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TO DERIVE THE
EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL
METHOD
1).v=u+at.
Initial velocity of body u=OA
Final velocity of the body v=BC
From the graph BC=BD+DC
v=BD+DC
DC=OA. v=BD+OA
OA=u v=BD+u
a=BD/t
BD=at
v=u+at,
2). S=ut +1/2 at2.
Distance travelled= area of figure OABC
Distance travelled=area of rectangle OADC+area of
triangle ABD
S=0A xOC +1/2ADxBD
S=ut+1/2 xtxat. [ From 1]
S=ut+1/2 at2
2
3. ] 2as=v2 ‐ u
Distance travelled=area of trapezium OABC
Distance travelled s=sum of parallel sides x height/2
Distance travelled s=[OA+CB]xOC/2
OA+CB=u+v and OC=t
s= [u+v] x t/2..............[1]
From first equation v=u+at
t=v‐u/a
Putting in first equation
s=[u+v] x [u‐v]/2a
On solving
2
2as=v2 ‐ u
Uniform circular motion
When a body moves in a circle the motion is called circular motionwhen a body moves
along a circular path then its direction of motion keeps changing continuously the
velocity changes continuously therefore motion along a circular path is said to be
accelerated motion
when a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed
its motion is called uniform circular motion
Example of uniform circular motion
1. Artificial satellites move in uniform circular motion
around the earth
2. The moon moves in uniform circular motion around
the earth
3. The earth moves around the sun in uniform circular
motion
4. the tip of seconds hand of a watch shows uniform
circular motion
on the circular dial of
the
watch.
Calculati
on of
speed of
a body in
uniform
circular
motion
Speed
[v]=
circumfe
rence/
time
taken
Class 9th physics(SCIENCE)
Chapter 1. (Part 1.)
Motion
Definition of motion:
a body is said to be in motion when its position changes continuously with respect to a stationary object
taken as reference.
Example motion of a car ,motion of a bike motion of earth, motion of moon, e.t.c .
Distance travelled and displacement
Distance: The actual length of the path covered by a moving body irrespective of
the direction in which the body travels .
Displacement:The shortest distance between the initial position and final position
of the body along with direction is
known as its displacement
Scalar quantity:A physical quantity having only magnitude is known as scalar
quantity.
Vector quantity: A physical quantity having magnitude as well as direction is
known as vector quantity.
Difference between distance and displacement
Distance Displacement
1)Actual length of path covered by The shortest distance between the
moving body irrespective of the initial position and final position of the
direction. body,along with direction.
2)Distance travelled by a moving body Displacement of a moving body can be
cannot be zero or negative. zero or negative.
3) Distance is scalar quantity. Displacement is a vector quantity.
Uniform motion and Non‐uniform motion
Uniform motion: a body has a uniform motion if it travels equal
distance in equal intervals of time no matter how small this
time intervals may be.
The distance time graph for uniform motion.
Non uniform motion: If a body travels unequal distance in equal
interval of time then that body is non uniform motion.
The distance time graph for non uniform motion
Speed: Speed of a body is the distance travelled by it per
unit time.
Speed= Distance travelled
Time taken
v= s
t
where v = speed
s =distance
and. t = time taken
SI unit of speed is metre per second
Other units are : centimetre per second
kilometers per hour
Speed is a scalar quantity
Average speed
the average speed of a body is the total distance
travelled divided by the total time taken to cover
this distance.
Average speed = Total distance travelled
Total time taken
Exercise time
Problem 1) a scooterist covers a distance of 3 kilo
metres in 5 minutes. Calculate his speed in:
(a) centimetre per second (cm/s)
(b) meter per second (m/s)
(c) kilometre per hour (km/h)
Solution. (a) In order to calculate the speed of
centimetres per second we should convert the given
distance of 3 km into cm and the given time of 5 minutes
into seconds. Please note that 1 kilometre has 1000
metres and 1 metre has 100 centimetre.
Now,
(a)
Distance travelled = 3 km=3000m
= 300,000cm
Time taken =5 minutes
= 300seconds
Speed = distance travelled / time taken
= 300000cm/300sec
=1000cm/s
(b) speed in metre per second
Speed =distance travelled / time taken
Speed=3000m/300s
=10m/s
(c) speed in kilometre per hour
Distance=3km
Time =5 minutes=5/60 hours=0.083h
Speed =distance travelled / time taken
Speed =3km/0.083h=36km/h
Velocity: velocity of a body is is the the distance travelled
by it per unit time in a given direction velocity =
distance travelled in a given direction / time taken
V=s/t
V=velocity of the body
s=distance travelled in given direction or displacement
t=time taken
S I unit of velocity is metres per second
Velocity is a vector quantity
the direction of velocity is the same as the direction of
displacement of the body
Speed and velocity are not always equal in magnitude
Uniform velocity (constant velocity): A body has uniform
velocity if it travels in a specific direction in a straight line
and moves over equal distances in equal interval of time
The velocity of a body can be changed in two ways
1. By changing the speed of the body and
2. By keeping the speed constant but by changing the
direction
The magnitude of speed and velocity of a moving body is
equal only if the body moves in a single straight line
EXERCISE TIME
Acceleration
Acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of change of
its velocity with time
Acceleration=change in velocity / time taken
Acceleration =final velocity ‐ initial velocity/time taken
SI unit of acceleration metres per second square
Uniform acceleration:A body has a uniform acceleration
if it travels in a straight line and its velocity changes by
equal amount in equal interval of time.
Non
uniform
acceler
ation:a
body
has non
uniform
acceler
ation if
its
velocity
increas
es by
unequal
amount
in equal
interval
s of
time.
Retardation or negative acceleration.
if the velocity of a body decreases the acceleration is
negative this is called negative acceleration retardation.
Average velocity: I f the velocity of a body is changing at
a uniform rate the
average velocity is
given by
Average velocity=
initial velocity +
final velocity / 2
Distance time graph
(a) uniform speed .
Slope give speed.
(b) Non‐
uniform
uniform
speed:
Speed time graph or velocity time graph
(1). Speed time graph when the speed remains
constant
(2). Speed time graph when speed changes at a uniform
rate (uniform acceleration).
(a) when initial velocity is zero
b). When initial velocity is not zero
Area under the speed time graph gives displacement or
distance
3). When speed changes at non uniform rate
(Non uniform acceleration)