Projectile Motion

Deduce the consequences of the

independence of vertical and horizontal
components of projectile
motionSTEM_GP12KIN-Ic- 22
Calculate range, time of flight, and
maximum heights of projectiles
STEM_GP12KIN-Ic-23
What is projectile?

Projectile –is an object upon which the only force

acting is gravity;
- is any object that once projected or dropped
continues in motion by its own inertia and is
influenced only by the downward force of gravity.
Examples of Projectile
What is projectile?
 Features of projectile motion
• The span of projectile motion in the vertical plane is determined by two factors,
namely the speed of projection and angle of projection with respect to horizontal.
These two factors together determine:
i. how long does the projectile remain in air (time of flight, T)
ii. how far does the projectile go in the horizontal direction (range of projectile, R) and
iii. how high does the projectile reach (maximum height, H).
• Further, the trajectory of the projectile is symmetric about a vertical line passing
through the point of maximum height if point of projection and point of return fall on
the same horizontal surface.
Projectiles move in TWO dimensions
 Since a projectile
moves in 2-
dimensions, it
therefore has 2
components just
like a resultant
vector.
 Horizontal and
Vertical
 Projectiles move in TWO dimensions
 Gravity acts to influence the vertical motion of the
projectile, thus causing a vertical acceleration.
 The horizontal motion of the projectile is the result of
the tendency of any object in motion to remain in
motion at constant velocity (INERTIA)
 A force is not required to keep an object in motion. A
force is only required to maintain an acceleration.
 Due to the absence of horizontal forces, a projectile
remains in motion with a constant horizontal velocity.
Horizontal forces are not required to keep a projectile
moving horizontally.
Horizontal “Velocity” Component
 NEVER changes, covers equal displacements in
equal time periods.
 This means the initial horizontal velocity equals
the final horizontal velocity.

In other words, the horizontal

velocity is CONSTANT. BUT
WHY?

Gravity DOES NOT work

horizontally to increase or
decrease the velocity.
Vertical “Velocity” Component
 Changes (due to gravity), does NOT cover
equal displacements in equal time periods.

Both the MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION change.

As the projectile moves up the MAGNITUDE
DECREASES and its direction is UPWARD. As it
moves down the MAGNITUDE INCREASES and
the direction is DOWNWARD.
Combining the Components
 Together, these
components produce
what is called a
trajectory or path. This
path is parabolic in
nature.

Component Magnitude Direction

Horizontal Constant Constant
Vertical Changes Changes
 Horizontally Launched Projectiles
 Projectiles which have NO upward trajectory and NO initial
VERTICAL velocity. v  v  constant
ox x

voy  0 m / s
Horizontally Launched Projectiles
 To analyze a projectile in 2 dimensions we need 2
equations. One for the “x” direction and one for
the “y” direction. And for this we use kinematic #2.

x  voxt  1 at 2
2
x  vox t y  1 gt 2
2
Remember, the velocity is Remember that since the
CONSTANT horizontally, so projectile is launched
that means the acceleration horizontally, the INITIAL
is ZERO! VERTICAL VELOCITY is
equal to ZERO.
Horizontally Launched Projectiles
Example: A plane traveling
with a horizontal velocity
of 100 m/s is 500 m
above the ground. At
some point the pilot drops
a bomb on a target
below. (a) How long is the
bomb in the air? (b) How
far away from point above
where it was dropped will
it land?

y  1 gt 2  500  1 (9.8)t 2 x  vox t  (100)(10.1)  1010 m

2 2
102.04  t 2  t  10.1 seconds
Vertically Launched Projectiles
NO Vertical Velocity at the top of the trajectory.

Vertical Vertical Velocity

Velocity increases on the
decreases way down,
on the way
upward Horizontal Velocity
is constant

Component Magnitude Direction

Horizontal Constant Constant
Vertical Decreases up, 0 Changes
@ top, Increases
down
Vertically Launched Projectiles
 Since the projectile was launched at a angle,
the velocity MUST be broken into components!!!

vox  vo cos 
voy  vo sin 
Vertically Launched Projectiles
 There are several things you must consider
when doing these types of projectiles besides
using components.
 If it begins and ends at ground level, the “y”
displacement is ZERO: y = 0
Vertically Launched Projectiles
 You will still use kinematic #2, but YOU MUST
use COMPONENTS in the equation.

x  voxt y  voy t  1 gt 2
2

vox  vo cos 
voy  vo sin 
Example
A place kicker kicks a football with a velocity of 20.0 m/s
and at an angle of 53 degrees.
(a) How long is the ball in the air?
(b) How far away does it land?
(c) How high does it travel?
vox  vo cos 
/s
0.0
m
vox  20 cos 53  12.04 m / s
=2
vo


voy  vo sin 
voy  20sin 53  15.97 m / s
Example
 A place kicker kicks a What I know What I want
football with a to know
velocity of 20.0 m/s vox=12.04 m/s t=?
and at an angle of 53 voy=15.97 m/s x=?
degrees.
y=0 ymax=?
(a) How long is the ball
in the air? g = - 9.8
m/s/s

y  voy t  1 gt 2  0  (15.97)t  4.9t 2

2
2
15.97t  4.9t  15.97  4.9t
t  3.26 s
Example
 A place kicker kicks a What I know What I want
football with a to know
velocity of 20.0 m/s vox=12.04 m/s t = 3.26 s
and at an angle of 53 voy=15.97 m/s x=?
degrees. y=0 ymax=?
(b) How far away does it g = - 9.8
land? m/s/s

x  vox t  (12.04)(3.26)  39.24 m

Example What I know What I want
to know
 A place kicker kicks a vox=12.04 m/s t = 3.26 s
football with a velocity voy=15.97 m/s x = 39.24 m
of 20.0 m/s and at an
angle of 53 degrees. y=0 ymax=?
(c) How high does it g = - 9.8
travel? m/s/s
y  v t  1 gt 2
CUT YOUR TIME IN HALF! oy 2
y  (15.97)(1.63)  4.9(1.63) 2
y  13.01 m
Checkpoint
1. Consider these diagrams in answering the following
questions.

Which diagram (if any) might represent ...

a. ... the initial horizontal velocity?

b. ... the initial vertical velocity?
c. ... the horizontal acceleration?
d. ... the vertical acceleration?
e. ... the net force?
Checkpoint
2. Supposing a snowmobile is equipped with a
flare launcher that is capable of launching a
sphere vertically (relative to the snowmobile). If the
snowmobile is in motion and launches the flare
and maintains a constant horizontal velocity after
the launch, then where will the flare land (neglect
air resistance)?
a. in front of the snowmobile
b. behind the snowmobile
c. in the snowmobile
 Checkpoint
3. Suppose a rescue
airplane drops a relief
package while it is moving
with a constant horizontal
speed at an elevated a. below the plane
height. Assuming that air and behind it.
resistance is negligible, b. directly below
where will the relief the plane
package land relative to the c. below the plane
plane? and ahead of it
 Circular Motion

Infer quantities associated with

circular motion such as tangential
velocity, centripetal acceleration,
tangential acceleration, radius of
curvature STEM_GP12KIN-Ic-25
What is circular motion?

 Circular motion is when an object moves in a

circular path.
 Examples of circular motion include a race
car speeding around a circular curve, a toy
attached to a string swinging in a circle
around your head, or the circular loop-the-
loop on a roller coaster.
What is circular motion?

 When solving problems involving rotational

motion, we use variables that are similar to
linear variables (distance, velocity,
acceleration, and force) but take into account
the curvature or rotation of the motion. Here,
we define the angle of rotation, which is the
angular equivalence of distance; and angular
velocity, which is the angular equivalence of
linear velocity.
When objects rotate
about some axis—for
example, when the
CD rotates about its
center—each point in
the object follows a
circular path.
Angular Velocity
Angular Velocity
 Now let’s consider the direction of the angular speed,
which means we now must call it the angular velocity.
 The direction of the angular velocity is along the axis of
rotation.
 For an object rotating clockwise, the angular velocity
points away from you along the axis of rotation. For an
object rotating counterclockwise, the angular velocity
points toward you along the axis of rotation.
 Angular velocity (ω) is the angular version of linear
velocity v.
Tangential velocity
Centripetal Acceleration
 The simplest case of circular motion is uniform circular
motion, where an object travels a circular path at a
constant speed.
 Note that, unlike speed, the linear velocity of an object in
circular motion is constantly changing because it is
always changing direction.
 We know from kinematics that acceleration is a change
in velocity, either in magnitude or in direction or both.
Therefore, an object undergoing uniform circular motion
is always accelerating, even though the magnitude of its
velocity is constant.
Centripetal Acceleration
 You experience this acceleration yourself every time you ride
in a car while it turns a corner. If you hold the steering wheel
steady during the turn and move at a constant speed, you are
executing uniform circular motion. What you notice is a feeling
of sliding (or being flung, depending on the speed) away from
the center of the turn. This isn’t an actual force that is acting
on you—it only happens because your body wants to continue
moving in a straight line (as per Newton’s first law) whereas
the car is turning off this straight-line path. Inside the car it
appears as if you are forced away from the center of the turn.
This fictitious force is known as the centrifugal force. The
sharper the curve and the greater your speed, the more
noticeable this effect becomes.
 Centripetal Acceleration
 The figure shows an object moving in a
circular path at constant speed. The
direction of the instantaneous
tangential velocity is shown at two
points along the path. Acceleration is in
the direction of the change in velocity;
in this case it points roughly toward the
center of rotation. (The center of
rotation is at the center of the circular
path). If we imagine Δs becoming
smaller and smaller, then the
acceleration would point exactly toward
the center of rotation, but this case is
hard to draw. We call the acceleration
of an object moving in uniform circular
motion the centripetal acceleration ac
because centripetal means center
seeking.
Centripetal Acceleration
 Tangential Acceleration
 Tangential acceleration is
the rate at which a
tangential velocity varies in
the rotational motion of any
object. It acts in the
direction of a tangent at the
point of motion for an • Tangential acceleration only
object. exists when an object travels in
 The tangential velocity also a circular path. It is positive if
acts in the same direction the body is rotating at a faster
for an object undergoing velocity, negative when the
circular motion. body is decelerating and zero
when the body is moving
uniformly in the orbit.
Tangential Acceleration
Tangential Acceleration