an organized form.

44
Write steps to insert a table in a word
document.
1. Select the Insert tab. Select Table from the
Tables group. An Insert Table drop down menu
appears.
2. Drag your mouse to the desired number of
rows and columns and click the left button of the
mouse.
3. An empty table having the selected number
of rows and columns is inserted in the document.

45
Write steps to format a table.

1. Click anywhere on the table. A Design tab and Layout tab appear in the ribbon.
2. Click on the Design tab. Different styles and options for formatting will appear.
3. Using the options available in Design tab, you can format the table.

46
Write steps to change Layout of a
table.
1. Click anywhere on the table. A Design tab and Layout tab appear in the ribbon.
2. Click on the Layout tab. Different options will appear to change the Layout.
3. Using the options available in Layout tab, you can change the Layout of the table.

47
Converting Text to Table

48
Write steps to convert text to table
and table to text.
[While typing text, use comma between data to indicate where you want to divide
text into columns and use paragraph marks(Press Enter Key) to indicate where you
want to begin a new row]
Steps to convert text to table:-
1. Select the text that you want to convert from the document.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click Table, and then click Convert Text
to Table.
3. A convert text to table dialog box appears. In the dialog box, under Separate
text at, click the options for separate character that is in your text (commas in this
case)
4. In the Number of columns box, check the number of columns.
5. Select any other options that you want. Click on OK button.

49
Converting Table toText

50
Steps to convert table to text:-

1. Select the entire table.

2. Click on convert to text option in Data group under Layout tab of Table
Tools.
3. A convert table to text dialog box opens. Choose any Separate text
with option.
4. Click OK.

51
Session 17,18
Apply Border and shading to Paragraph

52
Write steps to add border to a page or
a paragraph/text
Steps to add border to a page or paragraph/text are:-
1. Click on Page Borders option in the Page Background group on Page
Layout tab. A Borders and Shading dialog box appears.
2. In the dialog box, do one of the following
a. To add a paragraph or text border, click the Borders tab.
b. To add a page border, click the Page Border tab. This tab has three sections.
c. In the left most section, under setting, select the type of border you want.
d. In the centre section, you can modify the line style, border colour and width. You
can even click Art to add a design to a page border.
3. Check Preview to see how the border will look.
4. Click OK.

53
Write steps to add shading to pages,
paragraphs and text.
1. On the Page Layout tab in the Page Background group, click Page
borders. A Borders and Shading dialog box appears.
2. Click on the tab Shading.
3. There are three options under Shading tab.
a. Fill: By clicking on the down arrow, a colour palette is displayed. Choose
the desired colour shading.
b. Style: This option allows the changes in darkness of the shading and also
different patterns of shading.
c. Apply to:By clicking on the down arrow, you can choose if you want to
shade only the selected text or the entire paragraph.

54
Session17-20

55
What is Margin? How do we set the
margin?
 Page margins are the blank space around the edges of the page. You can
position some items in the margins such as headers, footers, page numbers
etc. A document has top, bottom, left and right margins.
 Steps to adjust/change margin are:-
 1. Select the Page Layout tab.
 2. Click on Margins in the Page Setup group. A Margins drop down list
appears.
 3. Select any one of the options shown, Narrow, Moderate, Wide or
Mirrored OR click on the Custom Margins... option to set the customise
margin.

56
What are the two types of Page
Orientation? How do we change the page
orientation?
The Two types of Page orientation are:-
1. Portrait:- means that the page is taller than it is wider.
2. Landscape:- means that the page wider than it is taller.
Steps to change the page orientation:-
1. Click on Page Layout tab
2. Click on the Orientation button. This will give you two options: Portrait and
Landscape.
3. To change the orientation, click on the desired orientation icon.

57
What is Print Preview? Write steps to
check Print Preview.
Print Preview enables you to see what the document will look like when it is
printed.
Steps to check Print Preview:-
1. Select File-> Print-> Print Preview option.
2. A Print Preview tab opens. A sample Print Preview of the page displays.

58
What are tabs? How do we set tabs?

Tabs are often used to format documents. Different types of tabs are:-
1. A Left Tab stop – sets the start position of text that will then run to the right
as you type.
2. A Centre Tab stop – sets the position of the middle of the text. The text
centers on this position as you type.
3. A Right Tab stop – sets the right end of the text. As you type the text moves
left.
To set Tabs, do the following:-
1. Click the tab selector at the left end of the ruler until it displays the type of
tab that you want.
2. Click the ruler at the location you want.
59
Mail Merge

 Mail Merge is most often used to print or email form letters to multiple
recipients. Using Mail Merge, you can easily customize form letters for
individual recipients. Mail merge is also used to create envelopes or labels in
bulk.

60
Step For Mail Merge
 Prepare your letter in Microsoft Word. When creating a letter, it’s a good idea to insert a
placeholder where the information from the mail merge will be placed, ie [Address], [Amount].
 Under “Mailings” in Microsoft Word click on ‘Start Mail Merge’ and click on ‘Step by Step Mail
Merge Wizard.’

61
Step For Mail Merge Continue….

 A window will appear to the right of your document that

says ‘Select
 Document type.’ In this instance leave it on ‘Letters.’
 At the bottom click on Next: Starting Document.
 The next step will read ‘Select Starting Document.’ If you
currently have the letter you created leave the selection
‘Use the Current Document’ selected.

62
Step For Mail Merge Continue….

 Next, click ‘Select Recipients’ at the bottom. You will see ‘Use an Existing List’
the ability to browse for your list.
 Click on the ‘browse’ button and find your list on your computer that you have
type in Excel.
 Once you find your document click open and a box will show up that says
‘Select table.’ If you only had one tab on your spreadsheet click ok.

63
Step For Mail Merge Continue….

 You will then see the data you had typed. You can also choose to leave off certain names if you
want to. Click ok.

64
Step For Mail Merge Continue….

 The table will close and then the dialog box on the right will say ‘Currently Your
 Recipients Are Selected From:’ and will give the title of your excel spreadsheet document.
 At the bottom of the dialog box click ‘write your letter.’

65
Step For Mail Merge Continue….

 Place the cursor wherever you want to insert excel data.

 Click on Insert Merge Field and select your column name then click
on insert button.
 One by one do this step for all column.
 After close window.

66
Step For Mail Merge Continue….

 Next go to ‘preview your letters.’ From there the database information will
have populated your letter. You should be able to cycle through the
information you typed to make sure that your addresses and amounts are
correct.
 If you’re satisfied, click on ‘Complete the merge’ and then click on ‘Edit
Individual letters….’
 It will create a new document with complete letters.

67
Q1) What is a word processor?
Q2) What is the use of formatting features? Name any 3 features.
Q3) Which feature of word processor helps to improve our vocabulary?
Q4) How do we create a duplicate copy of the desired text using the commands present in the
clipboard group?
Q5) What is ribbon in Microsoft Office 2010? Explain its parts.
Q6) Write a brief note on character formatting. Which attributes are present in this type of
formatting?
Q7) How many types of font case are available in word? Briefly explain each type of case.
Q8) How does word help you to keep your document error free?
Q9) What do you understand by Thesaurus? Explain any 1 method to replace a word with its
synonym.
Q10) Define the term Utility. Explain the Find and Replace utility.

68
Check Your Self

 Q11) What is a list? Explain the steps to create a bulleted list.

 Q12) Define the term table. Explain the utility of a table in document.
 Q13) What is margin? Explain the different types of margin.
 Q14) What do you mean by Text alignment? What are the 2 categories of Text
alignment?
 Q15) Explain the concept of horizontal text alignment and its types.
 Q16) What do you mean by Indent? Explain the options available in the page
layout tab.
 Q17) Write 4 word processing software?
 Q18) How word processing software are useful/helpful to us?

69
Check Your Self

Q19) What are shortcut key combination for the following task-
1. Creating a new file
2. Creating a document
3. Saving a open document
4. Copy the content
5. Cut the content
6. Paste the content
Q20) Write different components of MS Word window?
Q21) What are different options available in font case?
Q22) Change the given sentences in 5 cases-
Computer is an electronic device.

70
Check Your Self

Q23) Differentiate between copy paste and cut paste.

Q24) Name the different categories of text alignment.
Q25) Explain the concept horizontal text alignment and vertical text alignment?
Q26) Define tables, Cells, Table Style.
Q27) What is the difference between a row and a column?
Q28) What are different ways to insert table in Ms Word?

71
Check Your Self

Q29) Describe any 1 method to insert rows and columns?

Q30) In which tab and group is the convert to text option found?
Q31) In which tab and group is the convert text to table option found?
Q32) Describe the process of converting text to table?
Q33) Describe the process of converting table to text?
Q34) What is a difference between bulleted and numbered list?
Q35) In which tab and group are the bullets and numbering icons found?

72
Important Information

 Download LibreOffice.
 It is Freeware.
 Practice all features with LibreOffice.

73
Thank You
By: Kanika N Sharma

74
 CLASS  9 
Information Technology  
Unit  6 
Fundamental of Computer  
   Introduction 
Computers have established themselves as an 
indispensable part in various segments of human life, 
such as business, academics, defence strategy, 
budgeting, research, engineering, medicine and space 
exploration. 
Today, we can access information on any topic instantly 
from any place with the help of computers. But, have you 
ever wondered how we are able to do so? This has 
become possible because of convergence of 
technologies. Technological convergence has almost 
revolutionized our daily life by changing the nature and 
the means we adopt to deal with communication, work 
and entertainment. 
In this unit, you will study about a computer system 
along with its working process and its functional 

1 
 
components. Next,  about basic areas of computer 
applications and the strengths and limitations of 
computers. The unit further explains various types of 
computing devices. Towards the end, concept of 
technological convergence will be discussed. 
 
Session 1 Defining a computer 

A computer is an electronic device which is used to 
perform a variety of operations on the basis of a set of 
instructions called program. A   computer takes input 
from the user in the form of data or instructions. On 
receiving the instructions from the user, the computer 
processes the data and generates some output and 
displays it to the user. When the computer processes 
the data, it becomes information. 
 
Understanding Data Data denotes unprocessed raw facts 
and figures, such as a name or a number. For example 
Raj, 15, IX are raw figures and can be termed as data. 
 

2 
 
Understanding Information When a computer processes 
data and converts it into   a form that is useful and 
meaningful to the user, it becomes information. For 
example, Raj is the name of a class IX student, whose age 
is 15. 
 
Understanding Hardware Computer hardware refers to 
the physical parts of a computer that you can touch, such 
as keyboard, mouse and monitor. There are two types of 
hardware devices‐‐‐ input devices and output devices. 
Any device that lets you enter data or instructions is 
known as an input device, such as keyboard, mouse and 
joystick. On the other hand, any hardware device which 
displays results is known as an output device, such as 
monitor and printer. 
 
Understanding Software   Software can be defined as a 
set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a 
specified job. For example, Windows 10 is an example of 
software.  
 
3 
 
Session 2   Exploring Functional Components of a  
Computer  

A computer consists of various components   such as 
system unit, monitor, mouse and keyboard. Some 
computers may also contain additional accessories, such 
as speakers, microphone and headphone. 
The main components of a computer are explained as 
follows: 
 System unit : consists of various  smaller 
components, such as Motherboard, Hard disk, 
Random Access Memory, Central processing unit 
and Sound card.  
 Monitor : Displays the output of a computer. It is a 
television‐like equipment which can be Cathode Ray 
Tube(CRT), Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) and Light 
Emitting Diode(LED) 
 Mouse : Refers to a pointing device that  allows you 
to perform certain activities on screen, such as 
clicking  a button and placing the cursor at a specific 
location. 

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  Keyboard: refers to a device that contains keys to 
feed information   into a computer. 
 
Session 3 : Introducing  Central Processing Unit 

Central Processing Unit is a   physical device that 
controls  computer operations. It is known as the 
brain of a computer system as it controls all the 
operations of a computer on the basis of   the 
instructions specified by the user. It looks like a small 
chip and is placed on the motherboard. The speed of 
CPU   is  measured in Megahertz (MHz)  or     
Gigahertz ( GHz). 
 
Two typical components of  CPU are : 
 
Arithmetic Logic Unit: is a digital circuit that is used 
to execute arithmetic and logical operations in a 
computer system. Arithmetic operations include 
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.  

5 
 
 The logical operations include greater than, less 
than, greater than equal to, less than equal to and 
not equal to . 
Control Unit: supervises and monitors the functions 
performed by the entire computer system. When 
you provide any input, the control unit determines 
the type of the instruction and according to the 
nature of the instruction, the control unit   guides  
the ALU  or input/output devices. 
 
Session 4 : Working of a Computer 

A computer follows the input‐process‐output model, 
where: 
Input: Refers to the process of  feeding data or 
instructions in a computer. 
Process: Refers to the work done by the computer with 
the help of hardware and software. 
Output: Refers to the result that is obtained when the 
computer processes the input. 

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  Input Unit   
        
Sends the data and commands to the computer   
   
 
   
Central Processing Unit 
     
Processes the data as per the given command 
   
 
 
 
  Output  Unit   
 
 
Displays the processed information as output 
 
 
 
 
Session 5 : Applications of a Computer 

Computer Applications in business 
Computer Applications at Home 
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Computer Applications in Accounting 
Computer Applications for Customer Interaction 
Computer Applications in Communication 
Computer Applications in Advertising 
Computer Applications in Health Care 
Computer Applications in Education 
Computer Applications in Research 
Computer Applications in Engineering 
Computer Applications in Law   Enforcement 
Computer Applications in Governance 
Computer Applications in Manufacturing 
Computer Applications in Military 
Computer Applications in Music 
Computer Applications in Film and Television 
Session 6 : Features  and Limitations of a Computer 

Following are some qualities that facilitate such wide use 
and   popularity of computers. 

8 
 
Speed : Computers perform at great speed and have the 
capability of processing even the most complex 
computations in a matter of seconds. Many computers 
have the ability to process billions or trillions of 
operations   in a single second. 
Storage capacity: It defines how much information   can 
be stored in it. Nowadays, storage capacity of hard disks 
can be in terabytes(TBs). 
Reliability: The electronic components in modern 
computers make them more reliable. 
Accuracy: Computers have the ability to provide accurate 
results as they perform computations with utmost 
accuracy. 
Consistency: A computer generates consistent results. 
Versatility: Computers are able to perform different 
tasks. 

Limitations of a Computer  
Although computers provide accurate results, yet they   
have some  limitations as compared to human beings. 

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No Power to make Decisions : Computers  are unable to 
take decisions on their own, instead they  depend upon 
the input being provided by humans. 
No IQ : Computers are machines that do not have self‐
intelligence; instead, they need to be informed time to 
time regarding the tasks to be performed. 
No Heuristics:  Computers are not able to learn from 
their past experiences. It implies that when a computer 
commits an error once, then it would commit the same 
mistake again in a similar situation. 
 
Session 7 : Types of Computers 

Desktop Computer: It is primarily used in an office or 
home. It can be  used independently. This computer is 
also called Personal Computer(PC) 
Hand‐held Computer or Personal Digital Assistant :  
A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a light weight, hand‐
held computer designed to be used as a personal 
organizer.  A typical PDA does not contain   a 
conventional keyboard, instead it relies on recognition of 

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handwritten input through the use of Stylus. PDA are 
envisioned as notepads, appointment schedulers and 
wireless communicators for sending and receiving data, 
faxes and e‐mail messages. 
Laptop: It is a portable computer that is integrated with a 
display screen, keyboard, trackball, processor and 
memory. The entire machinery of a laptop runs on a 
rechargeable battery.  
Tablet: With its electromagnetic pen, touch screen and 
software that recognizes letters written on a screen, 
tablet can be called a notepad of the 21st   century. When 
the pen touches the screen, it acts as an ink pen and the 
user can write directly on the screen. 
Smartphone : It is basically  a mobile phone that provides 
additional features to perform day‐to‐day tasks. These 
features include sending mails and accessing the 
Internet. In smartphones, you find a built‐in camera and 
music player. You can perform almost all tasks of a 
desktop computer with smartphones.  
Mainframe computer  A mainframe computer is a large‐
sized computer that occupies a huge space. Mainframes 

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are designed for multitasking and can be used by many 
users simultaneously. The main areas that differentiate 
mainframes from other computing systems are speed of 
processing instructions, ability to handle multiple tasks 
and data bandwidth. Mainframes can approximately 
provide up to 12 parallel MHz processors, 32 GB primary 
memory and several terabytes of disk   storage. The   
processing speed of a mainframe computer is around 80 
to 550 MIPS. 
 Supercomputer  A Supercomputer consists of a large 
number of processors and occupies a huge amount of 
space. Supercomputer can process trillions of operations 
per second (teraflops). Supercomputer  are used to 
create weather predictions, conducting fluid dynamic 
calculations, creating animated graphics and conducting   
nuclear researches. 
Self‐ Destructing Computer In an effort to limit the 
amount of data  that computer thieves can retrieve from 
stolen computers, a device is being developed that can 
locate and, if necessary, destroy a computer’s hard drive. 
Cyber Group Network (CGN) Corp. developed the first 
self‐destructing computer. The name of the device is      
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C‐4 chip. Once a computer   equipped with the  C‐4 chip 
is discovered  missing or stolen, the computer’s owner 
will be able to call  a  toll‐free  number that will be 
available 24x7. This phone service will give the owner   
four options: track the computer, track the computer and 
retrieve data from its hard drive, track the computer  and 
destroy the hard drive and motherboard, or notify the 
authorities.  
Workstation   Workstation have greater memory and 
more extensive mathematical abilities. Workstation can 
be connected to other workstations or personal 
computers to exchange data.. Generally, these 
computers are used where a high level of computational 
abilities is required, such as scientific, industrial and 
business environments. 
 
Embedded Computer You must have noticed   the  
circuits of various appliances, such as  televisions and 
washing machines. In these appliances, there is an inbuilt  
pre‐programmed computer that performs some specific 
tasks.  Consider the example of an automated   washing 
machine in which the process of washing clothes starts  
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automatically and continues for a specified  time period. 
In this case, an automated program is embedded   in the 
circuit of washing machine to perform the automatic 
washing process. 
Session 8 : Convergence of Technologies 

Technological convergence   denotes merging of two or 
more existing technologies to invent a completely new 
technology with multiple benefits. 
A smartphone   combines   formerly‐separated 
technologies, such as voice, data and video   and make 
them operate on a single   platform. In a smartphone, 
these technologies work as a shared resource   and 
interrelate with each other. This eliminates the need of 
using multiple devices, thus, instead of carrying   
separate devices, such as mobile phone, camera, pager 
and digital organizer, you can now use a smartphone that 
assembles all these technologies. 
The 3Cs of Technological convergence   Emerging trend 
of   technological convergence   has led to  the merging 
of many technologies: Computing, content and 

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Communication into a single system. . This merging is 
referred to as the 3Cs of technological convergence. 
Computing : It  refers to the design and construction of 
computers to perform various types of tasks. An example 
of computing technology is the development of a 
software program that allows people to  work at home 
on the tasks assigned to them from their job locations. 
Content :  Refers to any type of meaningful data or 
information that is expressed  through medium, such as 
speech, writing or images.It can be shared through media 
such as Internet, Books, CDs.  
Communication:   refers to the interaction of multiple 
computers over a network to share data, information 
and other resources. Some examples of communication 
technology include mobile communication and Internet‐
based communication technologies.  
Types of Technological convergence    
 Depending on the technologies involved, convergence 
can be of the following types. 
Digital convergence : It refers to the merger of the 
Internet, telecommunication and leisure industries. 
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Digital convergence enables you   to  convert various 
types of content, such as text, voice, video, graphics, 
pictures, etc. into digital form, view multimedia content 
and share it through different types of devices. 
Messaging convergence :  refers to the integration of 
text and voice messages.  For example, text, SMS, voice 
SMS, Interactive Voice Response(IVR), Multimedia 
Messaging Service(MMS). Messaging convergence is very 
useful in various sectors related to media and 
broadcasting, Business Process Outsourcing(BPO) 
Media convergence   Earlier we used a video player to 
play video, tape recorder to play music and FM tuner to 
play radio. However, now   we can enjoy  all these 
services on a single device. 
Content convergence : refers to integration of content 
from various sources on the Internet. For example, 
various   content media such as billboards, magazines, 
newspapers, radio stations and television provide 
content on specific Internet websites. This creates a 
powerful communication platform and provides 
opportunities   for consumers as well as businesses to 
interact on the Internet.    
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