Kinematics E 2018

JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)
KINEMATICS
CONTENT
S.No Pages
1. Theory 2 – 28
2. Exercise - 1 29 – 39
3. Exercise - 2 40 – 43
4. Exercise - 3 43 – 45
5. Exercise - 4 45 – 46
6. Exercise - 5 46 – 47
8. Answer key 48
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KINEMATICS
Introduction
The branch of physics in which motion and the forces causing motion are studied is called mechanics.
As a first step in studying mechanics, we describe the motion of particles and bodies in terms of
space and time without studying the cause of motion. This part of mechanics is called kinematics.
Motion represents continuous change in position.
Various quantities used in Kinematics

Displacement ( S or r ) :
Change in position vector is called displacement.
Its magnitude is minimum distance between final and initial point, and is directed from initial position
to final position.
For a particle moving along x axis, motion from one position x1 to another position x2 is displacement,
x where, x = x2 – x 1
If the particle moves from x1 = 4m to x2 = 12 m, then x = (12m) – (4m) = +8m. The positive result
indicates that the motion is in the positive direction. If the particle then returns to x = 4m, the
displacement for the full trip is zero. The actual number of meters covered for the full trip is irrelevant
displacement involves only the original and final position.
 
In general if initial position vector and final position vector are rin and rf respectively, then
  
S = rf – rin = r
Distance:
Length of path traversed by a particle is called distance.
It is dependent on the path chosen, thus for motion between two fixed points A and B we can have
many different values of distance traversed. It is a scalar quantity, as length of path has no indication
of direction in it. Its SI unit is meter (m) and dimensions is (L).
eg. Suppose a particle moves from position A to B as shown after travelling from A to B to C to D.
y
B 3m C
2m 2m
D x
A (5,0)
(1,0)m
    
Here Displacement S = AD = 5 i – i = 4 i m
 displacement = 4m
Also distance covered ,
l = AB + BC + CD = 2 + 3 + 2 = 7 m
Note : Here Displacement < Distance

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Magnitude of displacement would be equal to distance travelled if there is no change in

direction during the whole motion.
In general, |Displacement| Distance
Average Velocity :

The average velocity V avg is the ratio of the total displacement r , and total time (t) taken to

complete that displacement. It should be noted that V avg is independent of path as displacement is
independent of path.
  
 r rf  rin
V avg = =
t t
Unit for Vavg is the meter per second (m/s). The average velocity Vavg always has the same sign as
the displacement r .
Average Speed :
Total dis tan ce travelled l
Average speed = =
Total time interval t
|Average velocity|  |Average speed|
Instantaneous Velocity :
Instantaneous Velocity is defined as the value approached by the average velocity when the time
interval for measurement becomes closer and closer to zero, i.e. t  0. Mathematically
x
v (t) = lim
t
t 0
Thus Instantaneous velocity function is the derivative of the displacement with respect to time.
dx(t)
v(t) 
dt
Instantaneous Speed
It is measure of how fast a particle or a body is moving at a particular instant. It is the magnitude of
instantaneous velocity. Thus particle moving with instantaneous velocity of + 5m/s and another
moving with –5m/s will have same instantaneous speed of 5 m/s.
The speedometer in a car measure the instantaneous speed not the instantaneous velocity, because
it cannot determine the direction.
Average Acceleration

The Average Acceleration ( a avg) over a time interval t is
 v 2  v1 v
a avg = t  t =
2 1 t
where the particle has velocity v1 at time t1 and then velocity v2 at time t2.
Instantaneous Acceleration
The Instantaneous Acceleration (or simply acceleration) is the derivative of the velocity with respect
to time.
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 dv
a =
dt
In words, the acceleration of a particle at any instant is the rate at which its velocity is changing at that
instant.
 dv d dr d 2 r
a = = ( )= 2
dt dt
dt dt
In words, the acceleration of a particle at any instant is the second derivative of its position vector with
respect to time.
Acceleration has both magnitude and direction (it is yet another vector quantity). For motion on a straight
line its algebraic sign represents its direction on an axis just as for displacement and velocity; that is,
acceleration with a positive value is in the positive direction of an axis, and acceleration with a negative
value is in the negative direction.
One Dimensional or Rectilinear Motion
We may divide this topic in the following different situations.
(i) Motion with constant velocity
(ii) Motion with variable velocity but constant acceleration
(iii) Motion with variable acceleration.
Motion with constant velocity

x t
dx
v=
dt
  dx =  vdt
x0 0
Since velocity is constant, it comes out of the integration

x t
  dx
x0
= v  dt
0
x xx 0
= v t 0t
x – x 0 = vt i.e., displacement x = vt
Motion with variable velocity but constant acceleration

Basic formulae
dv
(i) a =
dt
dv dx dv
(ii) a = . =v (By chain rule)
dx dt dx
From formula (i)
v t
dv
a=
dt
 dv = a dt;  dv =  a dt
u 0
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Since acceleration is constant so it comes out of the integration

vvu =a  dt
 v – u = at  v = u + at ............(i)
dx
= u + at
dt
dx = udt + at dt
on further integrating
x t t
 dx = u
x0
 dt + a  t dt
0 0
at 2
x  x
x0 = ut +
2
1 2 1 2
x – x0 = ut + at  x = ut + at .............(ii)
2 2
From formula (ii)
dv
a=v
dx
v x
 vdv = a  dx
u x0
v2 u2
– = a(x – x0 )
2 2
v2 = u2 + 2a(x) .............(iii)
vu
Taking a = from equation (i) and putting it in equation (ii), we get
t
1 vu 2
x = ut +  t
2  t 
vu
 x =  t .............(iv)
 2 
Displacement in nth second
Sn
Sn–1 Sn th
Displacement in nth second = Displacement in n sec. – Displacement in (n–1) sec.

1 1
Sn th = Sn – Sn –1th = [u(n) + an2 ] – [u (n – 1) + a (n – 1)2]
2 2
a
 S th = u + (2n – 1) .............(v)
n 2
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Motion with variable acceleration

Relations :
v2 t2
dv
(i)
dt
=a   dv   adt
v1 t1
x2 t2
dx
(iii)
dt
=v   dx   vdt
x1 t1
dv dv dx
(iii) a= = . (By chain rule)
dt dx dt
dv
 a=v
dx
v2 x2
  Vdv   adx
v1 x1
Graphical Representation of Motion in one Dimension

S-t curve :
If we put s on y-axis and t on x-axis then for every value of t we have a specific value of s.
p2
s2
s
p1
s1 Q
O t1 t2 t
The Average velocity from time t1 to t2 will be
s 2  s1
Vavg = t  t = slope of line joining the points p1 and p2
2 1
For a particle moving along a straight line when we plot a graph of s versus t, Vavg is the slope of the
straight line that connects two particular points on the s(t) curve : one is the point that corresponds to s2
and t2, and the other is the point that corresponds to s1 and t1. Its magnitude is the magnitude of the line's
slope. A positive vavg (and slope) tells us that the line slants upward to the right ; a negative vavg (and
slope), that the line slants downward to the right.
Instantaneous velocity
s2 p2
Can be found by determining the slope
of the tangent to the displacement time graph at that instant. s
p1
Velocity at point p1 or time t1 is V s1
V = tan  O t1 t2 t
s1

t1 t
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Cases :
s
(A) Uniform velocity :
2
If velocityis uniform slope of curve must
be straight line 1
45°
e.g. (i) If Velocity is 1ms–1  S = Vt  S = t 1 2 t
tan  = 1 Positive velocity
e.g. (ii) If velocity is –1 m/s  S = Vt = – t s
45° 
tan  = –1
t
For negative velocity
(B) Uniform acceleration

We have a particle moving with uniform acceleration a and initial velocityu. Its displacement s at anytime
t can be represented as
1 2
s = ut + at
2
Curve is parabola s
Velocity at t1 is tan 

t1 t
Velocity Vs time curve
By using dependence of v on t we can plot v Vs t graph.
Slope of v Vs t curve at any point represents acceleration at that instant. p
v
tan  = acceleration at time t1
Area under v Vs t graph : 

t
t1
As we know dx = Vdt
x2 t2
  dx =  vdt
x1 t1
V
t2 dt
t1
x =  vdt
t2

t1 t
= Area under v Vs t graph.

Thus area under curve will represent displacement in that time period.
Note : (1) Area above t-axis +ve displacement.
(2) Area below t-axis is –ve displacement.
Thus, 1. Total displacement will be sum of areas with appropriate signs.
2. Total distance travelled will be sum of areas without sign.
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Cases :
(1) For uniform velocity:
acceleration = 0 v
slope = 0
t
acceleration
(2) For st. line curve
tan  = acceleration v
u 
For increasing velocity
(slope is +ve) i.e.  < 90°
t
v decreasing Note  is always with

for decreasing velocity  ive x - axis

(slope is –ve) i.e.  > 90°
t
Table for :
Variation of Displacement (s), velocity () and acceleration (a) with respect to time for different
type of motion,
1. At rest Displacement Velocity Acceleration

s  a
t 0 t 0 t
s  a
2. Motion with s = ut
u
constant velocity
t 0 t 0 t
s s = ut + 1/2 a0t2 v v= u+at a

3. Motion with constant
a0
acceleration u
0 t 0 t 0 t
x s = ut – 1/2 a 0t 2 v a
u
–a t
0 t 0 t
Vertical motion under gravity (Free fall)

Motion that occurs solely under the influence of gravity is called free fall. Thus a body projected
upward or downward or released from rest are all under free fall.
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In the absence of air resistance all falling bodies have the same acceleration due to gravity, regardless
of their sizes or shapes.
The value of the acceleration due to gravity depends on both latitude and altitude. We are taking
upward direction as positive and downward as negative, Thus acceleration is taken a = – g = 10 m/
s2 no matter whether body is moving upwards or downwards, since g always acts downward.
Thus the equation of kinematics may be modified as y
v = u – gt .......... (i) +ve
1 2 –ve
y = y – y0 = ut – gt .......... (ii)
2
v2 = u2 – 2g (y – y0) .......... (iii) x
These y0 = position of particle at time t = 0
y = position of particle at time t.
u = velocity of particle at time t = 0
v = velocity of particle at time t.
Some results
u2
1. Maximum Height : - H =
2g
Derivation :At maximum height v = 0
u2
 from equation (iii), v2 = u2 – 2gH = 0  H =
2g
u
2. Time to reach maximum height : - t =
g
Derivation :At maximum height v = o = u – gt [equation (i)]
u
 t=
g
3. Total time of flight = time to go up + time to move down (to reach the same horizontal level again)
T = 2t
2u
T=
g
4. Time of ascent = Time of descent for motion between two points at same horizontal level for example
between A& B and between C & D shown in the figure.
B C
t t
A D
5. If an object is dropped ( means initial velocity is zero) from Height h. Its speed on reaching ground
2h
is v  2gh and time taken to reach ground is t 
g
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Derivation :
1 2
Also from equation (ii) y = –h = 0 – gt
2
2h
 t=
g
6. A particle has the same speed at a point on the path. While going vertically up and down.
v=0
v1 v1
u u
Motion In Two Dimensions

Whatever we have studied in kinematics of one dimensional motion, we apply the same for motion in
two and three dimensional motion, for x, y & Z components separately.
Suppose a particle has position coordinates (x,y) at any instant, then its position vector is

given by,  = x i + y j
r
If particle moves from point Ato B, through any path, then its
displacement is
 
 r = r2 – r1 y
 
= x i + y j
A
Now at any instant, its velocity is given by r
 r1 B
 dr  dx    dy  
V = dt =  dt  i +  dt  j r2
x
dx
i.e Vx = i.e. x - component of velocity.
dt
dy
and Vy = i.e. y - component of velocity
dt

 dv  
Similarly a = = ax i + ay j
dt
dv x dv y
Where ax = & ay =
dt dt
Projectile Motion
It consists of two independent motions, a horizontal motion at constant speed and a vertical motion
under acceleration due to gravity.
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In order to deal with problems in projectile motion, one has to choose a coordinate system. Let's take
horizontal as x-axis and vertical upward direction as y-axis, then
ax = 0 and ay = –g ;
Equation along x-axis Equations along y-axis

vx = ux (constant) vy = uy – gt
1 2
x = ux t y = uy t – gt
2
vy2 = uy2 – 2g (y)
If an object is dropped from rest or projected up or down, it follows straight line path. If its initial velocity
is not along the line of force it follows parabolic path.
Projectile Thrown from the Ground Level
y
v vy = 0
u cos 
u 

O x
R
A particle is projected from ground level at an angle  from horizontal with speed u.
 ux = u cos  and uy = u sin 
At any instant, vx = ux = u cos  & vy = uy – gt = u sin  – gt
1 2
x = (u cos ) t & y = (u sin ) t – gt
2
Time of flight (T) : Let it strikes the ground again at time T.
1
i.e. for t = T , y = 0, 0 = uyT – gT2
2
2u y 2usinθ
 T 
g g
Horizontal Range (R) It is horizontal displacement till time t = T
i.e. R = ux T
2u x u y
R
g
2(u cos  )(u sin  ) u 2 sin(2 )

i.e. R= =
g g
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Maximum height (H)

H = y when vy = 0
 vy2 = uy2 – 2g (H) = 0
u 2y
u 2 sin 2 θ
 H 
2g 2g
From above formulae, we can observe
(i) T uy i.e. depends only on vertical component of initial velocity
(ii) H  uy2 i.e. depends only on vertical component of initial velocity
(iii) R  uxuy i.e. depends both on horizontal and vertical components of initial velocity.
Velocity at any general point
v= v 2x  v 2y = (u cos ) 2  (u sin  – gt ) 2 = u 2  g 2 t 2 – 2(u sin )gt

If angle which direction of motion makes at an instant is , then
vy u sin  – gt
tan  =
vx u cos 
tan is positive during its upward motion i.e. before reaching highest point and after that tan negative.
Equation of Trajectory :
y = u sin  t – (1/2) gt2
x
and x = (u cos ) t  t = u cos θ
From these equations, (eliminating t)
g
y = x tan  – x2
2u cos 2 θ
2
The above relation between x and y is equation of parabola, which proves that the trajectory i.e.
path of projectile is parabolic.
Other points of remember
u 2 sin(2 )
* R=
g
Range is maximum, when  = 45°
u2
and Rmax =
g
* For two objects projected with same speed Range is same for two angles of projection  & (90–)
Proof : Let R1 = R2 for  and 
u 2 sin(2 ) u 2 sin(2 )
i.e. =
g g
i.e. sin (2) = sin (2)
i.e. 2 = 180° – 2
  = 90° – 
u 2 sin 2   u2 
* H= is maximum i.e.   if projected at  = 90°
2g  2g 
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Horizontal Projection :
In Horizontal Direction In Vertical Direction
(i) Initial velocity ux = u (i) Initial velocity uy = 0

(ii) Acceleration = 0 (ii) Acceleration = 'g' downward
(iii) Horizontal velocity of (iii) Velocity of particle after time t
particle remains same after vy = 0 + (– g)t
time t horizontal velocity
= vx = u = – gt = gt (downward)
(iv) Range x = ut (iv) Displacement y = (1/2) gt2
(downward)
Velocity at a general point P(x, y): u
u
vy
v= v 2x  v 2y tan  = h
gt
2 2 2
v = u +g t
vx
 is angle made by v with horizontal in clockwise direction
R
Time of flight:
1 2
– h = uyt – (1/2) gt2 = 0 – gt
2
2h
t = g
Range:
2h
R = ux t = u g
Note :
If a projectile is projected with initial velocity u and another particle is dropped from same height
at the same time, both the projectile would strike the ground at the same instant velocity. Both will
have same vertical components of velocity but their net velocities would be different.
Projected from some height at some angle

Case I :
When projected at some angle  with the horizontal towards upward direction.
Let it takes time t1 (time of flight) to strike the ground
y = – h When t = t1

1 2
 – h = (u sin) t1 – gt
2 1
h
 2u sin   2h
 t12 –   t – =0
 g  1 g Vx
R
Vy
T  T 2  8h / g V
 t1 =
2
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 2 u sin  
 where T  
 g 
Also R = x = uxt1 (putting values of t1 & ux we can find R whenever required)
When it reaches ground vx = u cos 
& vy2 = uy2 – 2g (y)  vy = (u sin ) 2 – 2g (– h )
 v= v 2x  v 2y = u 2  2gh
Case II :
When projected at angle  with horizontal towards downward direction
Here uy = – u sin 
Thus, if it takes time 
t2 to strike the ground then u
1 h
– h = – (u sin) t2 – gt 2
2 2
T 2  8h / g – T vx
 t2 =
2
R v
vy
Also R = ux t2
Here on reaching ground, vx = u cos 
and vy = ( u sin  ) 2 – 2g (– h )
 v= v 2y  v 2x = u 2  2gh
Thus we can observe if some particles are projected from same height with same speed,
they reache the ground with same speed whatever may be the angles of their projection.
Projectile thrown On An Inclined plane
To deal with problems of projectile thrown along an incline we choose the x-axis along the plane
and y-axis perpendicular to the plane.
Let a particle is projected at an angle  with the horizontal on an incline plane which has angle of
inclination  with the horizontal
y
x
S
u
 R

(i)
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y
90°– 
g sin

g cos
g
(ii)
From fig (i) ; ux = u cos ( – ) ; uy = u sin ( – )

[ angle of projection with the incline is ( – )]
From fig(ii) ; ax = – g sin  ; ay = – g cos 
(a) Time of flight (T) on the incline
At t = T, it strikes the incline
i.e. y = 0
1
u yT + a T2 = 0
2 y
1
 u sin ( – ) T – g cos  T2 = 0
2
2usin( α – β)
 T=
gcos β
(b) Range (R) Along the incline
R = x till t = T
1
i.e. R = ux T + a T2 (Here ax = – g sin   0)
2 x
Putting values of ux, ax & T, we get
2u2sin(α – β)cosα
R=
gcos2β
(c) Maximum range
u 2 [sin(2 – ) – sin ]
From above formula, R =
g cos 2 
R is maximum when sin (2 – ) = 1

i.e. 2 – = 90°

  = 45° +
2
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u 2 (1 – sin  ) u 2 (1 – sin  )
Also, Rmax = =
g cos 2  g(1 – sin 2  )
u2
 Rmax =
g(1  sin )
(d) Greatest distance from incline

S = y when vy = 0 i.e. when uy + at = 0
i.e. when u sin ( – ) – g cos  t = 0
u sin( –  )
 t=
g cos 
1
Now, S = uy t + a t2
2 y
Putting values of uy, ay and t, we get
u 2 sin 2 ( – )
S=
2g cos 
Special cases :
(1) If projected normally (i.e. perpendicular) to the plane, i.e. angle with plane ( – ) = 90°
i.e.  = (90° + )
u

(2) If projected horizontally
i.e.  = 180° and angle with the incline =  –  = 180° – 


(3) If the particle strikes normally to the plane i.e. at the moment of strike, Vx = 0
i.e. u cos ( – ) – g sin  t = 0
x
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Relative Velocity
It is given by the time rate of change of position of one object w.r.t. another. Relative velocity of a body
B with respect to some other body A means velocity of B is recorded by an observer sitting on A.
Mathematically.
  
Relative velocity of B w.r.t. A : v B / A = v B – v A
B
A
rB / A
rB
rA
  
Proof : rB / A = rB – rA . Differentiating this equation w.r.t. time, we get
     
d  rB / A  d rB d rA d rA  d rB  d  rB / A  
= – but = vA , = v B and = vB/ A
dt dt dt dt dt dt
  
putting these values we get v B / A = v B – v A . Hence proved.
Similarly, we can prove that relative velocity ofAw.r.t. B :
  
v A / B = vA – v B
Graphical Method to find Relative Velocity
 B/ A B
A
 
– A
When two bodies move at angle  with each other then their relative velocity is given by :
  
Magnitude : v B / A = v B – v A = v 2A  v 2B  2 v A v B cos(180 –  ) = v 2A  v 2B – 2 v A v B cos 
v B sin(180 –  )
Direction : tan  = v  v cos(180 –  )
A B
v B sin 
 tan  = v – v cos 
A B
 vB
If  = 90° then v B / A = v 2A  v 2B and tan  = v
A
VB
VB/A

–VA VA
We can find the velocityof a particle in a frame if we know the particle's velocityin some other frame and
the relative velocity of frames w.r.t each other.
KI NEM ATI CS
If two observers are watching a moving particle P from the origins of referenceAand B, while B moves

at a constant velocity v B / A relative toA.
y
P
y
vB/A
rP/A
x
B Frame B
rB/A
A x
Frame A

Fig. shows a certain instant during the motion.At this instant, the position vector of B relative toAis rBA .
 
Also, the position vectors of particle P are rP/ A relative toAand rP/ B relative to B. From the arrangement
  
of heads and tails of those three position vectors, we can relate the vectors with rP/ A = rP / B + rB/ A .
  
By taking the time derivative of this equation, we can relate the velocities v P / A = v P / B + v B / A .
We can understand the concept of relative velocity by a simple situation as follows :
 
Let two cars P and Q move with velocity v P and v Q towards north and east, respectively..
p
 P / Q   P –
– Q
p
N
W E Q
Q
– vP
S – Q
vQ/P  vQ – vP
  
Velocity of car P w.r.t. Q (i.e., velocity of car P for an observer on car Q) is v P / Q = v P – v Q as shown
appears to move along north-west instead of north. Similarly for an observer on P, car Q appears to
move along south-east instead of east.
Rain - Man Problems

    
Formula to be applied : v r / m = v r – v m , where v r / m is velocity of rain w.r.t. man, v r is the velocity of

rain (w.r.t. ground), and v m is the velocity of man (w.r.t. ground).
If rain is falling vertically downwards with a speed  r and a man is

r
running horizontally towards east with a speed  m .
What is the relative velocity of rain w.r.t. man ? m
KI NEM ATI CS
 
 
Given : r = – r , m = m i ,
v v j v v

      
Now v r / m = v r – v m = – v r j – v m i  v r / m = – v m i – v r j .
vm
Magnitude : v 2m  v 2r and direction : tan = v
r
– m
m
 r/m 
r
Example : If rain is alreadyfalling at some angle  with vertical,

then with what velocity the man  r
should travel so that the rain appears vertically downwards to him ? m
 
  
Here, v m = v m i , v r = v r sin  i – v r cos  j
   
Now, v r / m = v r – v m = ( v r sin  – v m ) i – v r cos  j

Now for rain to appear falling vertically, the horizontal component of v r / m should be zero, i.e.,
vm
v r sin  – v m = 0  sin  = v and | v r / m | = v r cos 
r

2
v r/m
= v r 1 – sin 2  = vr 1 –
m
2
r
v r
or v r / m = v 2r – v 2m – m vm
We can illustrate the whole situation by the diagrams.

It is quite interesting to notice the steadyrainfall sitting in a vehicle such as bus, car, etc.While moving on
a straight track the direction of rainfall changes when the vehicle changes its velocity. That means, the
velocity of the rain you observe is the velocity of the rain relative to you. Therefore, your observed
velocity of rainfall (both magnitude and direction of velocity of rainfall) is the velocity of the rain with
respect to the vehicle (you). If you measure the velocity of the rainfall while the vehicle is stationary, that
gives actual velocityof rainfall.
Remember following points regarding relative motion :

• If the velocity is mentioned without specifying the frame, assume it is with respect to the ground.
• In many cases, a body travels on water or in air. Depending on the context you will have to figure out
whether the velocity is with respect to the water/air or with respect to the ground.
KI NEM ATI CS
Let us analyse following situation.

The man is stationary and the rain is falling at his back to an angle  with the vertical
 rm 
 rm   r m  0
here  =Angle at which rain appears to man

Man at rest
Now man starts moving forward with speed vm. The relative velocity of rain w.r.t. man shifts towards
vertical direction.
 r

rm
–m
m 
Velocity vector diagram
As the man further increase his speed, then at a particular value the rain appears to be falling vertically.
rm
rm  r
 = 0°
–m
vm Velocity vector diagram
If the man increases his speed further more, then rain appear to be falling from the forward direction.

rm
rm r
 
–m
Velocity Vector Diagram
vm
Notice in above figure how man changes orientation of umbrella to prevent himself from rain
KI NEM ATI CS
River-Swimmer Problems
When a man is swimming in water, he generates a velocity relative to water (v m/s) by his own efforts.
Actual velocity of man in water will be a resultant of man’s effort and the river velocity (u m/s).
Down stream : Man makes efforts in direction of flow, the velocity of man w.r.t. ground is (u + v) m/s as
shown below.
(u + v)
Up stream : Man makes efforts opposite to the direction of flow, the velocity of man w.r.t. ground is (v
– u) m/s as shown below.
(v – u)
Across the river : Aboat is being steered in a direction perpendicular to the river flow. But due to
the flow of the river, it does not go directly across but is drifted along the river flow.
KI NEM ATI CS
Drift = 0: If boat is to be taken directly across the river, it should be steered somewhere in the
upstream direction.
Note following points :

(i) Swimmer keeps himself at an angle with river flow mean the velocity of swimmer is w.r.t river flow.
(ii) Aman swims in water  velocity of man w.r.t. water.
(iii) Aswimmer heads to means (velocity is not w.r.t. ground)
(iv) Person wants to go to destination then direction of velocity is w.r.t. ground.

Let discuss a situation when swimmer & river velocity are known
Suppose velocity of river is u and swimmer can swim with a velocity 'v' w.r.t. river flow.
(a) What should be the angle with the river flow at which the man should swim so that the time taken to
cross the river be minimum ?
Sol. Let man starts swimming at an angle as shown in figure.

  
vm  vm  vr
   v
= (– V sin  i + v cos  j ) + u i
 d
 
= (u – v sin ) i + (v cos ) j
u
= If width of river is 'd' then time to cross.
d
t=
v cos 
for tmin , cos = 1 at  = 0°
d
tmin =
v
So the man should try to swim perpendicular to the river flow to minimize the time in each case.
KI NEM ATI CS
(b) What should be the angle at which the man should swim so that the length of path be minimum ?
for minimum length of the path, drift x should be minimum.

Sol. Drift for given situation = time × { v m along the flow}
d
x=  (u – v sin  )
v cos 
du
x= sec  – d tan  .........(A)
v
Case-I
v > u or the river flow is less than the velocity of man's effort.
In such case the minimum possible drift will be zero. So the man should has swim at the angle.
v

u
x = 0  u – v sin  = 0
u
sin  =
v
Case-II
v < u or the river flow is greater than velocity of man's effort.
In such a case, boat cannot reach the point directly opposite to its starting point. i.e. drift can never be
zero.
 for x to be minimum
dx
=0
d
Differetiating equation (A)
dx du
  sec  tan  – d sec 2   0
d v
v v
 sin  =  = sin–1
u u
Thus, to minimize the drift, boat starts at an angle  from the river flow.
In this case minimum drift can be calculated by putting value of
v
 = sin–1   in equation (A)
u
d u 2 – v2
xmin =
v
KI NEM ATI CS
Swimming in a desired direction:

Many times the person is not interested in minimizing the time or drift. But he has to reach a particular
place. This is common in the cases of an airplane or motor boat.
B
 
Vmr

A 
Vr
The man desires to have this final velocity alongAB in other words he has to move fromAto B. We wish
to find the direction in which he should make an effort so that his actual velocity is along lineAB, w.r.t.
ground. In this method we assumeAB to be the reference line the resultant of v and u is along lineAB.
Thus the components of v and u in a direction perpendicular to lineAB should cancel each other.
X
B
v

Y

A u
u sin 
So v sin  = u sin  or sin  =
v
here  , u & v are given in a problem, so we can calculate  by above relation
Closest distance of approach between two bodies
Illustration :
Two roads intersect at right angles. Car A is situated
at P which is 500m from the intersection O on one
500m
of the roads. Car B is situated at Q which is 400m
vA = 20m/s O
from the intersection on the other road. They start
P Car A
out at the same time and travel towards the
intersection at 20m/s and 15m/s respectively. What 400m
is the minimum distance between them ? How long
do they take to Car B
reach it. Q
vB = 20m/s
Sol. First we find out the velocity of car B relative to A
As can be seen from (fig.), the magnitude of velocity of B with respective
vA = 20 m/s, VB = 15 m/s, OP = 500 m; OQ = 400m
A 20
 O
15 C
D
B 
KI NEM ATI CS
15 3 4 3
tan  = = ; cos  = ; sin  =
20 4 5 5
3 P 500 m
OC = AO tan  = 500 × = 375 m  O
4
BC = OB – OC = 400 – 375 = 25 m 375 m
4 625 m
C
BD = BC(cos ) = 25 × = 20 m D
5
shortest distance = 20 m
PD = PC + CD = 625 + 15 = 640 Q 

| v AB | = 25 m/s
640
t= = 25.6 sec.
25
Relative Motion Between two Projectiles
Let us now discuss the relative motion between two projectiles or the path observed by one projectile of
the other. Suppose that two particles are projected from the ground with speeds u1 and u2 at angles 1
and 2 as shown in figure.Acceleration of both the particles is g downwards. So, relative acceleration
between them is zero because
a12 = a1 – a2 = g – g = zero
y y
u1 u2
1 2
x x
i.e., the relative motion between the two particles is uniform. Now
u1x = u1cos 1, u2x = u2 cos 2
u1y = u1 sin 1, and u2y = u2 sin 2 Y
Therefore, u12x = u1x – u2x = u1 cos 1 – u2 cos 2
and u12y = u1y – u2y = u1 sin 1 – u2 sin a2
u12x and u12y are the x and y components of relative velocity of

1 with respect to 2.
u12y
Hence, relative motion of 1 with respect to 2 is a straigh line at u12 a12 = 0

 u12 y  X
an angle  = tan–1  u  with positive x-axis. u12x
 12 x 
Now, if u12x = 0 or u1 cos 1 = u2 cos 2, the relative motion
is along y-axis or in vertical direction (as  = 90°). similarly, if
u12y = 0 or u1 sin 1 = u2 sin 2, the relative motion is along x-
axis or in horizontal direction (as  = 0°).
KI NEM ATI CS
Condition of Collision of two Projectiles

From the above discussion, it is clear that relative motion between two projectiles is uniform and the path
of one projectile as observed by the other is a straight line. Now let the particles are projected
simultaneously from two different heights h1 and h2 with speeds u1 and u2 in the directions shown in

figure. Then the particles collide in air if relative velocity of 1 with respect to 2 (u12 ) is along lineAB or

the relative velocity of 2 with respect to 1 (u12 ) is along the line BA. Thus,
u12 y  h 2 – h1 
tan  = = 
u12 x  s 
Here u12y = u1 sin 1 – u2 sin a2
and u12x = (u1 cos 1) – (– u2 cos 2) = u1 cos 1 + u2 cos 2
If both the particles are initially at the same level (h1 = h2), then for collision
u12y = 0 or u1 sin 1 = u2 sin 2
u2
 B
B
u1 
u12y u12
h2 – h1

A
A 
u12x y
h1 h2 x

S
S
The time of collision of the two particles will be
AB AB
t = u = (u12 x ) 2  (u12 y ) 2
12
Further, the above conditions are not merely sufficient for collision to takes place. For example, the time
of collision discussed above should be less than the time of collision of either of the particles with the
ground.
Constraint Equations:
If the above examples, we understood how to draw FBD and write the force equation. But there are
certain systems wherein the motion is constrained. Constraint means restriction, impose, limit.
Often we come across situations where one or more bodies are connected by means of pulleys are
strings. Thus their motion is interlinked. Motion means - velocities are interlinked. Herein, We are pre-
senting two methods to find this relationship between velocities. Note that constraint equations are mass
independent.
KI NEM ATI CS
a) Constraint equation by visual inspection

Here we can observe the situation and common sense dictates the relationship between the velocities
and acceleration.
Ex. Find the acceleration of the masses shown in the figure.Also find force acting between masses. What
would be the result be the masses are reversed?
F=5N
2 kg 3 kg
We can easily see that both blocks move together with same acceleration.
So F = (m1 + m2) a
a = 1 m/s2 .
b) Constraint equation by power method
Power method (also called Virtual work method)

We need to understand few things to understand power method.
  d s  
dW d F s
*P Power
 definition:
 F  P F v
dt dt dt
* A system cannot supply power to itself: Rate of work done by the tension forces (i.e. power) in a
complete system is zero.
Ex. Solve the below questions using power method.
v1 v2
Sol.
T T
 
T  v  0
 T v1 cos 0o  T v2 cos180o  0
 v1  v2
Now, we can say that similar relationship we will have in acceleration also
Illustration:
In figure, aA & vB are unknown but initial velocity ofA& constant acceleration of B are known. Find
the time in which blockA comes down by a distance of 2 m.
KI NEM ATI CS
[Sol. TvB – 2TvA = 0

 vB = 2vA vB
T
aB = 2aA  aA = 2 m/s2
1
2 = 1×t + × 2 × t2
2
2T
t2 + t –2 =0
t2 + 2t – t – 2 = 0
(t–1) (t+2) = 0 vA
 t = 1 , –2
 t = 1 sec. ]
Similarly, normal reaction also cannot supply power.
KI NEM ATI CS
EXERCISE-1 (Objective Questions)

[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
Q.1 A particle moves along a straight line and its position as function of time is given by
x = t3 – 3t2 + 3t + 3
then particle
(A) stops at t = 1s and reverses its direction of motion
(B) stops at t = 1s and continues further without change of direction
(C) stops at t = 2s and reverses its direction of motion
(D) stops at t = 2s and continues further without change of direction
Q.2 Aparticle is projected vertically upwards from a point Aon the ground. It takes t1 time to reach a point
B but it still continues to move up. If it takes further t2 time to reach the ground from point B then height
of point B from the ground is
1 1 1
(A) g ( t1  t 2 ) 2 (B) g t1 t2 (C) g ( t1  t 2 ) 2 (D) gt t
2 8 2 1 2
Q.3 Balls are thrown vertically upward in such a way that the next ball is thrown when the previous one is at
the maximum height. If the maximum height is 5m, the number of balls thrown per minute will be
(A) 40 (B) 50 (C) 60 (D) 120
Q.4 An object is moving along the x axis with position as a function of time given by x = x(t). Point O is at
x = 0. The object is definitely moving toward O when
(A) dx/dt < 0 (B) dx/dt > 0 (C) d(x2) / dt < 0 (D) d(x2)/dt > 0
Q.5 A particle starts moving rectilinearly at time t = 0 such that its velocity'v' changes with time 't' according
to the equation v = t2 – t where t is in seconds and v is in m/s. The time interval for which the particle
retards is
(A) t < 1/2 (B) 1/2 < t < 1 (C) t > 1 (D) t < 1/2 and t > 1
Q.6 An object is tossed vertically into the air with an initial velocity of 8 m/s. Using the sign convention
upwards as positive, how does the vertical component of the acceleration ay of the object (after leaving
the hand) vary during the flight of the object?
(A) On the way up ay > 0, on the way down ay > 0
(B) On the way up ay < 0, on the way down ay > 0
(C) On the way up ay > 0, on the way down ay < 0
(D) On the way up ay < 0, on the way down ay < 0
Q.7 If position time graph of a particle is sine curve as shown,

what will be its velocity-time graph.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.8 A man moves in x-y plane along the path shown. At what point is his
average velocity vector in the same direction as his instantaneous
velocity vector. The man starts from point P.
(A)A (B) B (C) C (D) D
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.9 Position-time graph is shown which is a semicircle from t = 2 to

t = 8 sec. Find time t at which the instantaneous velocity, is equal to
average velocity over first t seconds
(A) 4.8 sec (B) 3.2 sec
(C) 2.4 sec (D) 5 sec
  2 2 t 
Q.10 The acceleration of a particle is given by a   2î  6 tˆj  cos k̂  ms–2
 9 3 
 
At t = 0, r = 0 and v  ( 2î  ĵ) ms–1. The position vector at t = 2 s is
       
(A) 8î  10 ˆj  k̂ m (B) 8î  10 ĵ  3k̂ m (C) 3î  8ˆj  10 k̂ m (D) 10 î  3ˆj  8k̂ m
Q.11 The greatest acceleration or deceleration that a train may have is a. The minimum time in which the train
may reach from one station to the other separated by a distance d is
d 2d 1 d d
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
a a 2 a a
Q.12 Acceleration versus velocitygraph of a particle moving in a straight line

starting from rest is as shown in figure. The corresponding velocity-time
graph would be
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.13 A ball is dropped vertically from a height d above the ground it hits the ground and bounces up vertically
to a height d/2. Neglecting subsequent motion and air resistances, its velocity v varies with the height h
above the ground as
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.14 A particle moves in space such that

x = 2t3 + 3t + 4 ; y = t2 + 4t – 1 ; z = 2 sin t
where x, y, z are measured in meter and t in second. The acceleration of the particle at t = 3s is
(A) 36 i  2 j  k ms–2 (B) 36 i  2 j  k ms-2
(C) 36 i  2j ms–2 (D) 12i  2j ms–2
Q.15 Two projectilesAand B are thrown with the same speed such that Amakes angle  with the horizontal
and B makes angle  with the vertical, then
(A) Both must have same time of flight (B) Both must achieve same maximum height
(C)Amust have more horizontal range than B (D) Both may have same time of flight
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.16 The coordinates of a moving particle at any time 't' are given by x = t3 and y = t3. The speed of the
particle at time 't' is given by
(A) t2  2  2 (B)  2  2 (C) 3t  2  2 (D) 3t2  2  2
Q.17 Suppose a player hits several baseballs. Which baseball will be in the air for the longest time?
(A) The one with the farthest range.
(B) The one which reaches maximum height.
(C) The one with the greatest initial velocity.
(D) The one leaving the bat at 45° with respect to the ground.
Q.18 A particle is projected from a horizontal plane (x-z plane) such that its velocityvector at time t is given by

V  a î  ( b  ct )ˆj . Its range on the horizontal plane is given by
ba 2ba 3ba
(A) (B) (C) (D) None
c c c
Q.19 Aball is thrown from a point on ground at some angle of projection.At the same time a bird starts from
a point directlyabove this point of projection at a height h horizontallywith speed u. Given that in its flight
ball just touches the bird at one point. Find the distance on ground where ball strikes
h 2h 2h h
(A) 2u g (B) u g
(C) 2u g
(D) u g
Q.20 A projectile is fired with a speed u at an angle with the horizontal. Its speed when its direction of motion
makes an angle ‘’ with the horizontal is
(A) u sec cos (B) u sec sin (C) u cos sec (D) u sin  sec
Q.21 A ball is hit by a batsman at an angle of 37° as shown in figure. The man
standing at P should run at what minimum velocity so that he catches the ball
before it strikes the ground. Assume that height of man is negligible in
comparison to maximum height of projectile.
(A) 3 ms–1 (B) 5 ms–1
–1
(C) 9 ms (D) 12 ms–1

Q.22 A particle moves on the xy-plane such that its position vector is given by r  2 t 2 î  t 3 ĵ . The equation of
trajectory of the particle is given by
4/3
 3x 
(A) 3x2 + 16y = 0 (B)    4y  0
 2 
3/ 2
x
(C)   y0 (D) None of these
2
Q.23 A ball is projected from top of a tower with a velocity of 5 m/s at an angle of 530 to horizontal. Its speed
when it is at a height of 0.45 m from the point of projection is :
(A) 2 m/s (B) 3 m/s (C) 4 m/s (D) data insufficient.
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.24 Particle is dropped from the height of 20m from horizontal ground.Aconstant force acts on the particle
in horizontal direction due to which horizontal acceleration of the particle becomes 6 ms–2. Find the
horizontal displacement of the particle till it reaches ground.
(A) 6 m (B) 10 m (C) 12 m (D) 24 m
Q.25 Find time of flight of projectile thrown horizontally with speed 10 ms–1 from a long inclined plane which
makes an angle of  = 45° with the horizontal.
(A) 2 sec (B) 2 2 sec (C) 2 sec (D) none
Q.26 If time taken by the projectile to reach Q is T, then PQ =

(A) Tv sin  (B) Tv cos  (C) Tv sec  (D) Tv tan 
Q.27 A particle is projected with velocity30° above on an inclined plane which inclination from horizontal is
37°. Choose appropriate path (air resistance is negligible)
u u u
u
(A) 30° (B) (C) (D)

37° 30° 37° 30°37° 30°
37°
Q.28 It takes one minute for a passenger standing on an escalator to reach the top. If the escalator does not
move it takes him 3 minute to walk up . How long will it take for the passenger to arrive at the top if he
walks up the moving escalator ?
(A) 30 sec (B) 45 sec (C) 40 sec (D) 35 sec
Q.29 ParticlesAand B are moving with constant velocities along x and yaxis respectively, the
graph of separation between them with time is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.30 A swimmer swims in still water at a speed = 5 km/hr. He enters a 200 m wide river, having river flow
speed = 4 km/hr at point A and proceeds to swim at an angle of 127° with the river flow direction.
Another point B is located directly across Aon the other side. The swimmer lands on the other bank at
a point C, from which he walks the distance CB with a speed = 3 km/hr. The total time in which he
reaches from Ato B is
(A) 5 minutes (B) 4 minutes (C) 3 minutes (D) None
Q.31 Aboat having a speed of 5 km/hr. in still water, crosses a river of width 1 km along the shortest possible
path in 15 minutes. The speed of the river in Km/hr.
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 41
Q.32 A man is crossing a river flowing with velocity of 5 m/s. He reaches a point
directly across at a distance of 60 m in 5 sec. His velocity in still water should be
(A) 12 m/s (B) 13 m/s
(C) 5 m/s (D) 10 m/s
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.33 A motor boat is to reach at a point 30° upstream (w.r.t. normal) on other side of a river flowing with
velocity 5m/s. Velocity of motorboat w.r.t. water is 5 3 m/s. The driver should steer the boat at an angle
(A) 120° w.r.t. stream direction (B) 30° w.r.t. normal to the bank
(C) 30° w.r.t. the line of destination from starting point. (D) none of these
Q.34 Aflag is mounted on a car moving due North with velocity of 20 km/hr. Strong winds are blowing due
East with velocity of 20 km/hr. The flag will point in direction
(A) East (B) North - East (C) South - East (D) South - West
Q.35 Three shipsA, B & C are in motion. The motion ofAas seen by B is with speed v towards north – east.
The motion of B as seen by C is with speed v towards the north – west. Then as seen byA, C will be
moving towards
(A) north (B) south (C) east (D) west
Q.36 Wind is blowing in the north direction at speed of 2 m/s which causes the rain to fall at some angle with
the vertical. With what velocity should a cyclist drive so that the rain appears vertical to him :
(A) 2 m/s south (B) 2 m/s north (C) 4 m/s west (D) 4 m/s south
Q.37 When the driver of a carAsees a car B moving towards his car and at a distance 30 m, takes a left turn
of 30°. At the same instant the driver of the car B takes a turn to his right at an angle 60°. The two cars
collides after two seconds, then the velocity (in m/s) of the car A and B respectively will be : [assume
both cars to be moving along same line with constant speed]
(A) 7.5, 7.5 3 (B) 7.5, 7.5 (C) 7.5 3 , 7.5 (D) None
Q.38 A body A is thrown vertically upwards with such a velocity that it reaches a maximum height of h.
Simultaneously another body B is dropped from height h. It strikes the ground and does not rebound.
The velocity ofArelative to B v/s time graph is best represented by : (upward direction is positive)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Q.39 A body is thrown up in a lift with a velocityu relative to the lift and the time of flight is found to be t. The
acceleration with which the lift is moving up is
u  gt 2 u  gt u  gt 2u  gt
(A) (B) (C) (D)
t t t t
Q.40 Ahunter tries to hunt a monkey with a small, very poisonous arrow, blown from a pipe with initial speed
v0. The monkey is hanging on a branch of a tree at height H above the ground. The hunter is at a distance
L from the bottom of the tree. The monkey sees the arrow leaving the blow pipe and immediately loses
the grip on the tree, falling freelydown with zero initial velocity.The minimum initial speed v0 of the arrow
for hunter to succeed while monkey is in air :
g (H 2  L2 ) gH 2 g (H 2  L2 ) 2gH 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2H H 2  L2 H H 2  L2
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.41 At a given instant, A is moving with velocity of 5m/s

upwards.What is velocity of B at that time
(A) 15 m/s  (B) 15 m/s 
(C) 5 m/s  (D) 5 m/s 
Q.42 The pulleys in the diagram are all smooth and light. The acceleration of Ais a
upwards and the acceleration of C is f downwards. The acceleration of B is
(A) ½(f - a) up (B) ½(a + f) down
(C) ½(a + f) up (D) ½(a - f) up
Q.43 If acceleration of A is 2 m/s2 to left and acceleration of B is

1m/s2 to left, then acceleration of C is
(A) 1 m/s2 upwards (B) 1 m/s2 downwards
(C) 2 m/s2 downwards (D) 2 m/s2 upwards
[PARAGRAPH TYPE]
Paragraph for question nos. 44 to 48
The figure shows a velocity-time graph of a particle moving
along a straight line
Q.44 Choose the incorrect statement. The particle comes to rest at

(A) t = 0 s (B) t = 5 s
(C) t = 8 s (D) none of these

v
Q.45 Identify the region in which the rate of change of velocity of the particle is maximum
t
(A) 0 to 2s (B) 2 to 4s (C) 4 to 6s (D) 6 to 8s
Q.46 If the particle starts from the position x0 = –15 m, then its position at t = 2s will be
(A) –5 m (B) 5 m (C) 10 m (D) 15 m
Q.47 The maximum displacement of the particle is

(A) 33.3 m (B) 23.3 m (C) 18.3 m (D) zero
Q.48 The total distance travelled by the particle is

(A) 66.7 m (B) 51.6 m (C) zero (D) 36.6 m

In a one dimensional motion position 'x' and time 't' are related as,
t  x 3 (where x is in metres and t is in seconds.)
Q.49 The position of the particle when it's velocity is, 2 m/s, is
(A) 1m (B) 2m (C) 3m (D) None of these
Q.50 Speed of the particle after 6 seconds is

(A) 4 m/s (B) 2 m/s (C) 6 m/s (D) 8 m/s
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.51 Velocity - time graph is

v v v
v
(A) (B) (C) (D)

t t t
t O O O
O

A projectile is thrown with a velocity of 50 ms–1 at an angle of 53° with the horizontal
Q.52 Choose the incorrect statement
(A) It travels vertically with a speed of 40 ms–1
(B) It travels horizontally with a speed of 30 ms–1
(C) The minimum speed of the projectile is 30 ms–1
(D) None of these
Q.53 Determine the instants at which the projectile is at the same height
(A) t = 1s and t = 7s (B) t = 3s and t = 5s (C) t = 2s and t = 6 s (D) all the above
Q.54 The equation of the trajectory is given by
(A) 180y = 240x – x2 (B) 180y = x2 – 240x
(C) 180y = 135x – x2 (D) 180y = x2 – 135x
[REASONING TYPE]
Q.55 Statement-1 : Positive acceleration in rectilinear motion of a body does not imply that the body is
speeding up.
Statement-2 : Both the acceleration and velocity are vectors.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
Q.56 Statement -1 : Aparticle having zero acceleration must have constant speed.
Statement -2 : Aparticle having constant speed must have zero acceleration.
(C) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(D) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
Q.57 Statement-1 : A student performed an experiment by moving a certain block in a straight line. The
velocity position graph cannot be as shown.
v
Statement-2 : When a particle is at its maximum position in rectilinear motion its velocitymust be zero.
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.58 Statement-1 : If the velocity time graph of a body moving in a straight line is as shown here, the
acceleration of the body must be constant.
t
Statement-2 : The rate of change of quantity which is constant is always zero.
(C) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(D) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
Q.59 Statement-1 : The speed of a projectile is minimum at the highest point.
Statement-2 : The acceleration of projectile is constant during the entire motion.
Q.60 Statement-1 : Two stones are simultaneously projected from level ground from same point with same
speeds but different angles with horizontal. Both stones move in same vertical plane.
Then the two stones may collide in mid air.
Statement-2 : For two stones projected simultaneously from same point with same speed at different
angles with horizontal, their trajectories may intersect at some point.
Q.61 Statement-1 : If seperation between two particles does not change then their relative velocity will be
zero.
Statement-2 : Relative velocity is the rate of change of position of one particle with respect to another.
Q.62 Statement-1 : The magnitude of relative velocityofAwith respect to B will be always less than VA.
  
Statement-2 : The relative velocity of Awith respect to B is given by VAB = VA  VB .
Q.63 Statement-1 : Three projectiles are moving in different paths in the air. Vertical component of relative
velocity between any of the pair does not change with time as long as they are in air.
Neglect the effect of air friction.
Statement-2 : Relative acceleration between any of the pair of projectiles is zero.
KI NEM ATI CS
[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

Q.64 Aparticle moves with constant speed v along a regular hexagonABCDEF in the same order. Then the
magnitude of the average velocity for its motion fromAto
(A) F is v/5 (B) D is v/3 (C) C is v3/2 (D) B is v
Q.65 A particle moving with a speed v changes direction by an angle , without change in speed.
(A) The change in the magnitude of its velocity is zero.
(B) The change in the magnitude of its velocity is 2vsin(/2).
(C) The magnitude of the change in velocity is 2vsin(/2)
(D) The magnitude of the change in its velocity is v(1 – cos).
Q.66 A particle has initial velocity 10 m/s. It moves due to constant retarding force along the line of velocity
which produces a retardation of 5 m/s2. Then
(A) the maximum displacement in the direction of initial velocityis 10 m
(B) the distance travelled in first 3 seconds is 7.5 m
(C) the distance travelled in first 3 seconds is 12.5 m
(D) the distance travelled in first 3 seconds is 17.5 m.
Q.67 Abead is free to slide down a smooth wire tightly stretched between pointsAand B on a vertical circle.
If the bead starts from rest at A, the highest point on the circle
(A) its velocity v on arriving at B is proportional to cos
(B) its velocity v on arriving at B is proportional to tan
(C) time to arrive at B is proportional to cos
(D) time to arrive at B is independent of 
Q.68 The figure shows the velocity (v) of a particle plotted against time (t)
(A) The particle changes its direction of motion at some point
(B) The acceleration of the particle remains constant
(C) The displacement of the particle is zero
(D) The initial and final speeds of the particle are the same
Q.69 Velocity-time graph for a car is semicircle as shown here. Which of the
following is correct :
(A) Car must move in circular path.
(B) Acceleration of car is never zero.
(C) Mean speed of the particle is /4 m/s.
(D) The car makes a turn once during its motion.
Q.70 The displacement (x) of a particle depends on time (t) as :
x = t2 – t3
(A) The particle will return to its starting point after time /
(B) The particle will come to rest after time 2 /3
(C) The initial velocity of the particle was zero but its initial acceleration was not zero.
(D) No net force will act on the particle at t = /3
Q.71 Which of the following speed-time graphs is not possible :
v v v v
(A) (B) (C) (D)

t t t t
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.72 A projectile of mass 1 kg is projected with a velocity of 20 m/s such that it strikes on the same level
as the point of projection at a distance of 3 m. Which of the following options are incorrect:
(A) the maximum height reached by the projectile can be 0.25 m.
(B) the minimum velocity during its motion can be 15 m/s
3
(C) the time taken for the flight can be sec.
5
(D) minimum kinetic energy during its motion can be 6J.
Q.73 Choose the correct alternative (s)
(A) If the greatest height to which a man can throw a stone is h, then the greatest horizontal distance upto
which he can throw the stone is 2h.
(B) The angle of projection for a projectile motion whose range R is n times the maximum height is
tan–1 (4/n)
(C) The time of flight T and the horizontal range R of a projectile are connected by the equation
gT2 = 2Rtan where  is the angle of projection.
(D) A ball is thrown vertically up. Another ball is thrown at an angle  with the vertical. Both of them
remain in air for the same period of time. Then the ratio of heights attained by the two balls 1 : 1.
Q.74 If T is the total time of flight, h is the maximum height & R is the range for horizontal motion, the x & y
co-ordinates of projectile motion and time t are related as :
 t  t  X  X
(A) y = 4h   1   (B) y = 4h   1  
 T  T  R  R
 T  T  R  R
(C) y = 4h   1   (D) y = 4h   1  
 t  t  X  X
Q.75 A large rectangular box moves vertically downward with an acceleration a. A toy gun fixed at A and
aimed towards C fires a particle P. B C
(A) P will hit C if a = g
(B) P will hit the roof BC, if a > g u
(C) P will hit the wall CD if a < g P
(D) May be either (A), (B) or (C), depending on the speed of projection of P A D
Q.76 A particle moves in the xy plane with a constant acceleration 'g' in the negative y-direction. Its equation
of motion is y = ax–bx2, where a and b are constants. Which of the following are correct?
(A) The x-component of its velocity is constant.
g
(B)At the origin, the y-component of its velocity is a .
2b
(C)At the origin, its velocity makes an angle tan (a) with the x-axis.
–1
(D) The particle moves exactly like a projectile.

Q.77 A particle is projected from the ground with velocity u at angle  with horizontal. The horizontal range,
maximum height and time of flight are R, H and T respectively. They are given by,
u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2  2u sin 
R= ,H= and T =
g 2g g
Now keeping u as fixed,  is varied from 30° to 60°. Then,
(A) R will first increase then decrease, H will increase and T will decrease
(B) R will first increase then decrease while H and T both will increase
(C) R will decrease while H and T will increase
(D) R will increase while H and T will increase
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.78 A ball is rolled off along the edge of a horizontal table with velocity 4 m/s. It hits the ground after time
0.4 s. Which of the following are correct?
(A) The height of the table is 0.8 m
(B) It hits the ground at an angle of 60° with the vertical
(C) It covers a horizontal distance 1.6 m from the table
(D) It hits the ground with vertical velocity 4 m/s
Q.79 An observer moves with a constant speed along the line joining two stationary objects. He will observe
that the two objects
(A) have the same speed (B) have the same velocity
(C) move in the same direction (D) move in opposite directions
Q.80 A man on a rectilinearly moving cart, facing the direction of motion, throws a ball straight up with respect
to himself
(A) The ball will always return to him
(B) The ball will never return to him
(C) The ball will return to him if the cart moves with constant velocity
(D) The ball will fall behind him if the cart moves with some positive acceleration
[MATCH THE COLUMN]
Q.81 Column-I shows certain situations with certain conditions and column-II shows the parameters in which
situations of Column-I match. Which can be possible combination.
Column-I Column-II
u1
 u2

(A) u1 = u2 ; 1 = 2 (P)
Two projectiles are projected from a height

such that they strike ground at the same time.
u1
(B) u1 > u2 ; 1 > 2 (Q)  u2

Two projectiles under standard ground to
ground projection such that horizontal range
is same.
u2 u1
(C) u1 < u2 ; 2 > 1 (R) 2 
1
Two swimmer starting from same point on a

river bank such that time of crossing is same.
u1 & u2 are velocities relative to river.
Rain
2
u2
(S)
u1
1
Person moving downward along slope in rain
such that he observes rain vertically.
KI NEM ATI CS
EXERCISE-2 (Subjective Questions)

Q.1 At a distance L = 400m from the traffic light brakes are applied to a locomotive moving at a velocity
v = 54 km/hr. Determine the position of the locomotive relative to the traffic light 1 minute after the
application of the brakes if its acceleration is –0.3m/sec2.
Q.2 A particle goes from A to B with a speed of 40km/h and B to C with a speed of 60km/h. IfAB = 6BC,
the average speed in km/h between A and C is ____
total distance travelled
[Hint: Average speed = ]
time taken
Q.3 An object moving with uniform acceleration has a velocity of 12.0 cm/s in the positive x direction when
its x coordinate is 3.00 cm. If its x coordinate 2.00 s later is – 5.00 cm, what is its acceleration?
Q.4 A particle is moving along x-axis. Initially it is located 5 m left of origin and it is moving away from the
origin and slowingdown. In this coordinatesystem, what are thesigns of the initial velocityand acceleration.
v0 a
Q.5 The velocity-time graph of the particle movingalong a straight line is shown. The
rate of acceleration and deceleration is constant and it is equal to 5 ms–2. If the
average velocity during the motion is 20 ms–1, then find the value of t.
Q.6 The figure shows the v–t graph of a particle moving in straight line. Find the time when particle
returns to the starting point.
Q.7 A body starts from origin and moves along x axis such that at any instant velocity is vt = 4t3 – 2t where
t is in second and vt is in m/s. Find the acceleration of the particle (in m/s2) when it is 2 m from the origin.
Q.8 A rifle with a muzzle velocity of 100m/s shoots a bullet at small target 30m away in the same horizontal
line. How high above the target must the gun be aimed so that the bullet will hit the target.
(Hint: use small angle approximation)
Q.9 A man can throw a stone with initial speed of 10 m/s. Find the maximum horizontal distance to which he
can throw the stone in a room of height h m for : (i) h = 2 m & (ii) h = 4 m
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.10 A particle is projected in x-y plane with y-axis along vertical, the point of projection being origin. The
gx 2
equation of a projectile is y = 3 x – . The angle of projectile is ________ and initial velocity is
2
__________.
Q.11 A particle is projected in the X-Y plane with y-axis along vertical. 2 sec after projection the velocity
of the particle makes an angle 45° with the X - axis. 4 sec after projection, it moves horizontally.
Find the velocity of projection.
Q.12 A particle is projected upwards with a velocity of 100 m/sec at an angle of 60° with the vertical. Find the
time when the particle will move perpendicular to its initial direction, taking g =10 m/sec2.
Q.13 In the figure shown, the two projectiles are fired simultaneously. What
u 20m/s
should be the initial speed of the left side projectile for the two projectiles
to hit in mid-air? 60° 45°
Q.14 Find range of projectile on the inclined plane which is projected perpendicular
to the incline plane with velocity 20m/s as shown in figure.
Q.15 A ball is thrown horizontally from a cliff such that it strikes ground after 5 sec.
The line of sight from the point of projection to the point of hitting makes an
angle of 37° with the horizontal. What is the initial velocity of projection.
Q.16 A rocket is launched at an angle 53º to the horizontal with an initial speed of 100 ms1 . It moves along
its initial line of motion with an acceleration of 30 ms2 for 3 seconds.At this time its engine falls & the
rocket proceeds like a free body. Find :
(i) the maximum altitude reached by the rocket
(ii) total time of flight.
(iii) the horizontal range.
Q.17 A stone is dropped from a height h . Simultaneously another stone is thrown up from the ground
with such a velocity that it can reach a height of 4h. Find the time when two stones cross each other.
Q.18 A glass wind screen whose inclination with the vertical can be changed is mounted on a car. The car
moves horizontally with a speed of 2m/s. At what angle  with the vertical should the wind screen be
placed so that the rain drops falling vertically downwards with velocity 6 m/s strike the wind screen
perpendicularly?
Q.19 A man crosses a river in a boat. If he crosses the river in minimum time he takes 10 minutes with a drift
120 m. If he crosses the river taking shortest path, he takes 12.5 minutes.Assuming vb/r > vr, find
(i) width of the river, (ii) velocity of the boat with respect to water,
(iii) speed of the current.
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.20 A butterflyis flying with velocity 10 î  12 ˆj m/s and wind is blowingalong x axis
with velocity u. If butterfly starts motion from Aand after some time reaches
point B, find the value of u.
Q.21 Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 20 ms-1 relative to air. A person is running in the rain with a
velocity of 5 ms–1 and a wind is also blowing with a speed of 15 ms–1 (both towards east). Find the angle
with the vertical at which the person should hold his umbrella so that he may not get drenched.
Q.22 Find the accelerations of movable pulley P and block B if

acceleration of block A = 1 m/s2  .
Q.23 A projectile is thrown with velocity of 50 m/s towards an inclined plane from ground such that it strikes
the inclined plane perpendicularly. The angle of projection of the projectile is 53° with the horizontal and
the inclined plane is inclined at an angle of 45° to the horizontal.
(a) Find the time of flight.
(b) Find the distance between the point of projection and the foot
of inclined plane.
Q.24 A, B & C are three objects each moving with constant velocity.A's speed is 10 m/sec in a direction PQ .
The velocity of B relative toAis 6 m/sec at an angle of, cos 1 (15/24) to PQ . The velocity of C relative
to B is 12 m/sec in a direction QP , then find the magnitude of the velocity of C.
Q.25 Aspeederinanautomobilepassesa stationarypolicemanwhois hidingbehindabill boardwithamotorcycle.

After a 2.0 sec delay (reaction time) the policeman accelerates to his maximum speed of 150 km/hr in
12 sec and catches the speeder 1.5 km beyond the billboard. Find the speed of speeder in km/hr.
Q.26 A projectile is thrown from a platform at a height 10 m above the ground with velocity of
20 m/sec. At what angle should the projectile be thrown to reach the farthest point from O, which is
vertically below the point from which it is thrown. [g = 10 m/s2]
Q.27 Two inclinedplanesOAandOBhavinginclination(withhorizontal)

30° and 60° respectively, intersect each other at O as shown in
fig. A particle is projected from point P with velocity B
A u
u = 10 3 m s–1 along a direction perpendicular to plane OA. If Q
the particle strikes plane OB perpendicularly at Q, calculate P

h
(a) time offlight, 30° 60°
(b) velocity with which particle strikes the plane OB, O
(c) vertical height h of P from O,
(d) maximum height from O attained by the particle and
(e) distance PQ
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.28 A glass wind screen whose inclination with the vertical can be changed,
is mounted on a cart as shown in figure. The cart moves uniformlyalong
the horizontal path with a speed of 6 m/s.At what maximum angle  to
the vertical can the wind screen be placed so that the rain drops falling
vertically downwards with velocity 2 m/s, do not enter the cart?
Q.29 A large heavy box is sliding without friction down a smooth plane of
inclination . From a point P on the bottom of a box, aparticle is projected
inside the box. The initial speed of the particle with respect to box is u
and the direction of projection makes an angle  with the bottom as
shown in figure.
(a) Find the distance along the bottom of the box between the point of projection P and the point Q where
the particle lands. (Assume that the particle does not hit any other surface of the box. Neglect air
resistance).
(b) If the horizontal displacement of the particle as seen by an observer on the ground is zero, find the speed
of the box with respect to the ground at the instant when the particle was projected.
Q.30 The velocities of Aand B are marked in the figure. Find the velocity of
block C (assume that the pulleys are ideal and string inextensible).
Q.31 On a frictionless horizontal surface, assumed to be the x-yplane, a small trolley

A is moving along a straight line parallel to the y-axis (see figure) with a constant
velocity of ( 3  1) m/s. At a particular instant, when the line OA makes an
angle of 45° with the x-axis, a ball is thrown along the surface from the origin
O. Its velocity makes an angle  with the x-axis and it hits the trolley.
(a) The motion of the ball is observed from the frame of trolley. Calculate the angle  made by the velocity
vector of the ball with the x-axis in this frame.
4
(b) Find the speed of the ball with respect to the surface, if  = .
3
EXERCISE-3
(JEE Main Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 A particle located at x = 0 at time t = 0, starts moving along the positive x-direction with a
velocity 'v' that varies as v   x . the displacement of the particle varies with time as ?
(A) t 2 (B) t (C) t 1/2 (D) t 3
[AIEEE-2006]
Q.2 The velocity of a particle is v = v0 + gt + ft . If its position is x = 0 at t = 0, then its displacement
2
after unit time (t = 1) is -

(A) v 0 + 2g + 3f (B) v 0 + g/2 + f/3 (C) v 0 + g + f (D) v 0 + g/2 + f
[AIEEE-2007]
Q.3 A particle is projected at 60º to the horizontal with a kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the
highest point is :-
(A) K (B) zero (C) K/4 (D) K/2
[AIEEE-2007]
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.4 A body is at rest at x = 0. At t = 0, it starts moving in the positive x-direction with a constant
acceleration. At the same instant another body passes through x = 0 moving in the positive x-
direction with a constant speed. The position of the first body is given by x 1(t) after time 't'
and that of the second body by x 2 (t) after the same time interval. Which of the following
graphs correctly describes (x 1 – x 2 ) as a function of time 't' ?
(x1–x2) (x1–x2) (x1–x2) (x1–x2)
(A) (B) (C) (D)

t t t t
O O O O
[AIEEE-2008]
Q.5 A particle has an initial velocity of 3î  4ˆj and an acceleration of 0.4î  0.3ˆj . Its speed after
10s is ?
(A) 7 units (B) 8.5 units (C) 10 units (D) 7 2 units
[AIEEE-2009]

Q.6 A particle is moving with velocity v  K ( yî  xˆj) , where K is a constant. The general equation
for its path is :
(A) y2 = x 2 + constant (B) y = x 2 + constant
(C) y = x + constant
2
(D) xy = constant
[AIEEE-2010]
Q.7 An object, moving with a speed of 6.25 m/s, is decelerated at a rate given by
dv
 2.5 v where v is the instantaneous speed. The time taken by the object, to come to
dt
rest, would be ?
(A) 4 s (B) 8 s (C) 1 s (D) 2s
[AIEEE-2011]
Q.8 A water fountain on the ground sprinkles water all around it. If the speed of water coming out
of the fountain is v, the total area around the fountain that gets wet is ?
2 v 4 v2 v2 v4
(A) (B)  (C)  (D) 
2g 2 g2 g g2
[AIEEE-2011]
Q.9 A boycan throw a stone up to a maximum height of 10 m. The maximum horizontal distance that the boy
can throw the same stone up to will be :
(A) 10 2 m (B) 20 m (C) 20 2 m (D) 10 m
[AIEEE-2012]
Q.10  
A projectile is given an initial velocity of î  2ˆj m/s, where î is along the ground and ˆj is along the
vertical. If g = 10 m/s2, the equation of its trajectory is
(A) y = 2x – 5x2 (B) 4y = 2x – 5x2 (C) 4y = 2x – 25x2 (D) y = x – 5x2
[JEE Main-2013]
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.11 From a tower of height H, a particle is thrown vertically upwards with a speed u. The time taken by the
particle, to hit the ground, is n times that taken by it to reach the highest point of its path. The relation
between H, u and n is
(A) g H = (n – 2)2u2 (B) 2g H = nu2(n – 2)
(C) g H = (n – 2)u2 (D) 2 g H = n2u2
[JEE Main-2014]
Q.12 Two stones are thrown up simultaneously from the edge of a cliff 240 m high with initial speed of 10 m/
s and 40 m/s respectively. Which of the following graph best represents the time variation of relative
position of the second stone with respect to the first? (Assume stones do not rebound after hitting the
ground and neglect air resistance, take g = 10 m/s2) (The figures are schematic and not drawn to scale)
(y2 – y1)m (y2 – y1)m

240 240
(A) (B)
t(s) t(s)
8 12 8 12
(y2 – y1)m (y2 – y1)m

240 240
(C) (D)
t(s) t(s)
t 8 12 12
[JEE Main 2015]

Q.13 A body is thrown vertically upwards. Which one of the following graphs correctly represent the velocity
vs time?
v v v
v
(A) (B) (C) t (D) t

t
t
[JEE Main 2017]
EXERCISE-4
(JEE Advanced Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Atrain is moving along a straight line with a constant acceleration 'a'.Aboy standing in the train throws
a ball foward with a speed of 10 m/s, at an angle of 60° to the horizontal. The boy has to move forward
by 1.15 m inside the train to catch the ball back at the initial height. The acceleration of the train, in m/s2
is
[JEE-2011]
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.2 A rocket is moving in a gravity free space with a constant acceleration of 2 ms–2 along + x direction (see
figure). The length of a chamber inside the rocket is 4 m.Aball is thrown from the left end of the chamber
in +x direction with a speed of 0.3 ms–1 relative to the rocket. At the same time, another ball is thrown
in –x direction with a speed of 0.2 ms–1 from its right end relative to the rocket. The time in seconds
when the two balls hit each other is
–2
a = 2 ms
–1 –1 x
0.3 ms 0.2 ms
4m
[JEE-2014]
Q.3 AirplanesAand B are flying with constant velocity in the same vertical plane at angles 30° and 60° with
respect to the horizontal respectively as shown in figure. The speed ofAis 100 3 ms–1.At time t = 0s,
an observer in A finds B at a distance of 500 m. This observer sees B moving with a constant velocity
perpendicular to the line of motion of A. If at t = t0, Ajust escapes being hit by B, t0 in seconds is
A
30° 60°
[JEE-2014]
EXERCISE-5
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)
Q.1 Mention the condition when an object in motion (a) can be considered point object (b) can not be
considered point object. [1]
Q.2 Can displacement be greater than distance travelled by an object ? [1]
Q.3 If the displacement-time graph of a particle is parallel to (a) displacement axis (b) the time axis,
what will be the velocity of the particle ? [1]
Q.4 How can the distance travelled be calculated from velocity-time graph in a uniform one dimensional motion?
Q.5 Is it possible to have a constant rate of change of velocity when velocity changes both in magnitude
and direction ? [1]
Q.6 Which of the two; velocity or acceleration decides the direction of motion of a body ? Explain with
the help of an example.
Q.7 What do the slopes of 'distance-time' and 'velocity-time' graphs represent ? What do positive and
negative values of these shopes imply ? [2]
KI NEM ATI CS
Q.8 How can one determine (i) the distance (ii) the displacement covered by a uniformly accelerated body
from its velocity-time graph ? [2]
Q.9 What are the assumptions made in the study of a projectile motion ? [2]
Q.10 Prove that there are two angles of projection for the same horizontal range. [2]
Q.11 Is magnitude of the displacement of an object and total distance covered by it in certain time interval
same ? Explain. [2]
Q.12 Define uniform velocity of an object moving along a straight line. What will be the shapes of position-
time and velocity-time graphs of such a motion ? [3]
Q.13 What is reaction-time ? How do you study it ? Explain with the help of an illustration. [3]
Q.14 What is relative velocity ? Explain how a man can hold his umbrella while walking on ground in a rain.
[3]
Q.15 Find (a) time of flight, (b) Max. height (c) Horizontal range of projectile projected with speed v making
an angle  with the horizontal direction from ground. [5]
Q.16 Find the magnitude and direction of the velocity of an object at any instant during the oblique projection
of projectile. [5]
Q.17 What do your understand by relative velocity of an object w.r.t. another ? Obtain an expression for
the relative position of the two objects at time t in terms of their velocities and positions, when motion
takes place along a straight line. [5]
KI NEM ATI CS
EXERCISE-1
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 C Q.5 B
Q.6 D Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 B Q.10 B
Q.11 D Q.12 D Q.13 A Q.14 C Q.15 D
Q.16 D Q.17 B Q.18 B Q.19 C Q.20 C
Q.21 B Q.22 C Q.23 C Q.24 C Q.25 C
Q.26 D Q.27 D Q.28 B Q.29 D Q.30 B
Q.31 B Q.32 B Q.33 C Q.34 C Q.35 B
Q.36 B Q.37 C Q.38 C Q.39 B Q.40 A
Q.41 A Q.42 A Q.43 A Q.44 B Q.45 C
Q.46 A Q.47 A Q.48 A Q.49 A Q.50 C
Q.51 C Q.52 A Q.53 D Q.54 A Q.55 A
Q.56 D Q.57 A Q.58 B Q.59 B Q.60 D
Q.61 D Q.62 D Q.63 A Q.64 ACD Q.65 AC
Q.66 AC Q.67 AD Q.68 ABCD Q.69 C
Q.70 ABCD Q.71 CD Q.72 D Q.73 ABCD Q.74 AB
Q.75 AB Q.76 ABCD Q.77 B Q.78 ACD Q.79 ABC
Q.80 CD Q.81 (A) PQR (B) QRS (C) QRS
EXERCISE-2
Q.1 25m Q.2 42km/hr Q.3 –16 cm/s2
v0 a
Q.4
 +
Because particle is slowing down so velocity & acceleration are in opposite direction.
Q.5 5s Q.6 36.2 sec. Q.7 22 Q.8 h = 0.45m
Q.9 (i) 4 6 , (ii) 10m Q.10 60, 2 m/sec. Q.11 20 5 m/s Q.12 20 sec
Q.13 20 × 2 3 m/s Q.14 75 m Q.15 100/3 m/s
Q.16 (i) 1503.2 m (ii) 35.54 sec (iii) 3970.56 m
FG h IJ
Q.17
H 8g K Q.18 tan–1(3) Q.19 200 m, 20 m/min, 12 m/min
Q.20 6 m/s Q.21 tan–1(1/2) Q.22 aP = 1 m/s2 , aB = 2 m/s2 
Q.23 (a) t = 7 sec, (b) 175 m Q.24 5 m/sec
Q.25 122.7 km/hr Q.26 
tan 1 2 3 
Q.27 (a) 2 sec, (b) 10 ms–1, (c) 5 m, (d) 16.25 m, (e) 20 m Q.28 2 tan–1(1/3)
u 2 sin 2 ucos(  )
Q.29 (a) , (b) v = Q.30 5 m/s Q.31 (a) 45°, (b) 2 m/sec
g cos  cos 
EXERCISE-3
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 D
Q.6 A Q.7 D Q.8 D Q.9 B Q.10 A
Q.11 B Q.12 A Q.13 D
EXERCISE-4
Q.1 5 Q.2 2 or 8 Q.3 5
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JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)

Also distance covered ,

Note : Here Displacement < Distance

Magnitude of displacement would be equal to distance travelled if there is no change in

Motion with constant velocity

Since velocity is constant, it comes out of the integration

Motion with variable velocity but constant acceleration

Since acceleration is constant so it comes out of the integration

Displacement in nth second = Displacement in n sec. – Displacement in (n–1) sec.

Motion with variable acceleration

Graphical Representation of Motion in one Dimension

e.g. (ii) If velocity is –1 m/s  S = Vt = – t s

(B) Uniform acceleration

Area under v Vs t graph : 

= Area under v Vs t graph.

v decreasing Note  is always with

1. At rest Displacement Velocity Acceleration

s s = ut + 1/2 a0t2 v v= u+at a

Vertical motion under gravity (Free fall)

Motion In Two Dimensions

Equation along x-axis Equations along y-axis

2(u cos  )(u sin  ) u 2 sin(2 )

Maximum height (H)

v= v 2x  v 2y = (u cos ) 2  (u sin  – gt ) 2 = u 2  g 2 t 2 – 2(u sin )gt

(i) Initial velocity ux = u (i) Initial velocity uy = 0

Projected from some height at some angle

& vy2 = uy2 – 2g (y)  vy = (u sin ) 2 – 2g (– h )

t2 to strike the ground then u

From fig (i) ; ux = u cos ( – ) ; uy = u sin ( – )

R is maximum when sin (2 – ) = 1

(d) Greatest distance from incline

Rain - Man Problems

If rain is falling vertically downwards with a speed  r and a man is

Example : If rain is alreadyfalling at some angle  with vertical,

We can illustrate the whole situation by the diagrams.

Remember following points regarding relative motion :

Let us analyse following situation.

Note following points :

(iv) Person wants to go to destination then direction of velocity is w.r.t. ground.

Sol. Let man starts swimming at an angle as shown in figure.

Swimming in a desired direction:

u12x and u12y are the x and y components of relative velocity of

Condition of Collision of two Projectiles

The time of collision of the two particles will be

a) Constraint equation by visual inspection

b) Constraint equation by power method

Power method (also called Virtual work method)

Ex. Solve the below questions using power method.

[Sol. TvB – 2TvA = 0

EXERCISE-1 (Objective Questions)

Q.7 If position time graph of a particle is sine curve as shown,

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.9 Position-time graph is shown which is a semicircle from t = 2 to

Q.12 Acceleration versus velocitygraph of a particle moving in a straight line

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.14 A particle moves in space such that

(A) t2  2  2 (B)  2  2 (C) 3t  2  2 (D) 3t2  2  2

Q.26 If time taken by the projectile to reach Q is T, then PQ =

(A) 30° (B) (C) (D)

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.41 At a given instant, A is moving with velocity of 5m/s

Q.43 If acceleration of A is 2 m/s2 to left and acceleration of B is