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The body in nature has two states:

1-rest:
The body doesn’t change its position
2-motion:
The body changes its position during time

1) Translatory motion:
It is the motion of the body from one point (starting point) to another point
( ending point )
For Example:
1) Motion in sright line.
Ex.,:
Train or car motion.
Starting Final
Point Point
2) Motion in curved line:
Ex.,:
Projectiles motion.
Starting Final
Point Point
2)Periodic motion:
It is the motion of the body when particle repeats its motion in equal intervals
time, and doesn't have starting and ending point.
For Example:
1) Circular Motion:
The body moves around a fixed point ( earth around sun )
2) Rotational motion:
The body moves around its axis.
Ex.,: rotation of earth around its axis.
3) Oscillatory motion:
The body moves around its equilibrium point.
Ex.,: Simple pendulum - spiral spring.

4) The wave motion:

Ex.,: Transfers wave ( sea waves ).
Longitudinal wave ( sound wave ).
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When the body travels between two points we can
determine the rate of the length covered by two
methods ( velocity - speed )

If a car moves in a given direction a displacement of ( Δd ) metre in a time of

( Δt ) seconds. We find the velocity ( v ) from: v = d
t
Velocity : d
It is the rate of change of displacement.
v t
OR: It is the change of displacement per unit time.

If a car moves a distance of ( Δ x ) metre in a time of ( Δ t ) seconds. We find

the speed ( v ) from: v = x
t
Speed : x
It is the distance covered in unit time. v t
OR: It is the rate of change of distance.
Speed Velocity
1 It is the distance moved in unit time It is the displacement moved
Or: It is the rate of change of in unit time.
displacement. OR: It is the rate of change of
displacement.
2 Speed = distance / time Velocity = displacement / time

3 SIU of is m/s - D.F is MLT-1 SIU is m/s. D.F is MLT-1

4 Speed is scalar quantity Velocity is a vector quantity.

m
- It s unit of measurement = or m/s and km/hr.
s
5
km / hr m/s multiply by
18
18
m/s km/hr multiply
5

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Uniform velocity
It is the velocity when the body covers equal displacements in equal intervals of
time.
OR: It is the velocity where the rate of change of displacement is constant.
Where The instantaneous velocity its magnitude is constant from one point to
another.
 The instantaneous velocity:
It is the velocity of a moving body at certain instant.
Example:

(m) 10 20 30 40 50
(s) 1 2 3 4 5
d1 10  0 10
V1 =   = 10 m/s
t 1 0 1
d 2 20  10 10
V2 =   = 10 m/s
t 2 1 1
d 3 30  20 10
V3 =   = 10 m/s
t 32 1
d 4 40  30 10
V4 =   = 10 m/s
t 43 1
d 5 50  40 10
V5 =   = 10 m/s
t 54 1

It means that the body moves with uniform velocity 10 m/s.

The graphical representation of Uniform velocity:-

Plot the displacement on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis.
The graph will be a straight line passing through the origin. its slope
equals the magnitude of the uniform velocity. d

d 40  20 20
Slope =   = 10 m/s
t 42 2 d
t
t
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Non-Uniform velocity
It is the velocity when the body covers different displacements in equal
intervals of time.
OR: It is the velocity where the rate of change of displacement is Variable.

Where The instantaneous velocity changes its magnitude from one point to another.
Example:

d (m) 1 2 4 8 14

t (s) 1 2 3 4 5

It means that the body moves with instantaneous velocity changes

from one point to another.
V1 = d1  1  0  1 = 1 m/s
t 1 0 1

V2 = d 2  2  1  1 = 1 m/s
t 2 1 1

V3 = d 3  4  2  2 = 2 m/s
t 32 1

V4 = d 4  8  4  4 = 4 m/s
t 43 1

V5 = d 5  14  8  6 = 6 m/s
t 54 1

The graphical representation of Non-uniform velocity :

Plot the displacement on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis.
The graph will be a curved. the velocity at a given instant is determined by the
slope of the tangent to the curved line at this instant.
This velocity is known as the instantaneous velocity.
d
The slop of the tangent = v  d
t
d1 11.2  60 5.2
Slope ( A ) =   = 4.7 m/s
t1 4.7  3.6 1.1 d
d 2 3.4  1 2.4 t
Slope ( B ) =   = 1.5 m/s
t 2 3  1.4 1.6 t

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When the body moves with non-uniform velocity we calculate the average velocity

The average velocity:

Total Displacement d
v( average)  v  
Total Time t
sumofV Vi  V f
 
no 2

Vi = initial velocity. Vf = final velocity.

Imagine that if the body moves with it uniformly; the body will cover the
same displacement in the same time.

Note:
1. If the body moves with uniform velocity, the instantaneous velocity is
constant along the path equal the average velocity.
2. If the body moves with non-uniform velocity the instantaneous varies from
point to another not equal the average velocity.

The graph means that the body at rest d

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