KINEMATICS

• Kinematics is one of the branches

of mechanics. It deals with the
motion of particles not the causes
of the motion. Motion in one
dimension in other words linear
motion and projectile motion are
the subtitles of kinematics they
are also called as 1D and 2D
kinematics.
 These are the subjects
will be covered in this
unit.

• Distance
• Displacement
• Speed
• Velocity
• Acceleration
Distance and Displacement
Distance is a scalar quantity
representing the interval between
two points. It is just the
magnitude of the interval.
However, Displacement is a
vector quantity and can be
defined by using distance
concept.
SPEED AND VELOCITY

Speed- can be defined as “how fast

something moves” or it can be
explained more scientifically as “the
distance covered in a unit of time”.
Velocity- can be defined as “speed
having direction”. As you can
understand from the definition velocity
is a vector quantity having both
magnitude and direction.
Example:

Look at the picture given below.

An object moves from point A
through B, C, D, E and stops at
point F.
a) Find final displacement.
b) Find distance taken from point
A to D.
SOLUTION a)Displacement =
position-initial position
final

=10m-2m = 8m
b) Distance AD = AB+BC+CD
=8m+8m+4n = 20m
Formula Definition and explanations

sav is the average speed (scalar)

d is the distance
Δ t is the time elapsed

vav is the average velocity

(vector)
Δ x is the displacement(vector)
Δ t is the time elapse

aav is the average acceleartion

(vector)
Δ v is the change in velocity
(vector)
Δ t is the time elapsed
 vav is the average velocity (vector)
vi is the initial velocity (vector)
vf is the final velocity (vector)

vf is the final velocity (vector)

V = Vo + at vo is the initial velocity (vector)
a is the acceleration (vector)

Δ x is the displacement (vector)

X = Vot + 0.5at2 vo is the initial velocity (vector)
a is the acceleration (vector)

Δ x is the displacement (vector)

∆x = Vft – 0.5at2 vf is the final velocity (vector)
a is the acceleration (vector)
 Δ x is the displacement (vector)
vf is the final velocity (vector)
vi is the initial velocity (vector)

vf is the final velocity (vector)

vi is the initial velocity (vector)
V2f = v2i +2ax Δ x is the displacement (vector)
a is the acceleration (vector)
Formula Definition and explanations

vi is the initial velocity (vector)

vix is the component of the initial
velocity along the horizontal direction
x (scalar)
Vix = vcosθ
viy is the component of the initial
Viy = vsinθ velocity along the vertical direction y
(scalar)
θ is the initial angle that vi makes with
the horizontal.

Δx is the displacement along the

∆X = vicosθt horizontal direction x

Δy is the displacement along the

∆Y = visinθ -0.5gt2 vertical direction y
R is the range or horizontal
distance travelled when the
projectile hits the ground

T is total time to hit the ground

H maximum height reached above

the ground
g = 9.81 m / s2
Distance Equation 1D

X = Vot + 0.5at2

Velocity Equation

V2f = v2i +2aX

V = Vo + at
Example

A car starts to move and reaches

the velocity 80m/s in 10 seconds.
Calculate the acceleration of this
car?
Given:vf = 80m/s
t =10sec.
a=?
a=(80-0)/10 = 8m/s^2
Example

A boy having Solution:

at = vf-vi
3m/s² 3(15) = vf – 0
Vf = 45m/s
acceleration
starts to run.
Calculate the
boy’s final
velocity after
15 seconds?
MOTION WITH GRAPHS
Position vs. Time Graphs:
FREE FALL
Free fall is a kind of motion that
everybody can observe in daily life. We
drop something accidentally or
purposely and see its motion.
Example
• Rex Things throws his mother's
crystal vase vertically upwards
with an initial velocity of 26.2
m/s. Determine the height to
which the vase will rise above
its initial height.
• 0 = (26.2)^2 +2(-9.81)h
• h(19.62) = 26.2^2
• h= 34.99m
Example.

The boy drops the ball from a

roof of the house which takes
3 seconds to hit the ground.
Calculate the velocity before
the ball crashes to the ground.
Solution:
V = gt
V = 9.81(3)
V= 29.43m/s
Example.
An object does free fall motion. It hits the ground
after 4 seconds. Calculate the velocity of the
object after 3 seconds and before it hits the
ground. What can be the height it is thrown?
Solution :
V=gt
@3sec.
V = 9.81(3)
V= 29.43m/s
@4sec.
V = 9.81(4)
V = 39.24m/s
h = 0.5(9.81)(4)^2
h = 78.48m
Example .
Calculate the velocity of the car which
has initial velocity 24m/s and
acceleration 3m/s² after 15 second.
Solution:
v =v +at
o

v = 24 + 3(15)
v=69m/s
Example.
The car which is initially at
rest has an acceleration 7m/s²
and travels 20 seconds. Find
the distance it covers during
this period.
Solution:
x =vot +0.5at^ 2
x = 0.5(7m/s^2)(20s)^2
X = 1400m
PROJECTILE MOTION
1. Vertical motion:
In vertical we said that gravity acts on
our objects and give it negative
acceleration “-9.81m/s²”. This means
that, our velocity decreases -9,81m/s²
in each second. We find the velocity of
the free falling object by the
equation V=g.t. If we have initial
velocity then, our equation becomes;
V=Vit+gt where acceleration is -
9.81m/s²
The distance in free fall is calculated by
the equation;
Distance traveled = 0.5gt2
As in the velocity case our distance is
calculated considering the initial
velocity of the object by the formula;
Distance traveled = Vit +0.5gt2
2. Horizontal motion:
We have constant motion in horizontal
because there is no force acting on our
object in horizontal direction. Thus, the X
component of velocity is constant and
acceleration in X direction is zero. The
equation that is used to calculate
distance and velocity is given below.
X = vt
Example

In the given picture below, Alice

throws the ball to the +X
direction with an initial velocity
10m/s. Time elapsed during the
motion is 5s, calculate the height
that object is thrown and Vy
component of the velocity after it
hits the ground.
 Solution:
Solution h = 0.5(9.81)(5)^2
h = 122.63m
vy = gt
vy = 9.81(5)
vy = 49.05m/s
x = vt
X = 10(5)=50m
Example

In the given picture you see the

motion path of cannonball. Find
the maximum height it can reach,
horizontal distance it covers and
total time from the given
information. (The angle between
cannonball and horizontal is 55º
 Solution:
Solution vx=25cos55 =14.34m/s
vy=25sin55 = 20.48m/s
Motion in vertical
v=vi –gt
0 = 20.48 – 9.81(t)
t=2.09s to reach the max. height
h=20.48(2.09)+0.5(-9.81)(2.09)^2
h=21.38m
H total=60m+21.38m=81.38m
H= 0.5gt^2
81.38 = 0.5(9.81)t^2
t= 4.07s
T total = 4.07+2.09s = 6.16s
X= vt= 12.34(6.16)= 88.33m
An object is thrown with an
angle 370 with horizontal. If
the initial velocity of the
object is 50m/s, find the
time of motion, maximum
height it can reach, and
distance in horizontal.
A projectile is fired from the
top of the cliff of 300ft high
with the velocity of 1414ft/s
directed at 45 degrees to the
horizontal. Find the range on
a horizontal plane through
the base of the cliff.