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Two-Dimensional Motion and Vectors

Chapter 3 pg. 81-105
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What do you think?

 How are measurements such as mass and volume

different from measurements such as velocity and
acceleration?
 How can you add two velocities that are in
different directions?
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 Projectile
motion can be described by the
horizontal and vertical components of motion.
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Introduction to Vectors

 Scalar- a quantity that has magnitude but no

direction
 Examples: volume, mass, temperature, speed
 Vector- a quantity that has both magnitude
and direction
 Examples: acceleration, velocity, displacement,
force
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Vector Properties

 Vectors are generally drawn as arrows.

 Length represents the magnitude
 Arrow shows the direction

 Resultant - the sum of two or more vectors

 Make sure when adding vectors that
 You use the same unit
 Describing similar quantities
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Components of Vectors

 A ball’s
velocity can be
placed into into horizontal
and vertical components.
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Vector Addition

 Vectors can be moved parallel to

themselves without changing the
resultant.
 the red arrow represents the resultant of
the two vectors
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Vector Addition

 Vectors
can be added in
any order.
 The resultant (d) is the same
in each case

 Subtraction is simply the

addition of the opposite
vector.
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3.2 Vector Operations

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What do you think?

 What is one disadvantage of adding vectors by the graphical method?

 Is there an easier way to add vectors?

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Vector Operations

Use a traditional x-y coordinate system as shown below on the right.

ThePythagorean theorem and tangent function can be used to add
vectors.
More accurate and less time-consuming than the graphical method
+ Pythagorean Theorem and Tangent Function
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Pythagorean Theorem and Tangent
Function
 We can use the inverse of the tangent function
to find the angle.
 θ= tan-1 (opp/adj)
 Another way to look at our triangle
 d2
d
=Δx + Δy
2 2
Δy
θ

Δx
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Example

 An archaeologist climbs the great pyramid in

Giza. The pyramid height is 136 m and width
is 2.30 X 102 m. What is the magnitude and
direction of displacement of the archaeologist
after she climbs from the bottom to the top?
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Example

 Given:

 Δy = 136m
 width is 2.30 X 102 m for whole pyramid
 So, Δx = 115m
 Unknown:

d = ?? θ= ??
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Example

 Calculate:  θ= tan-1 (opp/adj)

d2 =Δx2 + Δy2  θ= tan-1 (136/115)
 θ= 49.78°
d = √Δx + Δy
2 2

d = √ (115)2 +(136)2
d = 178m
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Example

 While following the directions on a treasure

map a pirate walks 45m north then turns and
walks 7.5m east. What single straight line
displacement could the pirate have taken to
reach the treasure?
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Resolving Vectors Into Components
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Resolving Vectors into Components

 Component: the horizontal x and vertical y parts that add

up to give the actual displacement
 For the vector shown at right, find the vector components
vx (velocity in the x direction) and vy (velocity in the y
direction). Assume that that the angle is 35.0˚.

35°
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Example

 Given: v= 95 km/h θ= 35.0°

 Unknown vx=?? vy = ??
 Rearrange the equations
 sin θ= opp/ hyp or sin θ=vy/v
 opp=(sin θ) (hyp) or vy=(sin θ)(v)
 cos θ= adj/ hyp or cos θ= vx/v
 adj= (cos θ)(hyp) or vx= (cos θ)(v)
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Example

vy=(sin θ)(v) vx= (cos θ)(v)

 vy = (sin35°)(95)  vx = (cos 35°)(95)
 vy = 54.49 km/h  vx = 77.82 km/h
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Example

 How fast must a truck travel to stay beneath

an airplane that is moving 105 km/h at an
angle of 25° to the ground?
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3.3 Projectile Motion

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What do you think?

 Suppose two coins fall off of a table simultaneously. One coin

falls straight downward. The other coin slides off the table
horizontally and lands several meters from the base of the table.
 Which coin will strike the floor first?
 Explain your reasoning.

 Would your answer change if the second coin was moving so

fast that it landed 50 m from the base of the table? Why or why
not?
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Projectile Motion

 Projectiles: objects that are launched into the air

 tennis balls, arrows, baseballs, javelin

 Gravity affects the motion

 Projectile motion:
 The curved path that an object follows when thrown,
launched or otherwise projected near the surface of the earth
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Projectile Motion

 Path is parabolic if air resistance is ignored

 Path is shortened under the effects of air
resistance
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5.4 Projectile Motion

 Projectile motion can be separated into components.

a) Roll a ball along a horizontal surface, and its velocity is

constant because no component of gravitational force
acts horizontally.
5.4 Projectile Motion

 Projectile motion can be separated into components.

a) Roll a ball along a horizontal surface, and its velocity

is constant because no component of gravitational
force acts horizontally.

b) Drop it, and it accelerates downward and covers a

greater vertical distance each second.
Components of Projectile Motion

 As the runner launches

herself (vi), she is moving
in the x and y directions.

vx ,i = vi cos θ
v y ,i = vi sin θ
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Projectile Motion

 Projectile
motion is free fall with an initial
horizontal speed.
 Vertical and horizontal motion are independent of
each other.
 Vertically the acceleration is constant (10 m/s2 )

 We use the 4 acceleration equations

 Horizontally the velocity is constant
 We use the constant velocity equations
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Projectile Motion

 Components are used to solve for vertical and

horizontal quantities.
 Timeis the same for both vertical and
horizontal motion.
 Velocity at the peak is purely horizontal (vy =
0).
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Example

 The Royal Gorge Bridge in Colorado rises 321

m above the Arkansas river. Suppose you kick
a rock horizontally off the bridge at 5 m/s.
How long would it take to hit the ground and
what would it’s final velocity be?
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Example

 Given: d = 321m a = 10m/s2

vi= 5m/s t = ?? vf = ??
 REMEMBER we need to figure out :
 Up and down aka free fall (use our 4
acceleration equations)
 Horizontal (use our constant velocity equation)
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Classroom Practice Problem
(Horizontal Launch)
 People in movies often jump from buildings into pools.
If a person jumps horizontally by running straight off a
rooftop from a height of 30.0 m to a pool that is 5.0 m
from the building, with what initial speed must the
person jump?
 Answer: 2.0 m/s
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Projectiles Launched at an Angle

 We will make a triangle and use our sin, cos,

tan equations to find our answers
 Vy = V sin θ
 Vx = V cos θ
 tan = θ(y/x)
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Classroom Practice Problem
(Projectile Launched at an Angle)
 A golfer practices driving balls off a cliff and into the
water below. The edge of the cliff is 15 m above the
water. If the golf ball is launched at 51 m/s at an angle
of 15°, how far does the ball travel horizontally before
hitting the water?
 Answer: 1.7 x 102 m (170 m)