Review: Describing Motion

Four Basic Types of Motion P.1

Review: Describing Motion

How will you

describe the
motion of a
car?

• We can describe it by using

words, diagrams, numerical
information, graphs and equations.
P.2
Review: Describing Motion
Using words:

Distance and displacement (position)

 Speed and Average Speed
 Velocity and Average Velocity
 Acceleration (change in Velocity)
 Time
P.3
Review: Describing Motion
Using diagrams:
Motion diagrams

P.4
Describing Motion
Using numerical information and graphs

P.5
Graphs of straight-line motion

P.6
Lesson Objective:

P.7
Lesson Outline:
The Hare and the Tortoise
Motion graphs
Check-point 1
Check point 2
Graphs for uniformly accelerated motion
Other motion graphs
Check-point 3
Motion analyzing tools
Check-point 4
P.8
The Hare and the Tortoise
The details of the race are as follows:
Displacement / m
Time / s
Tortoise Hare
0 0 0
50 10 19
100 20 38
150 30 57
200 40 50
250 50 50
300 60 50
Activity: Plot a graph of the displacement vs. time
of the Hare and the Tortoise.
P.9
 The Hare and the Tortoise

What does the data tell us about their performances?

The tortoise has a larger displacement than the hare.
P.10
1 Motion graphs

Common motion graphs:

1. Displacement–time graph
2. Velocity–time graph
3. Acceleration–time graph

P.11
1 Motion graphs
Consider the following uniform
motion:
Take the direction to the right as +ve.
Velocity of car = 10 m s–1

Displacement of the car at each second

P.12
1 Motion graphs
a Displacement-time graph

A displacement–time graph, or x-t (s-t)

graph, shows the displacement of an object
at different instants.

x-axis: time (independent variable)

y-axis: displacement (dependent variable)
Simulation 2.1 Displacement–time graphs

P.13
a Displacement-time graph

In the previous example, the x-t (s-t) graph

of the car is a straight line.

+ve constant velocity

straight line with +ve slope
P.14
a Displacement-time graph
Slope of displacement-time graph

The slope of an s-t graph gives the

velocity.
change in displacement
Slope of s-t graph =
change in time
= velocity
unit of displacement
Unit of the slope =
unit of time
m
= = m s–1
s P.15
a Displacement-time graph
In the example,
change in s
Slope =
change in t
= 10 m s–1
= velocity of the car
Sign of slope: direction of velocity
Magnitude of slope: magnitude of velocity
Example 1 Finding velocity from the s-t graph
P.16
Example 1
Finding velocity from the s-t graph

Refer to . Take the direction towards

the goal as +ve.
(a) Plot the s-t graph of
the hare.
(b) Find the
velocity of
the hare at
t = 170 s
from the
s-t graph.
P.17
a Displacement-time graph

Example 2 Analyzing the s-t graph

P.20
Example 2
Analyzing the s-t graph

Describe the motion of the hare during

0–150 s, 150–200 s and 200–300 s.
Motion (take going to
Time / s v/ms –1
the goal as +direction)

0–150

150–200

200–300
P.21
Check-point 1
A boy is walking along a straight road.
Here is his s-t graph.

P.23
Check-point 1

Complete the following table.

Displacement
Time / s v / m s–1
/m
0–100 100

100–200 100

200–300 150

300–400

P.24
b Velocity-time graph

A velocity-time graph, v-t graph, gives

the velocity of an object at different times.
e.g. a car moving at 10 m s–1 constantly

horizontal
straight line

Simulation 2.2 Velocity-time graphs

P.26
b Velocity-time graph
i Slope of velocity-time graph

The slope of a v-t graph gives the acceleration.

change in velocity
Slope of v-t graph =
change in time
= acceleration

P.27
i Slope of velocity-time graph

In the last example,

slope of v-t graph = 0
acceleration = 0
(constant velocity)

Sign: direction of acceleration

Magnitude: magnitude of acceleration
Example 3 Finding acceleration from the v-t graph
P.28
b Velocity-time graph
ii Area under velocity-time graph

The area under a v-t graph is the total

displacement during the time interval.

Area above the time axis: +ve

Area below the time axis: –ve
Sign of area: direction of displacement

P.31
ii Area under velocity-time graph

A1 = v1t A3 = v3t
v = s1 A2 = v2t = s3
v1 = s2
A4 = v4t
v3 = s4
v4
v2

t
t t t t
P.32
ii Area under velocity-time graph

Area under each strip

= displacement made under a uniform velocity in t
v Total displacement
= s1 + s2 + s3 + s4
= A 1 + A 2 + A3 + A 4
A1
A3 = area under graph
A2 A4
t
Example 4 Finding displacement from the v-t graph
P.33
b Velocity-time graph

Example 5 Drawing a v-t graph

P.35
Check-point 2 – Q1

Here is the motion of a car:

1 Travels at constant velocity of 10 m s–1

for 15 s
2 Then slows down at 2 m s–2 to a stop
Sketch the v-t graph of the car.
Take the forward direction as +ve.

P.40
Check-point 2 – Q2

A car moving on a road has an oil leak.

Its v-t graph is shown below.

Oil drips out drop by drop steadily and

leaves some dirt marks on the road.
P.42
Book 2 Section 2.1 Graphs of straight-line motion
Check-point 2 – Q2

Which of the dirt mark patterns is correct?

P.43
Check-point 2 – Q3

In a race, two runners X and Y start at the

same place at time t = 0.
Their v-t graphs are shown below.

P.45
Check-point 2 – Q3
Which of the following pictures
correctly shows their positions
at time t = 10 s?
A

P.46
c Acceleration-time graph
An acceleration-time graph, a-t graph,
gives the acceleration of an object at
different instants.
A car moving at 10 m s–1 (constant velocity):

acceleration = 0

P.48
Book 2 Section 2.1 Graphs of straight-line motion
c Acceleration-time graph
The s-t, v-t and a-t graphs are interrelated:
v / m s–1

Displacement Acceleration
= area under v-t graph = slope of v-t graph
t/s

s / m s–1 a / m s–1
Velocity
= slope of s-t graph

t/s t/s
P.49
2 Graphs of uniformly accelerated motion
a Uniformly accelerated motion in one
direction

Consider the following motion:

Take the direction to the right as +ve.

Acceleration = 2 m s–2
P.50
Book 2 Section 2.1 Graphs of straight-line motion
 a Uniformly accelerated motion in one
direction
The motion graphs of the car:
Velocity increases by
2 m s–1 per second

Area under the graph

Slope of the graph
= displacement
= acceleration

P.51
a Uniformly accelerated motion in one
direction

Relation between the s-t, v-t and a-t graphs:

slope slope
s-t graph area
v-t graph a-t graph

Simulation 2.3 Relation between motion graphs

P.52
b Uniformly accelerated motion with a
change in direction

If the acceleration and the initial velocity are

in opposite directions, the object will:

slow down

momentarily at rest

speed up in the direction of acceleration

P.53
b Uniformly accelerated motion with a
change in direction
A car moves towards the right at 10 m s–1 and
accelerates towards the left at 2 m s–2.
Take the direction to the right as +ve.
s-t graph v-t graph a-t graph

P.54
b Uniformly accelerated motion with a
change in direction

Simulation 2.4 Motion graphs

Simulation 2.5 Draw your own v-t graphs

P.55
3 Other motion graphs
Distance-time and speed-time graphs can
also be used to describe motions.
Recall John’s motion in Example 5:

1 m s–1
for 200 s stays at B
for 100 s
2 m s–1 for 500 s
P.56
3 Other motion graphs
John’s distance-time and speed-time graphs:
Distance-time graph Speed-time graph

Cannot show the direction of

motion! P.57
More examples

Example 6 Interpreting the v-t graph

P.58
Check-point 3 – Q1

Complete the motion graphs for each car.

Car A

P.67
Check-point 3 – Q1

Complete the motion graphs for each car.

Car B

P.69
Check-point 3 – Q1

Complete the motion graphs for each car.

Car C

P.71
Check-point 3 – Q2

A car moves as shown.

Describe the motion of the car in different

periods and draw the corresponding v-t and
a-t graphs.
P.73
Check-point 3 – Q2

0–2 s: It moves at a constant velocity of

_________.
2–3 s: It makes a U-turn. Its velocity
changes from __________ to
_________.
3–5 s: It moves at a constant velocity of
_________.

P.74
Check-point 3 – Q2

v-t graph a-t graph

P.76
4 Motion analyzing tools
a Data-logging system
i Sensing motion

Use motion sensors

connected to a data-logger
to record motions.

The data-logger is connected

to a computer which runs a Motion sensor
data-logging program.

P.78
i Sensing motion

The motion sensor emits ultrasound signals

and detects its echoes from a moving body.
The data-logging program presents the
collected data in s-t and v-t graphs.

Data-logging: simpler
collection and processing of data
faster

Simulation 2.6 Studying motion using the motion sensor

P.79
i Sensing motion

Expt 2a Studying motion using the

motion sensor

P.80
Book 2 Section 2.1 Graphs of straight-line motion
a Data-logging system

Simulation 2.7 Acceleration down a slope

Expt 2b Acceleration down a slope

P.83
Book 2 Section 2.1 Graphs of straight-line motion
a Data-logging system
ii Reading graphs

Usually the direction away from the sensor

is taken as +ve.
Moving away from the sensor
 displacement becomes more +ve
 velocity is +ve

Example 7 Studying s-t graph from motion sensor

P.86
4 Motion analyzing tools
b Motion video analysis (* Tracker)
We can also use software to analyze the
motion on a video.

Video 2.3 Video motion analysis (100 m splint)

P.89
b Motion video analysis

Example 8 Analyzing a motion video

P.90
Book 2 Section 2.1 Graphs of straight-line motion
Check-point 4 – Q1

The s-t graph of a trolley is shown below.

What is the motion of the trolley from

t = 1.0 s to 3.0 s?
P.95
Check-point 4 – Q1

The trolley is moving with

(decreasing/constant/increasing) velocity.
It is moving (away from/towards) the
motion sensor.
P.96
Check-point 4 – Q2

The v-t graph of a trolley is shown below.

P.98
Check-point 4 – Q2

Sketch the corresponding s-t graph.

Assume the trolley is initially at 0 m.

P.99
Check-point 4 – Q3

Which of the following is not a possible

motion graph from a motion sensor?

A B C

P.101
Check-point 4 – Q4

Here is an s-t graph obtained by the motion

video analysis software.

P.103
Check-point 4 – Q4

What kind of motion does it describe?

A Moving at constant velocity and then

speeding up
B Slowing down and then moving at
constant velocity
C Speeding up and then slowing down
D Uniform motion

P.104
The End

P.106