Intel Overclocking Guide

What is overclocking?

Firstly, it is currently the mostly widely used word that does not appear in the English dictionary.
Secondly, it is operating hardware (particularly CPU, RAM, motherboard, and video card)
above and beyond rated specs. Rated specs are the level to which a particular piece of hardware
is expected to, has been tested to, and is warranted to perform. What this equates to in the real
world is a certain price tag for a certain level of expected performance. Overclockers strive to
determine not what hardware should do, but what can do.

Overclocking is more of an art than a science. There is no combination of settings that will yield
the best results for every system. Greater experience does make the overclocking process less
cumbersome, but it is and always will be a trial and error process. Don't be afraid to experiment,
but always take things slow and be cognizant of temperature and voltage limits.

Overclocking Basics (particular to Intel systems, though many of the concepts apply to AMD
systems as well)

1) Limitations - Each hardware component has physical limitations that, at a minimum, meet the
rated (stock) specifications. In the process of thoroughly overclocking a system, the actual
limitations of various components will be found. In general, the CPU, RAM, and motherboard
will control the overclock, but other components such as the PSU and cooling will have a major
impact on overclocking abilities. Depending on which of the three primary components (CPU,
RAM, and mobo) is the first to reach its limits, different steps can be taken to squeeze more out
of the other components. Video card overclocking is generally independent of overclocking the
components previously listed.

2) Overclocking in the BIOS vs. overclocking software - Whenever the option exists,
manipulating BIOS settings is the best way to accomplish overclocking. BIOSes on value/low
end motherboards and on proprietary systems such as Dells and HPs generally have few to no
options available for overclocking. On such systems, there is the potential to overclock through
software, though there is not a single piece of software to overclock every board.

3) CPU FSB vs. external clock speed - Intel overclocking is achieved via the front side bus or
system bus. Depending on your system, it can be noted as FSB, CPU frequency, CPU speed,
clock speed, or something similar in the BIOS. Intel CPUs more recent than Pentium 3s are
“quad pumped”. This means that the external clock speed (the value shown in the BIOS) is one
fourth the FSB, i.e. external clock speed = FSB/4.

4) DDR frequency vs. external clock speed - Conversely, DDR RAM transmits data on both
sides of a tactical signal, effectively performing two functions per single clock cycle (i.e. DDR
frequency = 2 x external clock speed). That is why it’s referred to as Double Data Rate RAM.
The discussion of RAM applies equally to DDR, DDR2, and DDR3. There are a variety of ways
this is displayed in the BIOS; some display the DDR frequency and other show it as a ratio of the
CPU:RAM, which will be discussed below.
5) Dividers - The ratio of CPU:RAM is known as a divider. On older Intel systems, best
performance is achieved through highest possible stable operation in synchronous (1:1)
CPU:RAM operation. On such systems, the higher the FSB, the better performance. Newer Intel
systems can benefit from a divider that favors the RAM (e.g. 3:4 which means the RAM runs as
4/3 the external clock speed - the CPU always operates at the external clock speed). It is
generally best to start with a 1:1 divider and then test other dividers for potentially greater
performance.

6) Multipliers - The multiplier is the ratio of external clock speed to processor frequency, i.e.
external clock speed x multiplier = processor frequency. Older Intel CPUs had a locked
multiplier, most current Intel CPUs have a multiplier that can be adjusted downward, and most
Extreme Edition CPUs have multipliers that can be both lowered and raised. CPUs tend to have a
maximum frequency, which can be achieved through whatever combinations of external clock
speed and multiplier that are available (e.g. if a CPU can handle 3.6 GHz, it can do so equally at
400x9, 450x8, and 600x6). Manipulating the multiplier permits fine tuning of CPU settings in
relation to the RAM and mobo settings.

7) RAM Timings - All RAM has a series of latencies, generally referred to as timings. Smaller
numbers are faster or "tighter" while larger numbers are slower or "looser". As RAM is
overclocked, it is necessary to apply looser timings, and conversely, RAM can often be run at
tighter timings by either running it below stock speed or by increasing the voltage.

8) Voltages - Different components of the system receive different amount of voltage, and it is
generally necessary to increase voltages as frequencies are increased beyond stock speeds. The
three most commonly tweaked are vcore (CPU voltage), vdimm (RAM voltage), and vMCH
(Northbridge/memory controller). Excessive voltage can shorten the life of component or cause
failure.

9) Temperatures and cooling - Quality cooling is essential to achieving and maintaining a good
overclock. The temperature of various components should be monitored to ensure that they are
being sufficiently cooled. CPU cooling receives the most attention. The stock cooler that comes
with most retail CPUs is generally not suitable for overclocking. There is a wide variety of
aftermarket air coolers that provide a correspondingly wide degree of cooling. Water cooling is a
popular, though more expensive, way of cooling components (generally limited to CPUs and
video cards, though there are water blocks available for many types of components). Extreme
cooling options such as phase change are also available. In general, the cooler the component,
the further it will overclock. Installing an aftermarket cooling on the Northbridge is common for
moderate to high overclocks. There are also aftermarket coolers for Southbridges and RAM,
though those components do not often require additional cooling in most systems or sufficient
additional cooling can be provided by placing a fan to blow across the component.

10) Steppings, batches, weeks - Intel occasionally makes a large update to a processor line, and
it shows as a new stepping. Processors can often be identified by batches or weeks as well. This
information can often be used to give a general prediction of overclocking potential, though it is
not a guarantee. There are good overclocking processors that come out of "bad" weeks/batches
and poor overclockers that come out of "good" ones. The odds of getting a good overclocker
from a "good" week/batch is simply greater than from a "bad" one.

11) CMOS Jumper - Unstable overclocking settings can cause a system to freeze and/or not
boot. Should rebooting not reset the system, stock settings can be restored by manipulating the
CMOS jumper. Some motherboard have a CMOS reset button, and some have BIOS features to
automatically prevent lock ups due to unstable overclocking settings.

BIOS 101

The BIOS on most boards can be accessed by pressing the DEL key at system startup. It is safe
to browse through the BIOS options, and it is important to be familiar with the various options.
BIOS options and terminology will vary from motherboard to motherboard, though the same
basic options are available on all boards that can be overclocked (along with a host of advanced
options).

BIOS menus are navigated with a keyboard. The arrow and Enter keys are used to browse and
select menus and options. The ESC key accesses higher level menus, and when hit from the main
menu, it will exit the BIOS (first prompting if the user wants to abandon changes and exit). The
F10 key generally prompts the user to save changes and exit.

Before tweaking settings that directly affect overclocking, there are some standard settings that
affect stability that should be set. They may not appear exactly as listed, but it will be something
similar.

 Spread Spectrum = disabled

 PCI/AGP/PCIe = fixed, locked, or 33/66/100 (It is essential to lock the PCI and AGP
frequencies, though some systems may benefit from a slightly raised PCIe frequency)
 Stop unused PCI clock = enabled
 Legacy USB = disabled

Furthermore, ensure that the Initial Display Adapter is set accordingly (i.e. PCI, AGP, or PCIe,
depending on the video card’s interface). It is also a good idea to disable any unused features
(e.g. serial port, parallel port, onboard audio, etc.) as this will free up resources.

Finally, any option relating to CPU frequency, RAM frequency, RAM timings, or voltages
should generally be set to manual.

Overclocking Process

As stated above, overclocking is an art. Juggling the various settings can seem overwhelming
initially, and it's often difficult to fight the urge to raise an overclock quickly. It is very important
to be patient and take baby steps while making adjustments.

In general, the overclocking procedure is -

 1. Increase the external clock speed by a small amount.
2. Exit BIOS and boot to operating system.
3. Test for stability and monitor temperatures.
4. Return to BIOS, tweak settings, and repeat process.

In greater detail -

1) Baby steps - Increase the external clock speed in small increments. "Small" is relative to the
stock speed of the system, though 3-5 MHz is common for Pentiums while 5-10 MHz is common
for newer CPUs. These numbers can be responsibly tweaked for a variety of reasons including
personal experience and knowledge that a particular CPU stepping/week/batch is a good/bad
overclocker. The steps can also be larger early in the overclocking process and smaller as the
system gets closer to its limits. The important thing is to not take too large of a step as too many
other variables can change if large jumps are made.

2) Boot up - Be sure to save your settings before rebooting. Some motherboards offer
overclocking profiles, which can save settings after a CMOS reset or even a BIOS flash.
Unsuccessful boots are not uncommon. Either return to step 1 and lower the external clock speed
or jump to step 4 for other tweaks.

3) Stability testing - There are a variety of stability testing programs available, and they should
be employed frequently during the course of overclocking. The extent of stability testing is up to
individual preference, and there are a wide variety of philosophies concerning testing. It is
generally a good idea to do at least a brief test at every step with a more thorough test every few
steps. Some quality testing programs are -

 Super Pi - Good for quick tests and benchmarking. This program will not provide robust
stability testing.
 Prime95 and Orthos - These programs provide thorough testing, and some versions work
automatically on multiple core processors.
 OCCT - Another thorough stress testing program.
 Memtest86 - An excellent RAM testing program. Great for ruling out or identifying the
RAM settings as an issue.

A brief test with one of these programs might be for several minutes to an hour with a thorough
test ranging from several hours to a full day. Be sure to monitor temperatures when stress testing.

4) Return to BIOS and tweak - If stability testing was successful, return to step 1 and further
increase the external clock speed. If the system booted but did not test stable, there are several
settings which may help. They include -

 Adjust vcore - Increase the vcore one notch and repeat the testing. If more than two
notches are required, try adjusting another setting.
 Adjust RAM timings and vdimm - If a bit of vcore doesn't do the trick or Memtest86
identified the RAM as the source of instability, tweak the RAM settings. Loosening
 RAM timings and/or increasing vdimm may address this issue. Be aware that excessive
vdimm will void most manufacturers' warranties.
 Adjust Northbridge voltage - Higher frequencies require additional voltage to the NB. In
general, this setting only goes up a few notches from stock speed to extreme overclocks.
Stock Northbridge coolers may not be able to handle additional voltage, so it may be
necessary to invest in aftermarket cooling.

As with increasing the clock speed, it is important to change these settings in small steps, reboot,
and test for stability.

Maximizing the Overclock on a System

One way to simplify overclocking is to initially take the RAM out of the equation. Select a
divider such that the RAM does not exceed stock speeds; this permits attention to be focused on
the CPU and motherboard. Once the maximum overclock of those two components is found,
manipulate the divider to determine the optimal frequency for the RAM. Be sure to use
Memtest86 to test RAM stability. A few complete passes with that software is generally a good
indication of stability.

Manipulating the CPU multiplier can lead to better performance on systems that support that
feature. First, find the maximum CPU frequency as described above with the stock multiplier.
Then, determine other combinations of external clock speed and multiplier that equate to the
same CPU frequency. Using the example from item number 6, above, that CPU could equally
handle 400x9 and 450x8. If the RAM and motherboard could safely handle the higher
frequencies, the lower multiplier would most likely produce the best performance. Trial and error
plays into this equation as well, due to the complexities of modern systems. It is important to
benchmark a system with appropriate applications (e.g. using gaming benchmarks for a gaming
system, productivity benchmarks for an office system, etc.) to see which combination of settings
provide the best performance. Remember that each set of components is unique, and that the goal
of overclocking is performance not any specified settings.
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Intel Overclocking Guide
RAM 101 (Intel systems in particular)